Showing papers on "Metropolitan area published in 1988"

Spatial dimensions of the gender division of labor in a local labor market

Abstract: It is widely known that women work in different occupations and industries from men. With data from the Worcester, Massachusetts metropolitan area, we examine the extent to which employment opportunities are also spatially segmented along gender lines. After reviewing the reasons for previous scholarly neglect of the question of the location of employment opportunities by gender at a fine spatial scale, we present several reasons for expecting such patterns to exist. Our analysis of special runs from the 1980 Census Journey-to-Work File for Worcester reveals striking differences in the locations of women'svs. men's employment at the censustract level. Moreover, within each industrial sector, e.g., manufacturing or consumer industries, women work in different parts of the metropolitan area from men. We begin to explore the processes that might generate such patterns by examining the distances traveled by women vs. men to work in census tracts where the employment is held predominantly by workers of one sex...

Citizen Voice and Public Entrepreneurship: The Organizational Dynamic of a Complex Metropolitan County

Abstract: Recent empirical research points toward a reassessment of the effects of complex patterns of local government in metropolitan areas. As research increasingly discloses positive relationships between (1) indicators of jurisdictional fragmentation and complexity and (2) indicators of efficiency in service provision and production, it becomes more important to explain, in a functional sense, how a complex metropolitan order is able to produce relatively good results. This article first considers two broad approaches to understanding metropolitan complexityexit and voice-and argues that citizen voice must be the principal mechanism of complex metropolitan governance. A case study of St. Louis County, Missouri, is then used to explore the various processes by which citizen voice may contribute to the organization and governance of a metropolitan county. Citizen voice is linked to public entrepreneurship and, thereby, to various efficiency-inducing properties that emerge within a complex metropolitan order.

Standards for metropolitan area networks

Abstract: The differences between local area networks (LANs) and metropolitan area networks (MANs) are outlined, and their impact on MAN standards is explored. The discussion covers IEEE P802's view of metropolitan area networks, MAN architecture, early proposals considered by the IEEE 802.6 committee, fiber optic proposals, and the emerging consensus. The need for field experience and the anticipated timetable for the IEEE P802.6 standard are also examined. >

Park‐and‐Ride: Alive, Well, and Expanding in the United States

Abstract: Park‐and‐ride lots originated in the 1930s as a means for increasing transit ridership. In spite of the increasing availability of automobiles, interest in park‐and‐ride has grown steadily as city and federal transportation officials recognize the need for coordinated, continuing, and comprehensive planning for all urban modes. This paper reviews the development of park‐and‐ride lots, presents selective statistics on trends in the sizes of lots, discusses more recent issues regarding unsatisfied demand in suburban areas, and makes recommendations for increasing the availability of park‐and‐ride lots, particularly in rapidly expanding metropolitan areas. Advanced acquisition of lands for park‐and‐ride lots, greater role of regional planning agencies in planning for park‐and‐ride facilities, and additional research for the development of a better understanding of the factors that affect the demand for and location of park‐and‐ride lots are among the recommendations.

Understanding residential segregation in American cities: Interpreting the evidence

Abstract: A re-examination of the literature on the factors which influence residential segregation in American cities emphasizes the complexity of the factors involved in generating patterns of separation in urban areas and the necessity of considering more than any single factor in order to understand those patterns. In addition, recent on-going research on residential transition, white flight, and the demographics of school attendance area change further emphasizes the declining importance of public and overt private discrimination. Although private discrimination has not been eliminated from society, it cannot be relied on as a total and unambiguous explanation for the patterns that we observe within metropolitan areas.

The Decentralization of High-Technology Manufacturing to Nonmetropolitan Areas

Abstract: Historically, employment in high-technology manufacturing industries has been concentrated in metropolitan areas. The product life cycle theory of industrial location suggests, however, that employment in this sector will decentralize as these industries mature and production processes are standardized. This study utilized shift-share analysis and Enhanced County Business Pattern data to determine the extent to which a metropolitan-to-nonmetroplitan employment shift occurred from 1975 to 1982. Employment shifts for nonmetropolitan counties of different sizes, adjacency status, and cenus regions were estimated. Also, the specific high-technology manufacturers (four-digit SIC) participating in the decentralization process were identified. The findings of this study indicate that nonmetropolitan employment in the high-tech sector increased by more than 13,000 as a result of decentralization. Small- and medium-sized nonmetropolitan counties and nonmetropolitan areas in New England, the South, and the West experienced the greatest gains in high-technology employment. Urban-to-rural employment shifts in innovative high-technology industries was restricted to primarily counties adjacent to metropolitan areas and nonmetropolitan counties in the New England and Pacific regions.

