Showing papers on "Metropolitan area published in 1993"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors made the argument that the average level of human capital is a local public good and that cities with higher average levels of capital should have higher wages and higher land rents.
1,030 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyze causes and consequences of metropolitan suburbanization with a focus on trends in the United States and compare the effect of employment transportation and travel considerations with the impact of urban problems such as taxes public school quality crime and environmental quality.
Abstract: The authors analyze causes and consequences of metropolitan suburbanization with a focus on trends in the United States. The effect of employment transportation and travel considerations is compared with the impact of urban problems such as taxes public school quality crime and environmental quality. (ANNOTATION)
783 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: Rusk as discussed by the authors argues that America must end the isolation of the central city from its suburbs in order to attack its urban problems and suggests that a key reform is creation of metropolitan area-wide governments or adoption by state governments of metro-wide requirements for local government.
Abstract: Argues that America must end the isolation of the central city from its suburbs in order to attack its urban problems. Rusk suggests that a key reform is creation of metropolitan area-wide governments or adoption by state governments of metro-wide requirements for local government.
591 citations
Book•
01 Oct 1993
TL;DR: The origins of urbanization and the characteristics of cities urbanization in the United States the metropolitan period in United States -1920 to 1960 the restructuring of settlement space - 1960 to 1990 the rise of urban sociology contemporary urban sociology - the socio-spatial perspective people, lifestyles and the metropolis neighbourhoods, the public environment and theories of urban life metropolitan problems - poverty, racism, crime, housing and fiscal crisis local politics - city and suburban governments third world urbanization urbanization.
Abstract: The new urban sociology the origins of urbanization and the characteristics of cities urbanization in the United States the metropolitan period in the United States - 1920 to 1960 the restructuring of settlement space - 1960 to 1990 the rise of urban sociology contemporary urban sociology - the socio-spatial perspective people, lifestyles and the metropolis neighbourhoods, the public environment and theories of urban life metropolitan problems - poverty, racism, crime, housing and fiscal crisis local politics - city and suburban governments third world urbanization urbanization in the industrialized world - Western and Eastern Europe and Japan environmental issues and metropolitan planning metropolitan social policy.
338 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the form of the evolving metropolitan fringe by means of comparative case studies of fringe development in the San Francisco Bay area at three scales: the community, the neighborhood, and the street and house lot.
Abstract: This paper examines the form of the evolving metropolitan fringe by means of comparative case studies of fringe development in the San Francisco Bay area at three scales —the community, the neighborhood, and the street and house lot. The study identifies underlying organizing principles and spatial typologies and analyzes patterns of growth, land use, and street layouts for several periods of suburban development beginning early in the twentieth century and continuing into the 1990s. As the scale of development has grown, there has been a parallel growth of self-contained, single-use developments and an erosion of the public street framework. This shift has serious implications for the character, convenience, and adaptability of new urban environments.
304 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present plausible theory, proper units of analysis, valid measures, and more inclusive models of the diversity-stability relationship in regional economies of the United States, the United Kingdom and Canada.
Abstract: . For many years, regional scientists, economists, and geographers have been unable to clarify the influence of economic diversity on unemployment and instability in regional economies of the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada. This article presents plausible theory, proper units of analysis, valid measures, and more inclusive models of the diversity-stability relationship. The findings are generalizable because the sample includes most metropolitan areas in the U.S. The empirical analysis estimates the influence of diversity, employment concentrated in unstable industries, population size, growth rate, and control variables on unemployment and employment instability during the 1972–88 period. The results indicate that metropolitan areas which are more diverse experience lower unemployment rates and less instability than areas which are less diverse.
220 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present estimates of how the value of central business district accessibility has changed over the period 1970-1988 for the Philadelphia metropolitan area, using a large data set on suburban Philadelphia house sales, and estimate house value premiums associated with CBD-oriented train service provided by the Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority.
210 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined environmental characteristic differences between rural and urban residents, using telephone survey data from a sample of Kentucky River Basin residents, and concluded that the success of environmental education depends on its participation in promoting equity in the general population.
Abstract: Greater awareness of between-group variation in environmental attitudes and knowledge will improve the quality of environmental education programs. The authors examined environmental characteristic differences between rural and urban residents, using telephone survey data from a sample of Kentucky River Basin residents. Although they expected that the more urban and metropolitan an individual, the greater would be the individual's environmental world view, concern, knowledge, and actions, they found no consistent differences by residence in these characteristics. They did find differences by education and income. They concluded that the success of environmental education depends on its participation in promoting equity in the general population.
