Showing papers on "Metropolitan area published in 1994"

New visions for metropolitan America

Abstract: Here, Anthony Downs discusses the largely unrecognized symbiosis of central cities and suburbs. As suburbs develop, he argues, their residents come to believe - wrongly - that their welfare no longer depends on the economic and social health of central cities' fiscal and social problems, even though they have helped to create those problems by deliberately excluding most low-income households from their own communities. Such continuation of "unlimited sprawl" can only further intensify the problems it generates. Downs proposes that Americans consider at least three alternative visions of metropolitan growth that he identifies as "Bounded High-Density", "Limited-Spread Mixed-Density", and "New Communities and Green Belts".

The effect of taxes on labor supply in the underground economy

Abstract: This paper uses micro data from a randomized survey carried out in the metropolitan area of Quebec City, Canada, to analyze the decision to evade taxes and work in the 'underground' economy. The results indicate that taxes distort labor-market activities away from the regular sector to the underground sector but the distortion is small for the average worker. The distortion is large, however, for particular groups of the population such as welfare claimants. Copyright 1994 by American Economic Association.

Housing Prices, Externalities, and Regulation in U.S. Metropolitan Areas

Abstract: Housing prices vary widely from market to market in the United States. The purpose of this study is to analyze the determinants of housing prices, with a particular focus on the effects of regulations in land and housing markets. The basic unit of observation for this study is the city or metropolitan area. The basic method is to model house prices and rents in a simple supply-and-demand framework focusing on incomes, population changes, “noneconomic” determinants (such as topographical features), and other supply conditions (notably measures of the regulatory environment). The innovative part of the empirical analysis is constructing indices that reflect regulatory regimes in different markets.

Suburban Employment Centres: The Case of Chicago:

Abstract: This paper uses data from the journey to work portion of the 1980 Census to estimate a polycentric model of employment density for the Chicago urbanised area. Distance to the Chicago central business district exerted a strong effect on employment density, but density was also influenced by proximity to three suburban employment centres. Some 27 per cent of total employment growth in metropolitan Chicago over the next decade was concentrated in these three subcentres.

The California Urban Futures Model: A New Generation of Metropolitan Simulation Models

Abstract: The California Urban Futures model is the first in a new generation of metropolitan simulation models which replicate realistic urban growth patterns and the impacts of development policy at variou...

Ethnic Economies in Metropolitan Regions: Miami and Beyond

Abstract: T7is article surveys the labor market status of racial and ethnic groups in seventeen metropolitan areas. Five Asian groups (Japanese, Chinese, Koreans, Filipinos, and Asian Indians) and three Hispanic groups (Cubans, Mexicans, and Puerto Ricans) are coniipared to non-Hispanic whites and blacks. Minority business concentrations are found niostly in a few low-wage sectors with low capitalization, low levels of unionization, and high proportions of femiiale employees. Patterns of economic incorporation meeting a minimal definition of an enclave economy are identified for several groups. Of these, the Cuban economy in Miami (along with Japanese in Honolulu and Koreans in Los Angeles) is unusual in terms of both size and sectoral diversity; the typical "enclave" appears to be based on a combination of apparel manufacturing and ethnicfoods. We study the incorporation of racial and ethnic minorities into the United States economy as of 1980. We begin with questions framed at the level of the country as a whole. In what parts of the economy is business ownership especially common for each minority group? What distinguishes those sectors in which whites predominate from those in which minority owners are strongly represented? We then turn to analyses of patterns of incorporation of specific groups in those metropolitan areas that have large numbers of group members. It is in these local analyses that we may expect to find ethnic economies, i.e., distinctive constellations of business ownership and/or employment of group members in certain economic sectors. We describe the contours of these ethnic economies, comparing them across minority groups and metropolitan regions.

The University and Economic Development: The Case of Johns Hopkins University and Baltimore:

Abstract: Although there are many examples of the role that universities might play in fostering regional economic development, this article considers a counterfactual case. The presence of a prominent research university provides no guarantee that an area's economic development potential is enhanced. Using an innovation process model as a framework, the author studies the relationship between Johns Hopkins University and the Baltimore metropolitan area. This provides an opportunity to consider the other factors that might enhance the ability of an area to capitalize on the benefits that proximity to a research university may provide.