A Life of Its Own: The Politics and Power of Water

Abstract: Since colonial times, water has inspired concern and contention in the United States. Now a member of the powerful Metropolitan Water Board of Southern California tells the fascinating story of the politics and power of water.

The Geography of Generosity: Metropolitan Disparities in Donations and Support for Amenities

Abstract: Are some places in the United States more generous than others, even after allowing for differences in need and resources? Are the differences attributable to contextual factors unique to the individual places and their historical development, or do broad regional differences in values and welfare functions account for the patterns? The thesis examined in this study suggests that the patterns of both public and private support for social and amenity services are expressions of value differences that have both regional and place manifestations. Levels of support for cultural, educational, health, and social services and donor contributions for federated charities are analyzed for the eighty-five largest U.S. metropolitan areas, after allowances are made for their differences in resources, accessibility, and level of distress. The findings indicate general consistency between state and local public expenditures for dependent populations and local donor support for both amenity and social services, ...

Metropolitan Evolution, Sectoral Economic Change, and the City Size Distribution

Abstract: Metropolitan evolution is conceptualised from a broad, long term perspective that focuses on demographic and sectoral economic variables. Emphasis is placed on understanding these changes from a process-oriented approach that considers its general relevance rather than its outcomes or microanalytic details. A selective review of the literature provides a significant perspective and background on the stages model that is applied to the study of metropolitan change. This is then related to the Pareto city size distribution by considering the interurban population distribution coefficient and its expected performance over the various phases of metropolitan evolution. A hypothetical interurban manufacturing employment distribution coefficient, analogous to the Pareto population coefficient, is also considered and is related to the process of metropolitan and interurban sectoral economic change. The relationship between metropolitan change and national urban size distribution is viewed as a significant compone...

The return of aesthetics to city planning

Abstract: I n Space, Time and Architecture, Sigfried Giedion noted that town planning, as he called it, was the last department of architecture to take form in any period. Baroque planning, for example, with its emphasis on ceremonial promenades, central focal points, and axial perspectives, remained dominant during the nineteenth century, long after industrialization had radically changed not only everyday life but the structure and surface of the city as well. The same could be said today: city planning lags far behind the architectural and structural changes occurring within our cities: changes such as the gentrification of vast areas of the central city, historic preservation in control of larger and larger fragments of the city, the rise of entertainment zones, or the mallification of downtown shopping streets. There are other changes as well, such as the rise of world-class cities, the service centers of late capitalism which reflect the specifc needs and spatial politics of multinational corporations. Many of these cities have simultaneously lost or reduced their industrial base. Another transformation is apparent in the development of the polynucleated metropolitan region, an occurrence that makes obsolete the old center-periphery location theories of urban growth. What does the theory of city planning have to say about all of these changes? There are apparent rumblings in spasmodic fashion that something should happen, that city planning might return to focus on its physical form. Tokyo planners may be taking the lead. If Paris was the capital of the nineteenth century; and New York that of the twentieth century, then Tokyo, they proclaim, as the first high-tech city will be the capital of the twenty-first century. On a man-made island in Tokyo Bay a $12 billion teleport of office buildings, cultural halls, and telecommunication stations is being built. A bridge is under construction from this island to the shore where a selfcontained village. River City. is being erected, containing hotels, shopping malls, theaters, and high-rise condominiums for 7,500 people. Another 177 projects are on the drawing boards, most of them to be located in Tokyo Ba3: All of this is reminiscent of Kenzo Tange's ~'Tokyo 1960" city plan in which he foresaw that cities of the 10 million population class were becoming consumption cities, their per capita income was already far beyond that which was necessary to satisfy basic needs. These cities were organized by invisible networks of communication, information, and energy channels; and consequently it became the task of architects and planners to provide the visible structure for this information society. In New York City, the consumption capital of the twentieth century, some architects are beginning to call for at least a reevaluation of the building boom of the last decade and a return to ethics that should lie at the core o f the profession. Critical of the postmodern void that looms at the heart of the profession, they see a self-serving architecture of gigantic monumentali ty which is dramatically out of scale with the rest of the city. Representative of corporate egotism and the vapidness of luxury development, this "decotecture" is the result of the municipal government's promotion of real estate development whatever be the cost to the social and physical fabric of the city. Nobody within the government or architectural profession, much less among city planners, asks what kind of city do we want and why? Recently, The New Yorker announced the resuscitation of Lewis Mumford's old column "Sky l ine ." which he wrote for some thirty-odd years, because it is believed that New York City is currently in a much more perilous condition than it was in 1931. The city government has been giving the city away: through zoning bonuses to real estate developers that do not deserve or need them; by a passive city planning commission whose infrequent actions tend ignorantly to promote development in the wrong parts of town; by a onesided development game in which the tax base is always the winner and light, air, circulation, and the pedestrian, the continual losers. In short, neither the profession of architecture nor that of city planning has any concept or theory to deal with the city as an entity, rather than fragmented into bits and pieces: and neither hold out any vision of what the city might be as it enters the last decade of the twentieth century.