175 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that central cities and their surrounding regions are highly interdependent and that neither suburbs nor central cities are self-sufficient, and they find that many suburbanites earn their incomes in central cities, and the amounts of income generated in core cities continue to grow.
Abstract: This article argues that central cities and their surrounding regions are highly interdependent, and that neither suburbs nor central cities are self-sufficient. For example, suburban per capita income is linked to central city per capital income, and the price of peripheral "edge city" office space is linked to the price of office space in the central business district. Not only do many suburbanites earn their incomes in central cities, but the authors also find that the amounts of income generated in core cities continue to grow. Overall, strong statistical evidence shows that suburbs benefit when their core cities are viable (densely populated and prosperous) and that when cities include a greater proportion of their metropolitan populations, they tend to be more prosperous.
167 citations
TL;DR: In the US, counter-urbanization was associated with several redistribution reversals that were linked to both metropolitan size and region of the country as mentioned in this paper, and Frey and Speare concluded that the 1970s was a "transition decade" for population redistribution in the US.
Abstract: Urbanisation patterns in the United States have taken some unlikely turns over the past quarter of a century. After following fairly predictable trends in the 1950s and 1960s towards increased urban growth and westward movement, the nation experienced a 1970s 'counter-urbanisation' similar to that which occurred in many other developed countries (Champion, 1989; 1992). In the US, counter-urbanisation was associated with several redistribution reversals that were linked to both metropolitan size and region of the country. In assessing these reversals at great length, Frey and Speare (1988) concluded that the 1970s was a "transition decade" for population redistribution in the US. However, the term 'transition' did not refer as much to the specific geographical patterns of redistribution that had emerged, as it did to the changing social and economic contexts for urban and regional growth. The changing national industrial structure, the rise of the global economy and improvements in communications and production technologies, have changed the geography of opportunities across space and the ability of populations to respond to these changes. At the same time, the diffusion of 'urban' amenities to all parts of the country-including areas previously considered to be remote or rural-has expanded the location options for both employers and residents. More so than in the past, the population and economic growth of regions, metropolitan areas and small places are dependent on how successfully these areas can adapt to rapidly changing circumstances. Despite the realisation that the contexts for urban and regional redistribution had been altered, there was little consensus among scholars as to the form of urbanisation that would emerge in the 1980s and 1990s. With findings from the 1990 US census now in hand, the broad dimensions of the new urbanisation in the US can now be detected. Three of these dimensions appear to be significant and are likely to continue to characterise US urban growth for the next decade. First, there is a return to urbanisation-but not the urbanisation of the 1950s and 1960s. New patterns of urban growth and decline are faster paced. They reflect continuing shifts in industrial structure and favour areas with diversified economies, particularly those engaged in advanced services and knowledge-based industries. Over the 1980s, recreation and retirement centres also did well. However, many small and nonmetropolitan areas, particularly in the interior part of the country, fared poorly under the adverse period influences of the 1980s, and as a result of their dependence on less than competitive industries. Growth prospects for these areas are unstable, at best, unless they can diversify their economic bases. Hence,
137 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a conceptual framework is developed, delineating three key dimensions of urban social sustainability: equity, community and urbanity, and applied to the case study, showing that under the web of past and existing local and metropolitan planning policies, Perth's central area has not been able to sustain its social value for Perth's metropolitan community.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented a conceptual model summarizing key interactions between environment, wealth and health in Accra, and analyzed intra-urban differentials in household environmental conditions by level of wealth and residential zone with particular emphasis on diarrhoeal and respiratory diseases among children and respiratory problem symptoms among principal homemakers.
Abstract: presents findings from a study of household environmental problems that included a 1,000 household survey and tests for air and water pollution. After presenting a conceptual model summarizing key interactions between environment, wealth and health in Accra, the authors analyze intra-urban differentials in household environmental conditions by level of wealth and residential zone with particular emphasis on diarrhoeal and respiratory diseases among children and respiratory problem symptoms among principal homemakers.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effectiveness of urban growth management and resource land preservation in the state of Oregon is evaluated using primary data collection and analysis, and the results suggest that nearly all regional development has been directed to the urban growth boundary and away from resource lands.
TL;DR: In Ghana, there is a popular perception of hotels as centers of wasteful extravagance or immoral activities, as places where people spend time and money frivolously (rather than upon work, family, and kin) or where married men take girlfriends or engage the services of prostitutes as mentioned in this paper.
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed study of post-war patterns of territorial organization in metropolitan Columbus, Ohio is presented, where the authors consider the pressures for territorial organization emanating from coalitional forces that span the state-civil society boundary.