Hazardous Waste Facilities: "Environmental Equity" Issues in Metropolitan Areas

Abstract: Recent widely publicized studies claim facilities for treatment, storage, and disposal of hazard ous wastes (TSDFs) are located in areas with higher than average proportions of minorities, thereby ...

City Politics: Private Power and Public Policy

Abstract: 1. The Politics of American Cities: An Introduction. I. CONTESTED TERRAIN: POLITICAL CONFLICT IN THE CITIES. 2. The Private City and Local Democracy: The Political Legacy of the Nineteenth Century. 3. Party Machines and Political Entrepreneurs. 4. The Struggle for Political Control: The Reform Legacy. 5. The New Deal Coalition and the Cities. II. THE CITY IN NATIONAL POLITICS. 6. The Rise of the Divided Metropolis. 7. National Policy and the Divided Metropolis. 8. The Rise and Fall of National Urban Policy. 9. The Rise of the Sunbelt Cities. III. URBAN POLITICS AND THE FRACTURING OF THE AMERICAN POLITICAL COMMUNITY. 10. The Politics of Secession: The Suburbs. 11. Urban Sprawl and the Governance of Metropolitan Regions. 12. Fiscal Crisis and the Problems of Governance. 13. Revitalizing the Cities: The Growth Imperative. 14. The Challenge of Urban Governance. 15. The Fragmented Society.

The Flow of Information in a Global Economy: The Role of the American Urban System in 1990

Abstract: Information circulation and availability have always been fundamental to the development of cities even when their employment base depended on manufacturing. With the rise of the informational city, and the global economy, the creation and exchange of highly specialized information has become vital for a metropolitan center's success. This paper, accordingly, examines the contemporary production and exchange of higher-order information that occurs among and between American cities and reveals how ongoing globalization has affected the position of these cities in the system of information exchange. The paper introduces a conceptual framework combining processes of uncertainty, deregulation, globalization, demassification, and vertical disintegration and deploys that framework in an empirical analysis. An analysis of 1990 flow data provided by Federal Express Corporation measures flows among 47 major U.S. centers and selected foreign places and reveals a three-tiered hierarchical system, with New Y...

Vital and viable town centres : meeting the challenge

Abstract: Part 1 Challenges: Social and Economic Trends Changing Town Centres The Impact of Public Policies. Part 2 Responses: Assessing vitality and Viability Devising Town Centre Strategies Types of Town Centre. Part 3 Good Practice: Market Towns Industrial towns Suburban Centres Metropolitan Cities Resorts and Historic Towns Conclusions and Recommendations.

The Suburban Racial Dilemma: Housing and Neighborhoods

Abstract: List of Tables and Maps Acknowledgments Part I: Racial Divisiveness and Policy Alternatives 1. Race, Housing, and Neighborhoods in the Metropolitan United States 2. The Open Housing Movement: Metropolitan Dispersion Strategies Part II: Housing, Race, and Neighborhoods in Metropolitan Cleveland 3. Cleveland: A Racially Polarized City 4. Suburban Cleveland: Case Studies of Suburbs and Fair Housing Organizations 5. East Cleveland: Black Suburbanization, White Flight, and Rapid Resegregation 6. Shaker Heights: Integration Maintenance in a Once Exclusionary, Planned Suburb 7. Cleveland Heights: The Struggle for Long-term Stable Racial Diversity 8. Parma: Court-Ordered Racial Integration 9. Euclid: A Suburban City in the Path of White Flight 10. Six Cleveland Fair Housing Organizations Part III: Fair Housing : Policies, Programs, Legality, and Prospects 11. Open Housing Policies and Programs 12. The Legal Status of Race-Conscious, Pro-Integrative Housing Policies and Programs 13. Toward Greater Racial Diversity in the Suburbs Reference Index

Value of time, choice of mode, and the subsidy issue in urban transportation

Abstract: The last two decades have clearly shown that increased automobile ownership and highway construction can facilitate profound redistributions of population and economic activity within metropolitan areas. These changes are related in a fundamental way to many of the social and economic difficulties of our large, mature, central cities: loss of middle and upper income groups to the suburbs, declining retail sales in downtown areas, erosion of the tax base, shift of manufacturing and service establishments to suburban areas, decline of mass transit service and patronage, and increased traffic congestion. There is a great deal of support for the view that there has been too much highway construction and that the time has come to help public transportation. This paper explores some of the issues involved in a program of assistance to public transportation.

