Showing papers on "Metropolitan area published in 1992"
TL;DR: In this paper, Small et al. show that a commonly used monocentric model, in which employment and population densities decline exponentially from a center, greatly underpredicts actual commuting distances in typical U.S. and Japanese metropolitan areas.
Abstract: Author(s): Small, Kenneth A.; Song, Shunfeng | Abstract: A debate over the empirical underpinnings of urban economic models is emerging under the unlikely rubric of "wasteful commuting." Hamilton (1982) shows that a commonly used monocentric model, in which employment and population densities decline exponentially from a center, greatly underpredicts actual commuting distances in typical U.S. and Japanese metropolitan areas. He concludes that the monocentric model is fundamentally flawed. This conclusion is challenged by White (1988b), who examines the cost-minimizing assignment of households to residential locations, taking density patterns as they are and measuring cost by travel time. White finds that for a sample of U.S. metropolitan areas, only 11 percent of actual commuting cost is in excess of the cost-minimizing amount, rather than the 87 percent found by Hamilton. Hamilton (1989) and Cropper and Gordon (1991), using variations of White's technique, obtain results intermediate between these extremes.
208 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a case study is used to demonstrate that significant barriers to congestion pricing implementation continue to exist, and some suggestions for developing politically acceptable pricing alternatives are given for congestion pricing.
Abstract: There is renewed interest in implementing congestion pricing in metropolitan areas throughout the US. This paper reviews changes in the transportation policy environment that have led to this renewed interest and identifies the major interest groups that support congestion pricing. A case study is used to demonstrate that significant barriers to congestion pricing implementation continue to exist. The paper concludes with some suggestions for developing politically acceptable pricing alternatives.
201 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that people living in the suburbs are no more likely to express higher satisfaction with their neighborhood, greater satisfaction with the quality of their lives, or stronger feelings of self-efficacy than those living in urban areas.
Abstract: Classic urban theory suggests that living in highly urbanized areas of the city results in social isolation, social disorganization, and psychological problems. Living in the suburbs, however, is thought to be much more conducive to happiness, because suburban areas have a lower population density, lower crime, and a more stable population when compared to urban areas. Using data collected in 1974 from the Detroit Metropolitan Area, this study evaluates this “happy suburbanite” hypothesis. Results show that people living in the suburbs are no more likely to express greater satisfaction with their neighborhood, greater satisfaction with the quality of their lives, or stronger feelings of self-efficacy than people living in the city. The analyses reveal that social integration and perceptions of the neighborhood are associated with neighborhood satisfaction, whereas employment status, age, housing satisfaction, and neighborhood satisfaction are associated with good psychological health. The results also show that length of residence has the strongest effect on neighborhood social ties and participation in local activities. The implication of these findings for a social psychological theory of community life is discussed.
164 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the effects of the 1982-1983 recession, the deepest in Canada in 50 years, upon the incidence of gentrification in six major Canadian cities and found that the rate of urban gentrification through the 1981-1986 period accelerated over the rate through the economically more buoyant years of the 1970s, although regional variations were more pronounced.
Abstract: The relationship between inner-city gentrification and the restructuring of metropolitan economies toward employment in the advanced services is well established. In this context, the paper examines the effects of the 1982-1983 recession, the deepest in Canada in 50 years, upon the incidence of gentrification in six major Canadian cities. Contrary to expectation, the rate of gentrification through the 1981-1986 period accelerated over the rate through the economically more buoyant years of the 1970s, although regional variations were more pronounced. This finding is explained by the more resilient metropolitan labor market in advanced services, even in times of national recession. A second objective of the paper is to examine the spatial patterning of gentrification within the six inner cities. Census tracts that underwent social upgrading during 1981-1986 are far more diverse than the more conservative pattern of the 1970s, where upgrading expanded wave-like from established middle class areas in the inn...
112 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed 1990 office asking rents in Chicago metropolitan area and showed that the present value of asking rents is related to many building characteristics and to each building's location, and that asking rents depend on fifteen characteristics of the building and on a careful specification of its location.
Abstract: This paper analyzes 1990 office asking rents in the Chicago metropolitan area. It carefully specifies a measure of the present value of a lease, taking account of important properties of rent offers. This present value is the dependent variable in the statistical analysis. The sample data analyzed pertain to 543 offices that contain about 80% of the office space in the metropolitan area. The present value of asking rents is related to many building characteristics and to each building's location. The analysis demonstrates that asking rents depend on about fifteen characteristics of the building and on a careful specification of its location.