TL;DR: A review of recent literature on trends in urbanization in developing countries can be found in this paper, where the authors examine the decline in the pace of urbanisation in the Middle East and Latin America changes in migration related to changes in spatial structure and the failure of regional policy to affect urbanization trends.
Abstract: This is a review of recent literature on trends in urbanization in developing countries. The author examines the decline in the pace of urbanization in the Middle East and Latin America changes in migration related to changes in spatial structure a trend toward a more polycentric form of metropolitan development around some major urban centers a decline in the pace of metropolitan expansion associated with economic recession and the failure of regional policy to affect urbanization trends. (ANNOTATION)
01 Nov 1993
TL;DR: In this paper, the changes which have occurred from 1960 to 1990 in population and demographics, worker characteristics, means of travel to work, household vehicle availability, and geographic revisions in the United States and its large metropolitan areas are identified.
Abstract: This report identifies the changes which have occurred from 1960 to 1990 in population and demographics, worker characteristics, means of travel to work, household vehicle availability, and geographic revisions in the United States and its large metropolitan areas. The report is based on the US Bureau of the Census data from decennial data sets. Selected Census information for 1960, 1970, 1980 and 1990 are summarized from available Census data sets, and to a more limited extent from Census publications. Due to the thirty year time span, two levels of geography are used to present and analyze these data. In producing this report, evaluations were made of differences in selected data items over the involved time period. The report summarizes these evaluations and presents the resultant data in a series of tables, figures, metropolitan statistical profiles and maps. Chapter 1 of the report contains background information, technical details about the data, and geographic conventions that were used in the analysis. Chapter 2 presents national summary information for journey-to-work trends over the thirty year period. Chapter 3 looks at demographic characteristics in large metropolitan areas. Chapter 4 considers the characteristics of the work trip, worker residences and places of work, and commuter flows and travel times within large metropolitan areas. Chapter 5 examines the means of transportation used by metropolitan area workers. Chapter 6 looks at trends in household vehicle ownership and availability. Chapter 7 identifies how these data are affected by the latest geographic revision, showing what has occurred since 1990. The Profiles provide detailed statistical information and maps for the US as a whole and for each of the 39 metropolitan areas that formed the core of this study.
TL;DR: A typology of intergenerational social support structure with data from 910 dyads of older adults and their primary child helpers found that household support provided to elderly parents was more sensitive to physical and social deficits and geographic distance, whereas social-emotional support was moresensitive to norms and personal affinity.
Abstract: We tested a typology of intergenerational social support structure with data from 910 dyads of older adults and their primary child helpers....The typology was developed and tested using data collected from a random sample of 1422 community residents 65 years and older living in ten New York City metropolitan area counties and two metropolitan south Florida counties in 1978.... This article is reprinted from The Gerontologist (Washington D.C.) Vol. 33 No. 2 1993 pp. 258-64. (EXCERPT)
TL;DR: The authors examined the extent to which the timing of first marriage differs for metropolitan and non-metropolitan young women in the United States and found that young nonmetropolitan women marry at a younger age than metropolitan women a difference only partially explained by variations in the attributes of the young women their families and the local marriage market.
Abstract: We examine the extent to which the timing of first marriage differs for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan young women [in the United States. The authors find that]...young nonmetropolitan women marry at a younger age than metropolitan women a difference only partially explained by variations in the attributes of the young women their families and the local marriage market. The effects of receipt of public assistance and local mate availability on the transition to first marriage differ for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan young women. Data are from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for 1979 and 1986. (EXCERPT)
Book•
28 Jan 1993
TL;DR: Learning to Meet the Global Challenge as mentioned in this paper : Learning to meet the global challenge: Challenge-CAPABILITY-RESPONSE The Global Challenge Economic Capability Britain's National and Local Position Britain's Institutional Capability Reactions to Economic Challenges The Current Response Part Two: FIELDS OF ACTIVITY: VERTICAL PROGRAMMES Enterprise Education Training PART Three: LOCAL DIMENSION: HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION Local Networks Dimensions of Local Capability Large Cities and Metropolitan Cores Medium Fringes Dispersed Industrial Areas Central Places and Rural
Abstract: Learning to Meet the Global Challenge PART ONE: CHALLENGE-CAPABILITY-RESPONSE The Global Challenge Economic Capability Britain's National and Local Position Britain's Institutional Capability Reactions to Economic Challenges The Current Response PART TWO: FIELDS OF ACTIVITY: VERTICAL PROGRAMMES Enterprise Education Training PART THREE: THE LOCAL DIMENSION: HORIZONTAL INTEGRATION Local Networks Dimensions of Local Capability Large Cities and Metropolitan Cores Metropolitan Fringes Dispersed Industrial Areas Central Places and Rural Areas PART FOUR: AN AGENDA FOR THE 1990S Towards a National Strategy
TL;DR: The authors examines three models with respect to changing income distributions between and within Canadian metropolitan areas and their inner cities from 1950 to 1985, and finds that the direction of change in inner cities differs markedly among the metropolitan areas, and that while inner-city-suburban contrasts continue to grow in most cities, in a few places these contrasts are overwhelmed by internal diversity and by new clusters of suburban poverty and inner city wealth.
