Showing papers on "Metropolitan area published in 1987"

Gentrification: Culture and Capital in the Urban Core

Abstract: Gentrification, the conversion of socially marginal and working-class areas of the central city to middle-class residential use, reflects a movement, that began in the 1960s, of private-market investment capital into downtown districts of major urban centers. Related to a shift in corporate investment and a corresponding expansion of the urban service economy, gentrification was seen more immediately in architectural restoration of deteriorating housing and the clustering of new cultural amenities in the urban core. Research on gentrification initially concentrated on documenting its extent, tracing it as a process of neighborhood change, and speculating on its consequences for reversing trends of suburbanization and inner-city decline. But a cumulation of 10 years of research findings suggests, instead, that it results in a geographical reshuffling, among neighborhoods and metropolitan areas, of professional, managerial, and technical employees who work in corporate, government, and business services. Ha...

Routine activities and crime prevention in the developingmetropolis

Abstract: Routine activities deliver easy crime opportunities to the offender. Astute planners and managers can interfere with this delivery, diverting flows of likely offenders (such as adolescents) away from streams of suitable targets (such as television sets). They can engineer traffic to provide “natural surveillance.” Past trends encouraged crime rate increases, but the developing metropolitan facility could reverse this, privatizing substantial portions of metropolitan turf.

Occupational Sex Segregation in Metropolitan Areas

Abstract: This paper examines sexual segregation in 42 occupational categories in the metropolitan areas of the United States as of 1980. The results indicate that variations in metropolitan area segregation are strongly related to local distributions of occupations (which we view as "structural propensities" to segregate). Net of structural propensities and of considerable explanatory importance, however, are a number of indicators of population size, economic vitality, and women's competitiveness. The paper concludes by viewing organizations within metropolitan area environments, and urges that variables pertaining to metropolitan areas and to organizations be combined into a single model.

Urban sanitation in preindustrial Japan.

Abstract: Urban Sanitation in Preindustrial Japan The sudden increase in Japan's urban population in the century and a half from the i58os to the mid-700os may well have had no parallel in world history prior to industrialization. Edo, renamed Tokyo in I868, was a cluster of fishing villages around a castle in I590, but, during the eighteenth century, it is readily acknowledged to have been one of the largest, if not the largest, city in the world. Even by I700, Edo was certainly larger than any European city, including London at 575,000, and rivaled or exceeded in population the largest of the Chinese cities at the time, Peking. But urban growth was not limited to Edo; cities sprang up throughout the country from the late sixteenth century on and both Kyoto and Osaka had populations in the hundreds of thousands. By the late eighteenth century, Japan had about 3 percent of the world's population, but it is estimated to have had more than 8 percent of the people in the world who lived in cities of more than I0,000. By this standard, about io percent of the total population of Japan was urban in i8oo.1 To support a metropolitan population, food and other daily necessities must be adequately supplied, and demands for housing, water, transportation, a monetary system, and numerous other requirements must be met. Even if all other requirements are

Tiebout's Sorting Hypothesis

Abstract: The sorting of residential populations among metropolitan area communities and its impact on municipal service bundles is studied across 216 metropolitan areas. There is strong empiricial support for the policy implications of Tiebout's model. The service bundles of metropolitan communities are significantly differentiated. Support for the homogeneous sorting of residential populations is not confirmed, nor is there a significant relationship between the sorting of residential populations and the content of municipal service bundles. State-local relations are examined as a potential constraint on the operation of this aspect of Tiebout's model.

Vancouver's Corporate Complex and Producer Services Sector: Linkages and Divergence within a Provincial Staple Economy

Abstract: LEY D. and HUTTON T (1987) Vancouver's corporate complex and producer services sector: linkages and divergence within a provincial staple economy, Reg. Studies 21, 413–424. The paper considers the place of advanced services in contributing to uneven development between a metropolitan core and a regional hinterland in a provincial staple economy—British Columbia, Canada. While there is a close correlation between changes in provincial gross domestic product, service employment, and office development in downtown Vancouver, the relation is asymmetric. Considerable leakage from resource development in the hinterland accrues to Vancouver's corporate service complex, but this complex is largely self-contained for its own inputs. Moreover, the provincial hinterland is a smaller customer of Vancouver's producer services than markets outside the province. Indeed there appears to be growing divergence between metropolitan and hinterland economies, challenging the tight bonding between core and periphery in a regio...

