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Showing papers on "Metropolitan area published in 2014"


01 Apr 2014
TL;DR: Development of the 2013 NCHS Urban-Rural Classification Scheme for Counties is detailed and application of the updated scheme to NVSS and NHIS data demonstrated the continued usefulness of the six categories for assessing and monitoring health differences among communities across the full urbanization spectrum.
Abstract: NCHS data systems are often used to study the association between urbanization level of residence and health and to monitor the health of urban and rural residents. Conducting such analyses requires an urban-rural classification scheme. This report describes a six-level urban-rural classification scheme developed by the National Center for Health Statistics for the 3,141 U.S. counties and county-equivalents. The most urban category consists of large metropolitan central counties and the most rural category consists of nonmetropolitan noncore counties. The county classifications are based on the following information: (1) the 2003 Office of Management and Budget (OMB) definitions of metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties (with revisions through 2005); (2) the Rural-Urban Continuum Codes and the Urban Influence Codes classifications developed by the Economic Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture; and (3) county-level data on several variables from Census 2000 and 2004 postcensal population estimates. This classification scheme, unlike others that have been developed since 2003, separates large metropolitan counties into two categories: large metro central and large metro fringe. These two categories were created because of striking differences in several health measures between residents of these two types of counties. Discriminant analysis was used to verify the classification of counties into these two categories.

726 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors exploited China's National Trunk Highway System as a large-scale natural experiment to contribute to our understanding of the question: are the resulting trade cost reductions a force for the diffusion of industrial and total economic activity to peripheral regions, or do they reinforce the concentration of production in space?
Abstract: Large-scale transport infrastructure investments connect both large metropolitan centres of production as well as small peripheral regions. Are the resulting trade cost reductions a force for the diffusion of industrial and total economic activity to peripheral regions, or do they reinforce the concentration of production in space? This article exploits China's National Trunk Highway System as a large-scale natural experiment to contribute to our understanding of this question. The network was designed to connect provincial capitals and cities with an urban population above 500,000. As a side effect, a large number of small peripheral counties were connected to large metropolitan agglomerations. To address non-random route placements on the way between targeted city nodes, I propose an instrumental variable strategy based on the construction of least cost path spanning tree networks. The estimation results suggest that network connections have led to a reduction in GDP growth among non-targeted peripheral counties. This effect appears to be driven by a significant reduction in industrial output growth. Additional results present evidence in support of a trade-based channel in the light of falling trade costs between peripheral and metropolitan regions.

641 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a framework for conducting case studies examining how smart cities were being implemented in San Francisco and Seoul Metropolitan City by integrating various practical perspectives with a consideration of smart city characteristics taken from the literature.

622 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Differences in the size, composition, and location of household carbon footprints suggest the need for tailoring of greenhouse gas mitigation efforts to different populations.
Abstract: Which municipalities and locations within the United States contribute the most to household greenhouse gas emissions, and what is the effect of population density and suburbanization on emissions? Using national household surveys, we developed econometric models of demand for energy, transportation, food, goods, and services that were used to derive average household carbon footprints (HCF) for U.S. zip codes, cities, counties, and metropolitan areas. We find consistently lower HCF in urban core cities (∼40 tCO2e) and higher carbon footprints in outlying suburbs (∼50 tCO2e), with a range from ∼25 to >80 tCO2e in the 50 largest metropolitan areas. Population density exhibits a weak but positive correlation with HCF until a density threshold is met, after which range, mean, and standard deviation of HCF decline. While population density contributes to relatively low HCF in the central cities of large metropolitan areas, the more extensive suburbanization in these regions contributes to an overall net incre...

349 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show how household and neighborhood characteristics correlate with land-management practices, land-cover composition, and landscape structure and ecosystem functions at local, regional, and continental scales.
Abstract: A visually apparent but scientifically untested outcome of land-use change is homogenization across urban areas, where neighborhoods in different parts of the country have similar patterns of roads, residential lots, commercial areas, and aquatic features. We hypothesize that this homogenization extends to ecological structure and also to ecosystem functions such as carbon dynamics and microclimate, with continental-scale implications. Further, we suggest that understanding urban homogenization will provide the basis for understanding the impacts of urban land-use change from local to continental scales. Here, we show how multi-scale, multi-disciplinary datasets from six metropolitan areas that cover the major climatic regions of the US (Phoenix, AZ; Miami, FL; Baltimore, MD; Boston, MA; Minneapolis–St Paul, MN; and Los Angeles, CA) can be used to determine how household and neighborhood characteristics correlate with land-management practices, land-cover composition, and landscape structure and ecosystem functions at local, regional, and continental scales.