Abstract: The volatile social status of older neighbourhoods has been a concern of both scholars and politicians for some time. Three competing hypotheses, representing different interpretations of past trends and contrasting scenarios for the future, have dominated recent research: the impoverishment (decline), elite (gentrified) and persistence (stability) models. This paper examines these three models with respect to changing income distributions between and within Canadian metropolitan areas and their inner cities from 1950 to 1985. All three hypotheses are found to be wanting. It is shown that the direction of change in inner cities differs markedly among the metropolitan areas, and that while inner-city-suburban contrasts continue to grow in most cities, in a few places these contrasts are overwhelmed by internal diversity and by new clusters of suburban poverty and inner-city wealth. The emerging ecology of income and social status is much more complex and variable than any single hypothesis or research para...
TL;DR: Policy prescriptions in Latin America should take account of this divergence and fundamental differences in kind, and should aim to develop existing opportunities and land uses for an incumbent working-class population, rather than seeking to attract new uses and better-off populations into the core.
Abstract: It is often assumed that the globalization of the world economy will drive societies and societal change in a broadly similar direction, leading to convergence in the process of urbanization. The observed diversity between places is the result of the engagement of the macroeconomic process with local social and political structures. Inner-city decline in many older metropolitan centers of the USA and the United Kingdom has occurred through economic restructuring and job loss, with smaller urban centers and amenity-rich areas benefiting concomitantly. Demographic processes have accentuated this decline: most notably suburbanization, counterurbanization, inner-city renewal programs, and urban resettlement to new towns. Since the early 1980s, however, selected inner cities have been the focus of reinvestment, and a return of population through so-called ‘gentrification’. In the United Kingdom, in particular, public policy has played an important role in the reinvigoration of inner cities.The substantial lite...
TL;DR: The research presented here reviews the literature on AIDS in specific areas and populations at risk as a basis for generating hypotheses for further study and suggests a national study of the epidemiology of AIDS in rural America is imperative.
Abstract: The incidence of AIDS in rural areas is increasing rapidly. However, historically it has been overshadowed by AIDS in the epicenters. From 1991-1992 the increased percentage of cases was higher in nonmetropolitan areas than in any other areas of residence. The rate per 100,000 also increased at almost the same rate in rural areas as in the largest metropolitan areas, defined by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) as having a population of more than 500,000, and in other metropolitan areas of 50,000 to 500,000 population, as designated by CDC. To date, the epidemiology of AIDS in rural areas has not been defined. This information is necessary to developing effective policies and programs. The research presented here reviews the literature on AIDS in specific areas and populations at risk as a basis for generating hypotheses for further study. The first wave of the epidemic, primarily affecting homosexual or bisexual men, is strongly evident in many rural locations. The second wave of the epidemic is strongly evident in the South and can be seen among high-risk groups such as black women, adolescents, migrant and seasonal farm workers, people who abuse alcohol, intravenous drug users, and users of crack cocaine, including those who trade sex for drugs. Poverty is a common characteristic of the second-wave population. Proximity to interstate highways as well as metropolitan areas may also be associated. A national study of the epidemiology of AIDS in rural America is imperative.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify and measure key structural characteristics of "fragmented" metropolitan areas, employing a comparative study of two metropolitan city-counties: St. Louis City and County, Missouri, and Allegheny County (Pittsburgh), Pennsylvania.
Abstract: For many observers, a large number of governments in a metropolitan area is thought to equate to "fragmentation," and fragmentation, to ineffective organization and poor performance. Other observers find a large number of local governments to mean competition and consequent pressures for efficiency. The number of local governments, however, is only one dimension of the structure of a metropolitan area. We identify and measure key structural characteristics of "fragmented" metropolitan areas, employing a comparative study of two metropolitan city-counties: St. Louis City and County, Missouri, and Allegheny County (Pittsburgh), Pennsylvania. We argue that these areas, with their many units of local government, "work" by means of integrating structures built by local governments together with county and state governments. Counties, in particular, are a useful focus for study of metropolitan relationships because they often provide the institutional frame within which integrating structures are built.