Local Economic Base, Geographic Diversification, and Risk Management of Mortgage Portfolios

Abstract: Variability of local economic conditions underlie, in part, the default and prepayment risks of mortgages originated in a metropolitan area. In this study we examine the benefits of diversifying across metropolitan areas for reducing these risks. Employment data for the thirty largest metropolitan areas in the United States, divided into eight industry groups, are analyzed with the aid of factor and principal component analysis to determine if the variances of employment changes across the thirty areas are independent. Independence is investigated to assess the potential for diversification. Mean-variance portfolio analysis is then used to measure the gains from geographic diversification vis-a-vis a set of several alternative strategies for diversification. We conclude that geographic diversification is an important mortgage portfolio objective and that mean-variance strategies outperform the alternative strategies tested here.

Metropolitan Residential Environments And Church Organizational Activities

Abstract: This paper investigates the influence of the metropolitan residential environment on church organizational activities Three major dimensions of organizational activity are evident among individual churches in the Seattle and Nashville regions: service toward the community, efforts to help individuals solve problems, and emphasis on religious activity within the church On the whole, the residential environment has the greatest influence on the orientation of the church to community service, and the least effect on internal religiosity The degree to which churches are socially integrated with the surrounding territory is especially important forfurthering the community goal Specific population and locational characteristics of the local community are less useful as predictors of church activities

Communication and Commitment to Community

Abstract: Path analysis of neighborhood and metropolitan survey data suggest that communication contributed to commitment to remain in a neighborhood or metropolitan community via a process of belief and attitude formation. When controlling for length of residence and other social characteristics, communication variables contributed to belief and attitude formation about the area, but attitudes were a better predictor of intention to stay in a neighborhood than they were of intention to remain in the metro area.

Economic development policies : an evaluative study of the Newcastle metropolitan region

Abstract: The metropolitan region of Newcastle-upon-Tyne is in the throes of long-term economic decline. This book charts this decline and looks at public policies intended to promote the economic regeneration of the area. The study focuses on the financial aid given to local industries by central and local government. It examines, in detail, the pattern of this assistance and evaluates its impact on the operation of businesses and the level of their employment. The effectiveness of assistance measures, which involve substantial expenditure, is assessed and ways of improving policy are considered. The study breaks new ground in the comparative evaluation of economic development policy, and provides valuable insights into the operation of both regional and urban policy measures. This is one of five city studies carried out under the ESRC Inner Cities Research Programme, and offers a study of Newcastle's particular problems to set against the experiences of Clydeside, London, the West Midlands, and Bristol. Graduate and first-degree students taking courses in urban and regional economics, planning, urban and economic geography, urban politics, labour economics; professionals in these fields, especially in local authorities and chambers of commerce.

Location, Linkages, and Labor: The Downtown Complex of Corporate Activities in a Medium Size City, Vancouver, British Columbia

Abstract: Recent research has identified the critical role of a complex of corporate activities in propelling the downtown and some metropolitan economies. Following the theoretical work of Gottmann and of S...

Public Education Expenditures and State Economic Growth: Northeast and Sunbelt Regions

Abstract: The level of educational services may affect economic growth in a state in two distinct ways. First, potential migrants may be concerned with the quality of education that their children will receive in that state. To the extent that a growing population contributes to economic growth, increasing both the supply of labor and the demand for local goods, educational spending may contribute to growth by attracting people to the state. We call this the parental migration effect. The extensive empirical literature based on the Tiebout model has shown that local school expenditures affect choice of residence among school districts within metropolitan areas. Readers may be more skeptical of our hypothesis that educational expenditures affect interstate location choices, but support for our hypothesis is found in Cebula [3] and Herzog and Schlottmann [8]. Cebula showed that net migration into metropolitan areas was higher in the metropolitan areas with the higher rates of growth in education spending. Herzog and Schlottmann found that education expenditures per student had a negative effect on the likelihood of out-migration from metropolitan areas. Since children frequently attend college outside the state in which their parents reside but seldom attend elementary or secondary schools away from their parents' home, local K-12 (elementary and secondary) educational spending may have a more significant parental migration effect than state spending on higher education although Herzog and Schlottmann [8] did find a significant effect of "higher education options." Second, education may increase the productivity of workers. This productivity effect should raise wage rates in a state, whereas the migration effect will primarily affect aggregate income by increasing the population. The productivity effect may also be distinguished from the migration effect by a longer time lag. Improving the quality of higher education will only begin to raise the productivity of the labor force four years later when the better-trained students graduate from college. Improved elementary and secondary education will not begin to have an impact for 4 to 9 years. There is an extensive literature estimating the impacts of education on individual earn-