Telecommuting and residential location: theory and implications for commute travel in monocentric metropolis

Abstract: A simple partial equilibrium model was used to estimate the long-term effect of telecommuting on work trip vehicle distance traveled and residential location for households located in a monocentric metropolitan area and for workers employed in the metropolitan center. Although based on very simple assumptions, the model illustrates some aspects of the complexity of the effects of telecommuting on residential location and commute travel. Although telecommuting reduces the number of work trips, the long-term effects of telecommuting are likely to include change in residential location farther from the workplace, diminishing the reduction in commute distance traveled per year from telecommuting. This effect of residential relocation is most pronounced for metropolitan areas with flatter spatial variation in land prices--the trend in most metropolitan areas in recent decades.

Nobody Planted It, It Just Grew! Young Adolescents' Perceptions and Experiences of Nature in the Context of Urban Environmental Education

Abstract: This article discusses young adolescents' perceptions of nature in the context of urban environmental education. The role of nature experiences in environmental education, the concept of nature from a historical perspective, students' perceptions and experiences of nature, and their implications for environmental education are also discussed. The first part of the article is based on a literature review, whereas the second part is the result of a three-year qualitative study that took place in four middle schools located in the Detroit metropolitan area. A main thesis is that it is crucial for environmental educators to elicit and build upon students' perceptions and experiences of nature, especially when these students grow up in predominately urban settings.

Housing Markets in the United States and Japan

Abstract: Introduction Yukio Noguchi and James Poterba 1 Land Prices and House Prices in Japan Yukio Noguchi 2 Land Prices and House Prices in the United States Karl E. Case 3 Housing Finance in Japan Miki Seko 4 Housing Finance in the United States Patric H. Hendershott 5 Housing and the Journey to Work in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area Tatsuo Hatta and Toru Ohkawara 6 Housing and the Journey to Work in U.S. Cities Michelle J. White 7 Housing and Saving in Japan Toshiaki Tachibanaki 8 Housing and Saving in the United States Jonathan Skinner 9 Public Policy and Housing in Japan Takatoshi Ito 10 Public Policy and Housing in the United States James M. Poterba

The turnaround in Australia: some first observations from the 1991 census.

Abstract: SUMMARY It is important to undertake separate analysis of the non‐metropolitan population. The aim of this paper is to utilise recently released census results to examine patterns of population change in non‐metropolitan Australia during the 1986–91 period, focusing particularly upon the net migration component of that change. The paper presents an overview of recent trends in population change in non‐metropolitan areas and then moves to an analysis of net migration patterns in non‐metropolitan local government areas during the late 1980s using a Life Table Survival Ratio technique to estimate net migration. It appears that the trends observed in the early 1980s have continued into the late 1980s and early 1990s, and that overall the ‘turnaround’ is slowing down and becoming more diversified, more complex, and much less predictable in the 1990s.

Can Local Incentives Alter a Metropolitan City's Economic Development?:

Abstract: Cities in the US and Europe have chosen increasingly to offer incentives designed to attract and retain local economic development. The increased use of local incentives has occurred with little or...

The Effects of Metropolitan Job Growth on the Size Distribution of Family Income

Abstract: . This article examines how a metropolitan area's job growth affects its income distribution, using CPS data from 1979 to 1988. Metropolitan growth increases the poorest quintile's income by a greater percentage than for the average family. Metropolitan growth also increases the value of property owned by the richest quintiles. Economic development programs to increase local growth will have a net progressive effect if the cost per job created is low, and these costs are financed by personal taxes. But programs with a high cost per job, or financed by cutting welfare, will reduce the net income of the poorest quintile.