Earnings of American Indians and Alaskan Natives: The Effects of Residence and Migration

Abstract: This paper examines the effects of residence in metropolitan areas and migration from nonmetropolitan areas to metropolitan areas [in the United States] on the earnings of American Indian and Alaskan Native householders aged 25-54. The results indicate that: (1) the earnings of metropolitan Indians are markedly higher than those of nonmetropolitan Indians but the earnings of nonmetropolitan-to-metropolitan migrants are very little more than those of nonmetropolitan stayers; and (2) the difference in earnings between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan Indians is due to better opportunities in metropolitan areas and to the interaction between these opportunities and the higher levels of human capital of metropolitan Indians. (EXCERPT)

The corporate role of large metropolitan areas in the united states

Abstract: This study has three purposes. The first is to determine, for the 30 largest U.S. metropolitan areas in 1980. the relationship among population size, the number of major corporations headquartered in these centers, and the number of subsidiaries located there. The expectation is that there will be positive relationships in all cases. Second, this study, based on variations in the relationships examined above, sets forth a corporate classification of the 30 metropolitan areas and identifies common characteristics and locations among six categories of centers. Finally, using the six-fold classification of centers, metropolitan employment growth between 1980 and 1986 is analyzed, especially job growth in services and in finance, insurance, and real estate (FIRE). The six-fold classification proves useful in understanding employment growth in these 30 centers during the 1980s and, with modifications, perhaps beyond.

Migration and Metropolitan Decline in Developed Countries: A Comparative Study

Abstract: Population redistribution from core to peripheral regions and down the metropolitan hierarchy in the US and other industrialized countries has led to population losses in large metropolitan areas. This article develops hypotheses regarding national redistribution patterns and migration processes that are consistent with 2 alternative explanations of metropolitan decline in developed market-economy countries. These hypotheses are evaluated with population projections for large metropolitan areas and broad regions in 13 developed countries. The projections are based on migration data assembled by the Michigan Metropolitan Migration Project. (authors)

Growth, Development, and the Service Economy in the Third World:

Abstract: Introduction A General Overview: The Role of Service Activities in the World Economy On Services and Growth Poles in Advanced Economies Services and the Development Process in Third World Economies Some Specifics on Services in Third World Settings--Tourism and the Development Process Tourist Enclaves and Host Nation Development Cruise Ships and the Development of Small Island Nations Offshore Banking Centers and the Development Process Services and the Development of Urban Labor Markets--Urban Expansion and Structural Change in the Puerto Rican Economy Private Service Employment in Puerto Rican Metropolitan Areas Some Final Reflections--An Overview of Services and Expansionary Processes Service Realities and Economic Policy Bibliography Index

Trade and Banking in Early Modern England

Abstract: The rise of metropolitan markets commercial credit the rise of the inland bill of exchange the bill on London the "price revolution".

Congress, the Courts, and Public Policy: Consequences of the One Man, One Vote Rule

Abstract: Our thesis is that court-ordered congressional redistricting based on the One Man, One Vote Rule created a large metropolitan majority in the U.S. House of Representatives and that this representational change spawned policy changes that reallocated government benefits, to some extent, from rural to metropolitan citizens. Focusing on the state rather than the federal level, previous research had found little or no policy change attributable to the One Man, One Vote Rule. Our argument is based on the structure and operation of U.S. representative institutions, particularly the electoral incentives by which these institutions discipline officeholders. In contrast to earlier studies, which related predicted policy changes to measures of malapportionment per se, we test our hypothesis by regressing budget changes that differentially affected rural and nonrural citizens against a measure of the gain in metropolitan seats resulting from court-ordered changes in congressional districts. We conclude with a discussion of three categories of policy change (agriculture, regulatory activity, and transportation) that our findings help explain.