Urban-rural comparisons of depressive disorders in French Canada.

Abstract: A field survey in French Canada confirmed the familiar finding that rural residents have lower rates of depression than metropolitan residents and showed that this difference remains even after allowing for sex, age, marital status, education, employment, and internal migration. However, no support was obtained for the hypothesis that the metropolitan sample was feeling less communally supported than the rural sample, and the rates in a small county center proved to be lower than in the rural area, not higher as would be predicted on the assumption that its life is urban. Finally, the rural-metropolitan differences proved to be concentrated in two minorities, the unemployed men and the unpartnered women, rather than spread widely. It is suggested for these reasons that the traditional urban-rural dichotomy may now be inappropriate for sociopsychiatric research.

The structure of shopping in a metropolis

Abstract: A rich data source on retail and service establishments permitted a comprehensive description and analysis of the structure of business districts of the Seattle metropolitan area. Particular attention is paid to the hierarchy of centers and to functional specialization in relation to theories of urban structure. A simple hierarchical central place structure proved dominant, but within this structure, planned and unplanned centers, as well as arterial strips all exhibited successful specialization and market adaptability. However, comparison with similarly good 1954 data revealed the fundamental restructuring from city to suburb that has occurred.

NEIGHBORHOOD RACIAL COMPOSITION AND MORTGAGE LENDING: City and Suburban Differences

Abstract: Racially discriminatory mortgage lending patterns have been documented in several cities, despite the fact that such practices are illegal under the Federal Fair Housing Act and other federal and state laws. This study finds that in Milwaukee, as in several other metropolitan areas, racial composition of neighborhood is negatively associated with mortgage lending activity by depository institutions even after the effects of income, condition of housing, and related population and neighborhood characteristics are taken into consideration. However, the effects of race are not linear and are different in the city and in the suburbs. In the city, the effects of race were largest in integrated areas, whereas in the suburbs the effects of race were positive when few minorities were present and negative in those areas having large concentrations of minority residents.

Insurance Redlining and the Transformation of an Urban Metropolis

Abstract: Financial institutions play a critical role in determining the viability of urban communities. As is the case with the geographic distribution of mortgage and business loans, insurance redlining constitutes a major force in fueling the uneven development of metropolitan areas. This article examines the racial effects of insurance underwriting activity in a large midwestern metropolitan area. In analyzing the distribution of homeowners insurance policies, a strong bias in favor of suburban and white neighborhoods and against inner-city and minority communities was found. These patterns reflect both discriminatory nonrational economic behavior on the part of insurers and the logic of rational market processes. Policy recommendations are offered to address the problems inner-city neighborhoods confront in efforts to secure adequate insurance and other financial resources.

Local tax burdens and the supply of business sites in suburban municipalities

Abstract: . The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of local household tax burdens and other community attributes on the supply of business sites made available by local municipalities. A model of community site supply is tested in which municipalities trade off increased fiscal benefits from business location and reductions in environmental quality that accompany industrial and commercial development. This tradeoff is embodied in municipal zoning decisions. Empirical analysis of industrial and commercial zoning in two rapidly growing suburban counties of the Philadelphia metropolitan area provides considerable support for the tenets of community site supply theory.

Organizational dimensions of metropolitan dominance: prominence in the network of corporate control 1955-1975.

