Showing papers on "Metropolitan area published in 1990"

Rural-urban continuum codes for metro and nonmetro counties

Abstract: This report provides a one-digit code for each of 10 classifications for all U.S. counties. The classifications describe a county by degree of urbanization and nearness to a metro area. These codes allow researchers to break county data into finer residential groups than the standard metro-nonmetro classification of the Bureau of the Census.

The Impact of Stadium and Professional Sports on Metropolitan Area Development

Abstract: More and more cities are being encouraged to subsidize sports stadiums as an economic development tool. In this paper regression analysis using census data on nine different metropolitan areas is employed to evaluate the impact of stadiums and professional sports teams on area development. Previous attempts to estimate the effectiveness of sports-based development have used assumption-driven trade multiplier models. The evidence presented here is that the presence of a new or renovated stadium has an uncertain impact on the levels of personal income and possibly a negative impact on local development relative to the region. These results should serve as a caution to those who assume or assert a large positive stadium impact.

Employment Subcenters and Land Values in a Polycentric Urban Area: The Case of Chicago:

Abstract: In some previous empiricial research metropolitan Chicago has been considered as a polycentric urban area. This prior research is reviewed and new results are presented on the identification of employment subcenters and the effects of such subcenters on residential land values. The empirical tests confirm that the O'Hare Airport area has emerged as a significant employment subcenter. Several other employment subcenters exist or have existed in the past, and one subcenter had a positive impact on land values in 1928.

IEEE standards for local and metropolitan area networks : overview and architecture

Abstract: IEEE Std 802-1990, IEEE Local and Metropolitan Area Networks: Overview and Archi tecture , provides an overview to the family of IEEE 802 Standards, defines compliance with the family of IEEE 802 Standards, describes the relationship of the IEEE 802 Standards to the Open Systems Interconnections Basic Reference Model [ISO 7498:1984] and explains the relationship of these standards to the higher layer protocols, and provides a standard for identification of public, private, and standard protocols.

Black and Asian Self-Employment in Large Metropolitan Areas: A Comparative Analysis

Abstract: This paper examines factors affecting the self-employment of Asian and black workers in large U.S. metropolitan areas. Self-employment is analyzed as a function of individual attributes and dimensions of local area social and economic organization. This individual/ecological distinction is based on the notion that self-employment is influenced by the entrepreneur's personal characteristics, social relationships, and the larger environment providing the setting for business ownership. Data are from the 1980 Public Use Microdata Sample, U.S. Census volumes, and other published sources. Major implications of the findings are: first, differences in the use of family members and social networks may account for at least part of the Asian-black discrepancy in self-employment. Second, there is evidence that as the share of public sector employment of blacks increases, individual black workers are disinclined to be self-employed. Third, Asian immigrants do not squeeze blacks out of entrepreneurial niches. Finally, directions for future research are described.

American Education: The Metropolitan Experience, 1876–1980 . By Lawrence A. Cremin. New York: Harper & Row, 1988. xiii + 781. $35.00.

Abstract: childhood into a time punctuated by Dickensian moments. The intrepid Berrigan journeys through pain and spiritual growth, the harshness of a restless, demanding father, buffeted by economic uncertainty and unfulfilled personal promise. Throughout his chronicle, colorful characters abound: mystics, martinets, eccentrics, innovators. Berrigan's recollections of Jesuit training include an unnamed novice master, \"at odds with his time and place,\" from whose example Berrigan gleaned that \"serious Christians . . . exist in the world as in a conscientious limbo, out of their element, walking uneasily\" (p. 94), and Pere Charmot, a Jesuit who introduced the young priest to a new understanding of Scripture and to the worker priest movement of France, which was then under fire by the Vatican. The latter portion of the autobiography, more than one half of the volume, covers Berrigan's emergence as an antiwar leader during the Vietnam War. The influence of his younger brother, Philip, and his experiences as a member of the social justice program frame Berrigan's radicalization. Yet throughout the tumultuous sixties, seventies, and eighties, it is clear that his spirituality and activism nurtured each other. Daniel Berrigan raises a rare prophetic voice, urging Christians to live the gospel and to question complacency within the church as rigorously as they challenge the injustices of the secular order. To Dwell in Peace is a classic example of religious autobiography and an account of ongoing Christian conversion. Along with Dorothy Day's Long Loneliness and Thomas Merton's Seven Storey Mountain, it uncovers the roots of a radical impulse deep within twentieth-century American Catholicism. Berrigan's autobiography, full of wit and irony, also explores the sources of turmoil in the Catholic church and presents a thoughtful memoir of the role that committed Christians played in the eclectic antiwar coalition of the 1960s. Most importantly, Berrigan's life illustrates how a prophetic voice might emerge from a conventional church.