111 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of air passenger transportation in the post-war evolution of the U.S. urban system is revisited by focusing upon the role that air passenger transport has played in the national scale.
Abstract: The relationship between transportation and urbanization at the national scale is revisited by focusing upon the role that air passenger transportation has played in the post-war evolution of the U.S. urban system. Theory suggests that major transportation innovations have exhibited profound and prolonged interdependencies with patterns of growth in national or regional urban systems. As the most recent major intercity transportation innovation, it should be expected that utilization of air transportation should bear some relationship to patterns of growth in urban places.
This paper documents this relationship by using FAA and U.S. Census data to correlate volumes of air passenger flows per capita with changes in population and employment for the 50 largest U.S. metropolitan areas. The expectation that higher volumes of air passenger flow per capita exhibit a positive correlation with both previous and subsequent growth is confirmed by the analysis. More detailed examination of both high and low air passenger index cities suggests functional and regional consistencies with the central hypothesis. The implications of these results for air transportation and airport planning include at least some justification for increased attention to provision of air service and adequate airport infrastructure as well as reiteration of the importance of air transportation in economic development.
111 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a regression analysis of employment growth in 37 disaggregated sectors across U.S. metropolitan areas in the time period 1977-1984 was performed, and the results indicated that variation in taxes and subsidies are not related significantly to the location of either high-technology manufacturing or most services.
109 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors determined the impact of five municipal landfills on residential property values in a major metropolitan area (Cleveland, Ohio) and concluded that the impact was minimal.
Abstract: The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of five municipal landfills on residential property values in a major metropolitan area (Cleveland, Ohio). The study concludes that landfills wi...
106 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the determinants of the geographic distribution of industry R&D activity are examined with particular emphasis on the role of university research as well as state science and technology programs.
Abstract: . The determinants of the geographic distribution of industry R&D activity are examined with particular emphasis on the role of university research as well as state science and technology programs. An analysis of a cross section of metropolitan areas indicates that industry R&D labs are located in areas with state science and technology programs, as well as in areas with higher levels of university research, larger quantities of non-welfare related local government spending, a better educated workforce, and a greater population density.
86 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used a transportation system with a dense network of circular streets and provided complete solutions to two urban models with a discrete suburban employment center as well as a central business district.
73 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors test for structural differences in office markets by size class and find that market outcomes vary by city size, larger markets are better modelled using standard procedures, and Manhattan behaves quite differently from the other markets.
Abstract: Recent contributions to the literature have resulted in a standard modelling of office markets. The models provide considerable insight into the working of office markets. • Nonetheless, a major difficulty is the use of data for a single city or aggregate data for the U.S. The latter implicitly assumes that model structure is invariant across cities. In this article we test for structural differences in office markets by size class. Rental data from REIS Reports for twenty-one metropolitan areas for the time period 1981 to 1990 are used to model office market behavior. Results suggest market outcomes vary by city size, larger markets are better modelled using standard procedures, and Manhattan behaves quite differently from the other markets.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors delved beneath metropolitan county averages using data on individual farms in the Northeast classified into three statistically distinct types: adaptive farms, traditional farms, and recreational farms.
Abstract: Metropolitan agriculture is not homogeneous This paper delves beneath metropolitan county averages using data on individual farms in the Northeast classified into three statistically distinct types A small group of adaptive farms profit from intensive production on smaller acreage to accommodate themselves to the urban environment Traditional farms have increased costs and pressures on their more extensive operations without compensating increases in revenue from better-adapted enterprises A large group of recreational farms subsidize small-farm activities from nonfarm income Operating characteristics of each farm type are presented and their importance to metropolitan agriculture is assessed Implications for preserving farming and farmland in the Northeast are drawn
TL;DR: In this article, the growth and composition of US producer service exports were examined and four metropolitan areas, and particularly their central cities, were identified as having both high concentrations and specialisations in producer service industries and as being the location of the head offices of the largest producer service firms.