01 Jan 1993
TL;DR: The first year of Regulation XV's implementation has been studied in this paper, and the results from the first year show that it can significantly affect travel behavior in the Los Angeles metropolitan area.
Abstract: Trip reduction policies are increasingly utilized in US metropolitan areas to address congestion and air quality problems These policies typically focus on the journey to work and are aimed at reducing the amount of drive-alone commuting by providing transit and ride-sharing incentives Severe air quality problems in Southern California have prompted the air pollution control agency for the Los Angeles metropolitan area to enact Regulation XV The regulation requires employers to develop and implement a trip reduction program to achieve specified ride-sharing goals It is the most ambitious and far-reaching such program implemented to date, and offers a unique opportunity to determine whether such programs can significantly affect travel behavior This paper presents results from the first year of Regulation XV's implementation
TL;DR: In this paper, a review is undertaken of research on informal agriculture in Asian and African cities and some suggestions are offered for policy debates and research in South Africa, where urban agriculture represents an issue of considerable importance for South African policy makers.
Abstract: Recently, an increase has been observed in the practices of urban food gardening and the cultivation of vacant land on the peripheries of South Africa's metropolitan areas. In this paper it is argued that urban agriculture represents an issue of considerable importance for South African policy makers. A review is undertaken of research on informal agriculture in Asian and African cities. On the basis of this International review certain suggestions are offered for policy debates and research in South Africa.
TL;DR: In this paper, economic development policies in the Twin Cities metropolitan area are examined to determine the extent and patterns of competition as well as the potential for cooperative development between neighboring governments, and the findings reveal that competition and cooperation are not opposites, and in fact exist side by side.
Abstract: The competition between local governments for economic development is generally regarded as producing both inefficiencies and inequities. Competition forces governments to increase subsidies and incentives offered to private firms, favors new firms over existing businesses, and often results in merely the relocation of investment rather than in increased levels of private sector activity. Economic development policies in the Twin Cities metropolitan area are examined to determine the extent and patterns of competition as well as the potential for cooperative development between neighboring governments. The findings reveal that competition and cooperation are not opposites, and in fact exist side by side. Although prospects for cooperative approaches seem good, competition is also likely to continue.
TL;DR: The first year of Regulation XV's implementation in the Los Angeles metropolitan area has been studied in this article, where the authors present results from the first year's implementation of the regulation.
Abstract: Trip reduction policies are increasingly utilized in U.S. metropolitan areas to address congestion and air quality problems. These policies typically focus on the journey to work and are aimed at reducing the amount of drive-alone commuting by providing transit and ride-sharing incentives. Severe air quality problems in Southern California have prompted the air pollution control agency for the Los Angeles metropolitan area to enact Regulation XV. The regulation requires employers to develop and implement a trip reduction program to achieve specified ride-sharing goals. It is the most ambitious and far-reaching such program implemented to date, and offers a unique opportunity to determine whether such programs can significantly affect travel behavior. This paper presents results from the first year of Regulation XV's implementation.
TL;DR: The urban living standard index of the Population Crisis Committee, based on 10 indicators of urban quality of life for the 98 largest metropolitan cities of the world, has been used in this paper.
Abstract: The urban living standard index of the Population Crisis Committee, based on 10 indicators of urban quality of life for the 98 largest metropolitan cities of the world, has been used in this paper ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented the possible contribution of multi-temporal Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data to the assessment of land-use modifications in the most important portion of the metropolitan area of Milan where rapid transformations, starting from urban areas and then gradually extending to rural areas, took place.
Abstract: This paper presents the possible contribution of multi-temporal Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) data to the assessment of land-use modifications in the most important portion of the metropolitan area of Milan where rapid transformations, starting from urban areas and then gradually extending to rural areas, took place. The study area corresponds to the so-called ‘Great Milan’ which includes a protected area, the ‘South Milan Agricultural Park’, where a widespread conflict between agricultural and-urban land use has arisen. Park realisation will contribute improving agricultural activities and creating a belt for environment protection around the city. Digital thematic maps, digitizing Istituto Geografico Militare dTtalia cartography of 1888–90 and 1945–50, were extracted. Normalized Difference Vegetation Indices (NDVI) were produced from three Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper images of 1984, January, June and August, and a Multi-temporal Colour NDVI Composition (MCNC) output was produced. Maximum Likelihoo...