The net of mixed beads. Suburban office development in six metropolitan regions.

Abstract: In the past few decades we have witnessed an explosion of suburban office development, but we are only beginning to understand the pattern of development that is emerging. In this article six longitudinal case studies are used to test the validity of four descriptive theories of office suburbanization. Urban villages, office corridors, and other popular theories prove to be too simple to capture the actual complexity in the case studies. A more complex pattern is evolving in which the majority of office space is located outside the regional CBD, with some scattered away from freeways, but most located in a large number of small and moderate-sized, low intensity clusters along freeway corridors. It will be important to evaluate the impacts of this emerging pattern on various planning issues and to better understand its underlying causes, if city planners wish to alter current trends. A new metropolis is upon us, and we need to understand what will be a critical element of the twenty-first century ...

Availability and accessibility of rural health care.

Abstract: The 1980s saw a retrenchment of the ideology that government intervention could solve the problems of inadequate access to health services in rural areas. Increased emphasis was placed on an ideology that promoted deregulation and competitive market solutions. During the 1980s, the gap in the availability of physicians in metropolitan versus nonmetropolitan areas widened. Also during that time period, the gap between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan populations' utilization of physician services widened. In addition, many indicators of the health status of nonmetropolitan residents versus metropolitan residents worsened during the 1980s. As we enter the 1990s, concern about equitable access to needed health care services and for the vulnerability and fragility of rural health systems has resurfaced. A number of national policies and a research agenda to improve accessibility and availability of health services in rural areas are being considered.

Leningrad: Shaping a Soviet City

Abstract: Throughout much of this century, cities around the world have sought to gain control over their urban destinies through concerted government action. Nowhere has this process of state intervention gone further than in the Soviet Union. This volume explores the ways in which local and regional political, economic, and cultural leaders in Leningrad determine the physical and socioeconomic contours of their city and region within such a centralized economic and political environment. The author examines four major policy initiatives that have emerged in Leningrad since the 1950sphysical planning innovations, integrated scientific-production associations, vocational education reform, and socioeconomic planningand that have been anchored in attempts to plan and manage metropolitan Leningrad. Each initiative illuminates the bureaucratic and political strategies employed to obtain economic objectives, as well as the bureaucratic patterns which distinguish market and non-market experiences. The boundaries for autonomous action by local Soviet politicians, planners, and managers emerge through this inquiry."

The Intrametropolitan Location of New Office Firms

Abstract: Empirical evidence on the determinants of new office-firm location within a metropolitan area is of interest for several reasons. First, the suburbanization of manufacturing and trade has left central cities increasingly dependent on office activities as a source of taxes and employment. To a large extent, the future well-being of central cities will depend on how successful they are in attracting new office development and in maintaining what they presently have. Accordingly, an understanding of new office location is useful to policymakers concerned with anticipating the future needs of central cities.

Gender differences in commuting distance, residence, and employment location: metropolitan haifa 1972 and 1983∗

Abstract: This paper highlights three major aspects of gender differences in employment in Haifa, Israel (1972 and 1983): commuting distance, place of residence, and employment location. In 1972 working womenaposs residences were more central-city-oriented, whereas in 1983 they were more suburbanized. Commuting distances increased between 1972 and 1983 for both sexes, but more for men than for women. This shorter “female'’distance is related to the location of employment and its occupational segregation. The lower commuting values in Haifa compared to other places relate to the size, housing patterns, and structure of the study area, and to its levels of suburbanization and automobile ownership.

Metropolitan America: beyond the transition.

Abstract: Americans have always gravitated toward cities, and for most of this century, urban growth has continued at a fast pace. During the 1970s, however, nonmetropolitan area grew at the expense of many large metropolitan areas, especially those in the industrial Northeast and Midwest. New patterns of population distribution appeared to be emerging. This Bulletin analyzes the trends of the 1970s, the shifting patterns of the 1980s, and likely prospects for future growth in metropolitan areas. The "rural renaissance" resulted from a combination of forces, including improved infrastructure in nonmetropolitan area, growing demand for retirement and recreation spots, the entrance of the large baby-boom cohort into the labor force, and the economic situation both at home and abroad. Some of these same forces have shifted settlement patterns in the 1980s, helping create "World Cities," like New York and San Francisco, and regional "Command and Control Centers" such as Atlanta and Minneapolis-St. Paul, that will continue to gain in both population and influence. Yet nonmetropolitan areas still attract retirees and other former urbanites. The distribution of minority groups among metropolitan populations is also undergoing significant change. The heavy immigration of Hispanics and Asians in the 1980s has increased the proportion of these groups, particularly in metropolitan areas in the South and West. More black Americans are moving to the suburbs formerly dominated by whites. Yet large pockets of poverty--of both black and whites--remain in both suburban and central city areas.