Abstract: The US's exports of producer services increased threefold in the 1980s. Those exports plus the repatriation of income from foreign affiliates of US producer service firms now equal US agricultural exports. This paper documents the growth and composition of those producer service exports and then attempts to identify their metropolitan sources. Four metropolitan areas, and particularly their central cities, stand out as having both high concentrations and specialisations in producer service industries and as being the location of the head offices of the largest producer service firms. Ordinary least-squares equations are presented for one of the cities, New York, which links the city's producer services sector to US exports of producer services. For the total private gross city product of New York City, the elasticity with respect to US exports of producer services ranges from +0.19 to +0.25.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the efficiency in housing markets using a framework that considers both temporal and spatial dimensions, using data from the Hartford, Connecticut, metropolitan area, and obtained findings that add to the accumulating evidence of inefficiency.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, real house price changes as a function of the rate of change in employment, real income growth, real construction cost inflation, and changes in real after-tax interest rates are analyzed.
Abstract: Real metropolitan house prices have been quite volatile during the 1977-91 period, with half of our 30 areas having annual increases of above 15 percent in a single year and a third having decreases greater than 75 percent Drawing on Capozza and Helsley's models of real land prices, we express real house price changes as a function of the rate of change in employment, real income growth, real construction cost inflation, and changes in real after-tax interest rates Our explanatory power varies widely by region We do quite well for the half of our cities in the more stable Upper Midwest and Southeast, less well for the coastal cities, and dismally for the two Texas cities
TL;DR: Colonial discourse, sometimes referred to in the singular, seems unmanageably vast and heterogeneous, for it must encompass not only the broad field of colonialism's relations and representations which constitutes or arises from the business of official rule, including administrative reports and censuses, but also the works of metropolitan literature and other forms of high culture which deploy images of the exotic or the primitive, paintings of unfamiliar landscapes, tourist guides, anthropological studies, and Oriental fabric designs as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Colonial discourse, sometimes referred to in the singular, seems unmanageably vast and heterogeneous, for it must encompass not only the broad field of colonialism's relations and representations which constitutes or arises from the business of official rule, including administrative reports and censuses, but also the works of metropolitan literature and other forms of high culture which deploy images of the exotic or the primitive, paintings of unfamiliar landscapes, tourist guides, anthropological studies, and Oriental fabric designs. Colonial discourse includes chinoiserie, Kim, the Victoria and Albert Museum, Camus' Algerian stories, Frans Post, and Indiana Jones, as well as the Vital Statistics of the Native Population for the Year 1887 and the annual reports from wherever.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assess metropolitan-area growth patterns in the United States during the 1980s as revealed by 1990 census data and evaluate these patterns against various explanations that were proposed to account for the altered developed-world redistribution tendencies of the 1970s.
Abstract: In this article we assess metropolitan-area growth patterns in the United States during the 1980s as revealed by 1990 census data. We evaluate these patterns against various explanations that were proposed to account for the altered developed-world redistribution tendencies of the 1970s....Urbanization reasserted itself after the rural renaissance of the 1970s....U.S. metropolitan areas once again grew faster than nonmetropolitan areas and the geography of metropolitan growth displayed some rearrangement. Rapid growth in the South and West continued but its pace slowed considerably in the interior parts of these regions. Large coastal metropolitan areas showed the steadiest gains. (SUMMARY IN FRE AND SPA) (EXCERPT)
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors draw on Capozza and Helsley's models of real land prices to express real house price changes as a function of the rate of change in employment, real income growth, real construction cost inflation, and changes in real after-tax interest rates.
Abstract: Real metropolitan house prices have been quite volatile during the 1977-91 period, with half of our 30 areas having annual increases of above 15 percent in a single year and a third having decreases greater than 7.5 percent. Drawing on Capozza and Helsley's models of real land prices, we express real house price changes as a function of the rate of change in employment, real income growth, real construction cost inflation, and changes in real after-tax interest rates. Our explanatory power varies widely by region. We do quite well for the half of our cities in the more stable Upper Midwest and Southeast, less well for the coastal cities, and dismally for the two Texas cities.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe and analyze patterns of racial steering, using data from the Housing Discrimination Study (HDS), a nationwide fair housing audit study sponsored by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).
Book•
13 Feb 1992
TL;DR: The first authoritative account of the momentous changes in the organisation of finance capital that occurred in the 1980s is as discussed by the authors, which provides a major contribution to finance capital and the metropolis.