1994 County and City Extra Annual Metro, City, and County Data Book

Abstract: This "is an annual publication providing the most up-to-date statistical information available for every state county metropolitan area and congressional district and for all cities with a 1990 population of 25000 or more in the United States." In addition to a selection of 1990 census data the volume also includes "the latest available data on personal income employment and unemployment health resources crime the distribution of federal funds city government finances and many other topics." (EXCERPT)

Changing theoretical perspectives on urbanisation in Asian developing countries

Abstract: PIP: European models of urbanization inadequately capture the process of growth of urban cities in Asian developing countries. The following theoretical issues were presented as illustrations of the inadequacies of European paradigms: 1) the role of cities in regional development, 2) the dual nature of employment in Asian cities, 3) foreign investments, and 4) socialism. The concept of extended metropolitan regions in Asian countries was advanced by the studies of McGee and Ginsburg; metropolitan regions were recognized as unique to Asia. Socioeconomic development led to the blurring of regions into distinct urban and rural areas and to the mixing of agricultural and nonagricultural areas. The city-based model of economic concentration was replaced with a region-based urbanization. There is no universally applicable model of urban transition, although the influence of Euro-Americanism can still be felt in the theories of developing country development. What is not known is whether the new form of urban transition is a viable option or is a compromise between city-biased strategy and the development of intermediate and small towns. The effects of extended metropolitan regions are still unknown. Primary urbanization has its roots in early civilizations. Peterson developed the notions of the transitional stages of industrialization and urbanization: 1) preindustrial with high birth, death, and infant mortality rates of young, small populations; 2) early Western industrialization with reduced mortality and increased births; and 3) modern Western society with low birth and mortality rates and older, larger populations. Kingsley Davis provided the conception of rural-to-urban migration and urban growth, associated with urban economic and social opportunity and a shift from agricultural to nonagricultural employment. McGee postulated demographic, economic, and social transitions as part of the urbanization process. There is an increasing awareness that urban growth and the structure of the city are strongly influenced by the production and distribution of the world economy.

Seoul: The Making of a Metropolis

Abstract: Seoul: An Emerging International City. Population and Economic Growth in Seoul and Seoul Metropolitan Region. Urban Land Use and Transportation. Housing, Urban Growth, and Urban Redevelopment. City Planning, Administration, and Finance. Urban Form. Conclusions: What Challenges Lie Ahead? References. Further Reading. Index.

Capital Markets, the Development Industry, and Urban Office Market Dynamics: Rethinking Building Cycles

Abstract: In this paper it is argued that more attention should be paid to the role of supply-side factors in accounting for the spatiotemporal evolution of urban office building cycles, particularly during the recent boom of the 1980s. Urban office building dynamics are critically related to changes in the structure and operation of finance capital, the development industry, and state intervention; changes which in turn are related to shorter term macroeconomic fluctuations and longer waves of economic and political restructuring at different geographic scales. A comparative analysis of the timing, periodicity, and magnitude of booms and slumps in downtown office construction activity between 1963 and 1986 in major metropolitan areas of the United States reveals a convergence in the timing of booms and slumps in downtown office construction between individual cities and on the national trend in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and a persistence of important differences in the relative volume of downtown office cons...

Planning History and the Black Urban Experience: Linkages and Contemporary Implications

Abstract: This article argues for a more racially conscious perspective of planning history, one that is more sensitive to the history of African- American urbanization. For many years racial segregation and conflict influenced patterns of city residence, public housing, and renewal policies. Racial unrest and the civil rights movements helped generate "social" and advocacy planning. In the last two decades, the status of black urban life has become an increasingly important issue for those who plan central cities and metropolitan areas. It is time to recognize these linkages and address them more forthrightly. This is a particularly important area of concern for planning educators.

A comparison of country and metropolitan general practice.

Abstract: This paper is a summary of a report of a comparison of country and metropolitan general practice undertaken by the Family Medicine Research Unit, University of Sydney, and published as a supplement to the Medical Journal of Australia The identified differences were not consistent across small medium and large country towns The morbidity patterns were similar between all areas, but country GPs were generally busier and undertook more hospital and procedural work