Abstract: A measure of network prominence is computed for 158 US Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA) and related to a variety of their ecological characteristics Results are generally consistent with metropolitan theory: network prominence is related to population size the presence of higher order functions and manufacturing activity Prominence is also related to the presence of a state capital in the SMSA suggesting overlap in government and business networks of influence relation similar to that in multinational corporations and national government networks Examination of individual cases reveals that even though the very largest cities lost headquarters during the interval 1955 to 1975 the biggest gains are found amond other large cities and many of those that experience gains in corporate headquarters also experienced rapid population growth during the interval The network of metropolitan dominance relations is evolving in response to organizational changes taking places within corporations as they adapt to a variety of new constraints and opportunities as well as to ecological changes occurring at the metropolitan regional and national levels An important goal for human ecologists should now be to integrate their traditional concerns with community level phenomena with more recent interests in organizational structure Research in metropolitan systems is an excellent vehicle for this as the hierarchy in the urban system results from both metropolitan and corporate level influences

Residential Moves by Elderly Persons to U.S. Central Cities, Suburbs, and Rural Areas

Abstract: The 1975-1980 migration stream and net migration patterns of persons younger than 65 and 65 + were examined using data from the 1980 U.S. Census. Central cities and suburbs of metropolitan areas (SMSAs) and nonmetropolitan areas (NonSMSAs) were distinguished as origins and destinations. Most elderly movers relocated within a fairly limited geographic context and revealed strong preferences for metropolitan living. Suburban locations were more favored than central city locations. Net migration findings may provide misleading interpretations of older movers' locational choices. The migration patterns of the 65 + population were similar to those of the 45- to 64-year-old population but differed from those of the more youthful U.S. populations. These findings highlight migration streams of elderly movers who likely have experienced changed in their life styles or personal resources.

Metropolitan migration and social problems.

Abstract: This study is concerned with the impact of rapid in-migration to metropolitan areas on the quality of life. "Drawing on a Durkheimian perspective this paper examines the effects of in- and out-migration over the period 1975-80 on rates of suicide violent crime property crime and divorce for all U.S. SMSAs. The results indicate that rapid in-migration is associated with high rates of all four of these social problems. The magnitude of these effects rivals those of more traditional explanations such as population size and density." (EXCERPT)

The Heterogeneity of Homelessness

Abstract: Most studies of homelessness have focused on populations receiving shelter in large metropolitan areas. This article provides descriptive-correlational information about homeless individuals and fa...

Evaluating the impact and effectiveness of financial assistance policies in the Newcastle Metropolitan region

Abstract: (1987). Evaluating the impact and effectiveness of financial assistance policies in the Newcastle Metropolitan region. Local Government Studies: Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 49-62.

Geo-Industrial Shifts in Advanced Metropolitan Economies

Abstract: The United States never has developed an explicit national urban-regional development policy and doubtless never will. In spite of this, however, a complex and multifaceted policy debate flared for over a quarter century beginning in the mid-1950s (Committee on National Urban Policy, 1982). The proximate spark for this debate was the growing awareness of the inability of older industrial cities to compensate through in-migration and incubation for the quickening pace of city-leaving and cityavoidance behavior by industry (especially manufacturing) and mobile middle-class households. This debate, for the most part, has subsided in recent years, even though the dynamics that originally triggered it have neither slowed nor reversed. At the heart of the US urban policy debate have always been issues derivative from the continuing processes of technology evolution and shifting demographics and the industrial adjustments made necessary or possible by them being registered as urban and regional growth and development. The dominant dynamic during recent decades has involved the deconcentration of people, capital and employment at several spatial scales. The suburbanization process has inflicted dramatic impacts on older industrial central cities, and recently an extension of this dynamic has caused much growth to filter beyond entire metropolitan areas. At the level of multistate regions, a process of regional convergence has slowly narrowed the historical gaps between the South and West and the more heavily industrialized Northeast and Midwest. Industrial Dynamics in A Global Context: The immediate past decade, by contrast, has been dominated by concerns related to the presumed deterioration of our nation's industrial base. Do our lead industries retain the ability to generate the technological foundations they need for the future? Do we have the industrial base sufficient to serve our national defense objectives as well as permit us to compete in international civilian markets? How can we improve the commercial return on our substantial investments in research and development? These and related concerns have engendered a national debate more anxiously focused on whether our national economy retains its capacity to meet foreign competition and sustain high and rising living standards than on where across the economic landscape those assets are amassed or for whom the industrial adjustments are the most difficult.