Abstract: This incisive inter-disciplinary text provides a major contribution to the study of finance capital and the metropolis. It is the first authoritative account of the momentous changes in the organisation of finance capital that occurred in the 1980s. But it never contents itself with a mere record of events. Changes in finance are scrupulously and consistently related to changes in urban forms, notably metropolitan lifestyles and aesthetics.
TL;DR: This article conducted a longitudinal analysis of changes in black urban poverty in 59 large Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas between 1970 and 1980 and found that structural characteristics of the urban labor market, such as suburbanization of employment, the decline in manufacturing jobs, and the rise of low-wage services, act to reduce black male employment, increase the prevalence of female-headed families, and drive up black poverty rates.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that the concentration of performing artists into large metropolitan areas increased from 1970 to 1980, while that of painters and sculptors diminished, supporting Chinitz's emphasis on the importance of supply-side factors in urban studies.
Abstract: Data on artists by location in 1970 and 1980, and on the non-profit theatre sector in 1988-89, indicate that art and culture are pre-eminently central place functions. The concentration of performing artists into large metropolitan areas increased from 1970 to 1980, while that of painters and sculptors diminished. New York and Los Angeles are the top locations for performing artists, although Los Angeles is largely a centre for mass media production rather than live production. Other studies cited in this paper indicate that local market structure in the non-profit theatre strongly affects artistic policy, supporting Chinitz's emphasis on the importance of supply-side factors in urban studies.
TL;DR: The hypothesis that the growth experiences of core parts of metropolitan areas in the United States tend to predict the growth of satellite, exurban, and even more distant non-metropolitan areas is evaluated and supported by 1980-1990 patterns of change.
Abstract: This paper evaluates the hypothesis that the growth experiences of core parts of metropolitan areas [in the United States] tend to predict the growth of satellite exurban and even more distant non-metropolitan areas. Particular attention is paid to evidence of spillover of growth into adjacent smaller metropolises and smaller cities and to the hypothesis that spillover is especially marked in areas of rapid growth growth restrictions and housing price inflation. The hypotheses are supported by 1980-1990 patterns of change as is the continuing attractiveness of exurban and non-metropolitan environmental amenities. (EXCERPT)
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that when the central city's government is controlled by property-owning residents, its property tax rate exceeds the rate in the suburbs, leading to lower property values.
TL;DR: This article examined the impact of various sociodemographic variables on refugees' employment propensity in the greater metropolitan Chicago area, and extended existing research and knowledge of follo-cultures.
Abstract: This article examines the impact of various sociodemographic variables on refugees’ employment propensities in the greater metropolitan Chicago area. It extends existing research and knowledge of f...
TL;DR: Analysis of demographic patterns of the emergence of the major urban regions of ASEAN reveals that these are major areas of economic growth, with industrialization, building development and leisure activities fuelling this process.
Abstract: "This article analyses the growth of large Extended Metropolitan Regions in the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) in the period since 1960. The analysis reveals two trends. First, urbanization levels in ASEAN countries are rapidly increasing. By the year 2000, almost 40 per cent of the population will be urban residents. Second, these accelerating processes are creating giant urban regions, called Extended Metropolitan Regions. Analysis of demographic patterns of the emergence of the major urban regions of ASEAN...reveals that these are major areas of economic growth, with industrialization, building development and leisure activities fuelling this process. However, this rapid growth is causing major problems of urban infrastructure provision, land use conflict and environmental deterioration."
TL;DR: In this article, an exploratory questionnaire study, conducted in 1989 in three metropolitan areas among black township youth (age 15-25 years, predominantly Zulu and Xhosa-speakers) of both sexes, inquired into spare time habits and activities, participation rates, leisure aspirations, satisfactions, preferences, and barriers.
Abstract: Leisure opportunities for urban black South Africans are limited but there is little evidence which documents the experience of disadvantage or its significance for retarded advancement and depressed quality of life. An exploratory questionnaire study, conducted in 1989 in three metropolitan areas among black township youth (age 15–25 years, predominantly Zulu-and Xhosa-speakers) of both sexes, inquired into spare time habits and activities, participation rates, leisure aspirations, satisfactions, preferences, and barriers. Each subject also kept activity diaries for a specific weekday and a weekend day. Preliminary results from the time budget data are discussed with reference to subjects' overall life satisfaction and outlook on the future. Findings have policy implications for reducing inequalities in a socially divided society.