Intra-Metropolitan Variation in Earnings and Labor Market Discrimination: An Econometric Analysis of the Atlanta Labor Market

Abstract: One of the most enduring debates concerning racial differences in earnings is whether housing segregation within metropolitan areas adversely affects the employment opportunities of urban blacks. Two possible negative effects can be listed. First, the decentralization of lower-skilled jobs, combined with the suburban residential exclusion of low income households, may have caused wage rates within the suburban labor market to rise above those paid within the central city. If this is the case, and if housing market discrimination restricts the relative ability of blacks to offer their labor supply to suburban employers, then at least part of the racial difference in earnings can be attributed to housing segregation.' Second, housing segregation may cause private sector labor market discrimination to be more severe within the central city in comparison to suburban areas. As suggested by Becker's taste-for-discriminating model [3], a relatively large black labor supply within the central city may require a lower black-to-white earnings ratio in order to induce prejudiced employers to hire large numbers of black workers. With the workforce of most central cities becoming increasingly black, this may be an important factor in explaining racial differences in earnings. Surprisingly, while variation in discrimination among occupations, regions, industries, and sectors have been examined in some detail, spatial differences in discrimination between the central city and suburbs have largely escaped analysis. In this paper the earnings of private sector workers broken down by occupation, race, and sex are compared between worksite areas encompassing the metropolitan area of Atlanta, Georgia. While an extensive literature can be found on interregional differences in earnings, little evidence exists on the spatial variation in wage rates within metropolitan regions. In fact, virtually nothing has been done on this issue since the classic study of the Chicago labor market by Rees and Shultz [19].

Exclusion of the majority: Shrinking college access and public policy in metropolitan Los Angeles

Abstract: This paper examines trends in white and minority student experiences in the high schools, the community colleges, and the universities of the greater Los Angeles area since the mid-1970s. Black and Hispanic access to educational mobility is shown to have been severely hampered by high rates of dropping out of high school, by increasingly rigorous standards of admission and the high cost of attending 4-year public colleges, by the failure of community colleges in their transfer function, by the deemphasis on minority recruitment and retention programs, and by the curtailment of civil rights enforcement. To the extent that Los Angeles area trends forecast broader national patterns in our increasingly multiethnic society, the evidence from the area has fundamental national importance.

Why places are preserved: historic districts in american and european cities

Abstract: This paper presents historic preservation as a movement caught up in issues and conflicts that are ordinary and serious concerns for many Americans and Europeans It examines rationales for the designation of historic districts in five metropolitan areas: London, Paris, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Washington, DC One rationale for historic preservation that is of interest to geographers-enhancing a sense of place-was found to be especially important but in need of further discussion in most historic districts The role of historic preservation in these study areas is much broader and less elitist or antiquarian than has been suggested in many interpretations of the preservation movement

Metropolitan area networks and ATM technology

Abstract: Metropolitan area networks are evolving to fill the gap between local and wide area networks. The standards organization for such networks, IEEE Project 802.6, is defining a standard with unique advantages in scheduling and failure recovery. It is highly compatible with broadband ISDN and ATM switch technology. The resulting combination will be a seamless network embracing both customer buildings within metropolitan areas and world-wide interconnection.

The new heartland : America's flight beyond the suburbs and how it is changing our future

Abstract: This book has two purposes. One is to describe the new population and economic growth that is taking place beyond the established suburbs of metropolitan areas and in once-remote places even farther removed from the large cities--to provide an analysis of how this growth along with other change is transforming the politics, government, and economy of America and what this is likely to mean for the future. The second is to provide a guide for those who are considering moving to this newest American frontier, whether to a place within commuting distance of some sizeable population center or farther away in one of the many self-contained communities where new opportunities abound.

The transnationalization of urbanization in Japan

Abstract: The transnationalization of Japanese capital has accelerated in recent years bringing with it new patterns of urbanization marked by a reconcentration of population and economic growth in the Tokyo metropolitan region. In Tokyo intensifying competition for land is being resolved in favour of transnational corporate functions over housing public services and urban amenities. In lieu of increasing attention to social overhead capital and a substantial reorientation of production and investment toward the domestic economy new spatial development concepts such as the Technopolis plan are unlikely to significantly enhance the capacity of most households to gain improvements in their urban life space. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND GER AND SPA) (EXCERPT)

Metropolitan growth and migration in Peru

Abstract: The study deals with the interplay between migration and metropolitan growth in Peru during the last decades. The key question is to what extent Peru's rural-urban migration and rapid urb ...