Formation of the impacted ghetto: evidence from large metropolitan areas, 1970-1980

Abstract: A metropolitan measurement strategy is employed to consider whether any increased incidence of isolated deprivation is observable among the larger metropolitan areas of the United States. The measurement strategy is significantly different from those used in other empirical studies of contemporary inner-city poverty, and the strategy is described in detail. The results indicate a general increase in isolated deprivation and a considerable increase in a particular set of metropolitan areas. This trend is characterized as the formation of an impacted ghetto. This characterization is supported by a spatial analysis of isolated deprivation in the metropolitan areas containing the largest impacted ghettos. The relation between impacted-ghetto formation and metropolitan restructuring is hypothesized and further research outlined.

College Completion among Students from High Schools Located in Large Metropolitan Areas

Abstract: This study uses High School and Beyond third follow-up data to analyze college completion rates for graduates of high schools located in the country's largest metropolitan areas. First, it examines...

Banking markets and the use of financial services by small and medium- sized businesses

Abstract: A longstanding and contentious problem in the antitrust analysis of proposed bank mergers has been the definition of the geographic area and services that constitute a particular market for financial services. The issues involved can be illustrated by two questions that arise in the following example. A commercial bank wants to acquire another located in the same metropolitan area. If one considers only the banks in that area, the acquisition would apparently reduce competition for banking services in that locality. The first question is, Does the presence of commercial banks outside the area mitigate the anticompetitive effects? The second is, Would the anticompetitive effects be lessened if nonbank institutions in the area offered some (but not all) of the services offered by the two banks? Any definition of a banking market implies answers to these questions regarding the geographic extent of that market and the scope of services to be included. Although buttressed by recent general empirical evidence and market surveys conducted in specific cases, the definition of banking markets has generally relied on Supreme Court decisions from the 1960s and early 1970s. Given the deregulation and financial

Study of mass rapid transit in developing countries

Abstract: The work described in this report was carried out by a study team from Halcrow Fox and Associates and the Overseas Unit of the Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL), to examine under what conditions, mass transit rail systems could be justified in developing countries, and also to consider how aid agencies could appraise such projects. Field work consisted of visits to 21 selected cities and collecting information. The cities included 9 with established metros (Hong Kong, Manila, mexico City, Porto Alegre, Pusan, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, Sao Paulo, and Seoul), 4 with incomplete but recently opened metros (Cairo, Calcutta, Singapore and Tunis) two with metros under construction (Istanbul and Medellin) and six with plans for metros (Bogota,Bombay,Dehli, Jakarta,Karachi and Kuala Lumpar). Standard model procedures were utilized to produce a strategic model designed to require relatively little data. The model comprised a traffic (and land use) model and separate evaluation model. On average 62% of the gross benefits predicted from the Metros in the evaluation year were time savings, and these benefits were largely enjoyed by former bus passengers. The study confirms that Metros are not generally financially viable in developing countires. The conditions necessary to bring economic viability to a project relate to corridor and city size, higher than average per capita growth, and growth prospects, efficient administration of the metro system, and financial support for fares. Finally, implications for aid agencies are discussed. It is thought unlikely that aid agencies will support metro projects which have less than 10% to 12% econmic rate of return.

Cities and transport energy: lessons from a global survey

Abstract: We have shown in this paper how there is almost a 200 times difference in gasoline use across a sample of 32 of the world's major cities. In a regional context the ten US cities consume on average some 10 times more than the Asian cities, 4.5 times more than the European cities and 2 times more than the Australian cities. These large differences in gasoline use are only partially explained by a combination of larger vehicle sizes, greater wealth and cheaper gasoline characteristic of US cities. Much of the remaining differences in gasoline use between cities can be understood by reference to the land use and transport characteristics of the cities. We have shown for example, that cities with the highest automobile dependence and gasoline use also have very much lower densities and less use of non-automobile modes, as well as much higher road provision and parking. Metropolitan population density increases some ten times as you move from US and Australian cities with the highest automobile dependence and gasoline use to European and Asian cities with the lowest. The urban and transport planning policy directions needed to guide cities towards lower gasoline use are outlined in terms of re-urbanisation and re-orientation of transport priorities. These policies seek to make cities more compact and mixed in their land use development patterns and strongly based around centres as well as more orientated to public transport, walking and cycling. The policies of re-urbanisation and re-orientation of transport priorities work best when they are fashioned in concert with one another. The policies must be characterised by strong planning and economic incentives for less automobile dependent land use patterns and greater use of non-automobile modes as well as significant disincentives to automobile use.