329 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a case study narrative methodology utilizing the Wise et al. conceptual framework is used to evaluate the effectiveness of the flexible adaptation pathways approach in New York City and find that Hurricane Sandy serves as a "tipping point" leading to transformative adaptation due to the explicit inclusion of increasing climate change risks in the rebuilding effort.
Abstract: Two central issues of climate change have become increasingly evident: Climate change will significantly affect cities; and rapid global urbanization will increase dramatically the number of individuals, amount of critical infrastructure, and means of economic production that are exposed and vulnerable to dynamic climate risks. Simultaneously, cities in many settings have begun to emerge as early adopters of climate change action strategies including greenhouse gas mitigation and adaptation. The objective of this paper is to examine and analyze how officials of one city - the City of New York - have integrated a flexible adaptation pathways approach into the municipality's climate action strategy. This approach has been connected with the City's ongoing response to Hurricane Sandy, which struck in the October 2012 and resulted in damages worth more than US$19 billion. A case study narrative methodology utilizing the Wise et al. conceptual framework (see this volume) is used to evaluate the effectiveness of the flexible adaptation pathways approach in New York City. The paper finds that Hurricane Sandy serves as a ''tipping point'' leading to transformative adaptation due to the explicit inclusion of increasing climate change risks in the rebuilding effort. The potential for transferability of the approach to cities varying in size and development stage is discussed, with elements useful across cities including the overall concept of flexible adaptation pathways, the inclusion of the full metropolitan region in the planning process, and the co-generation of climate-risk information by stakeholders and scientists.

204 citations


Book
19 May 2014
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a survey of economic indicators of OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION RELATIVE INCOME LEVELS of communities in the United States, including the following:
Abstract: CONTENTS: CITIES AND SUBURBS THE JOBS LOCATIONAL PRESSURES ON MANUFACTURING THE SPECIAL MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES THE WHITE-COLLAR CORPS THE PURSUIT OF CONSUMERS THE PEOPLE SPACIOUS LIVING VS. EASY ACCESS WHO LIVES WHERE AND WHY SPREAD OF THE PEOPLE THE JOBS, THE PEOPLE, AND THE FUTURE APPENDICES EMPLOYMENT ESTIMATES POPULATION ESTIMATES FACTORY CONSTRUCTION COSTS VARIABILITY IN CONSTRUCTION COSTS COST OF CONSTRUCTING A LOFT BUILDING COMPUTATION OF TAX LEVELS LISTS OF SPECIAL INDUSTRIES COMPARATIVE COST OF OFFICE SPACE EMPLOYMENT EQUATIONS IN CONSUMER TRADE LAND-USE MEASUREMENTS JOURNEY-TO-WORK SURVEY INDICES OF OCCUPATIONAL SPECIALIZATION RELATIVE INCOME LEVELS OF COMMUNITIES.

190 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors tried to understand how travel behavior is different for transit-oriented development (TOD) residents in the two metropolitan areas of Washington, D.C. and Baltimore.

176 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the relationship between the regulation of urban development within different jurisdictions and land prices, while considering other factors that shape the value of land, such as topography and access to jobs, and found that cities that require a greater number of independent reviews to obtain a building permit or a zoning change have higher land prices.

155 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The newly developed Child Opportunity Index for the 100 largest US metropolitan areas examines the extent of racial/ethnic inequity in the distribution of children across levels of neighborhood opportunity and provides perspectives on child opportunity at the neighborhood and regional levels.
Abstract: Improving neighborhood environments for children through community development and other interventions may help improve children’s health and reduce inequities in health. A first step is to develop a population-level surveillance system of children’s neighborhood environments. This article presents the newly developed Child Opportunity Index for the 100 largest US metropolitan areas. The index examines the extent of racial/ethnic inequity in the distribution of children across levels of neighborhood opportunity. We found that high concentrations of black and Hispanic children in the lowest-opportunity neighborhoods are pervasive across US metropolitan areas. We also found that 40 percent of black and 32 percent of Hispanic children live in very low-opportunity neighborhoods within their metropolitan area, compared to 9 percent of white children. This inequity is greater in some metropolitan areas, especially those with high levels of residential segregation. The Child Opportunity Index provides perspectiv...

146 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors assess the nature, extent and impact of sprawl on Kumasi and examine urban planning efforts at addressing this phenomenon and recommend effective and timely planning and provision of services as well as an ov erall economic development and spatial integration through regiona l planning as a way of achieving a long term solution to sprawl.
Abstract: Kumasi is Ghana's second largest and fastest growin g city with an annual population growth rate of 5.4 p ercent. A major result of this phenomenon is a growing sprawl at th e fringes of the city. This paper assesses the nature, extent and im pact of sprawl on Kumasi and examines urban planning efforts at addressing this phenomenon. Both secondary and empirical data were collected from decentralised government departments of the Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly and residents of some sprawling communities. The study reveals that sprawl in the metropolis is rapidly co nsuming fringe rural communities. This situation has weakened effective management of the metropolis causing problems such as congestion and conversion of peri-urban land into residential use without anc illary infrastructure and social services. The paper recommends effective and timely planning and provision of services as well as an ov erall economic development and spatial integration through regiona l planning as a way of achieving a long term solution to sprawl.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a logistic regression model is used in modeling urban expansion patterns, and in investigating the relationship between urban sprawl and various driving forces, such as distance to main active economic centers, to a central business district, to the nearest urbanized area, to educational areas, to roads, and to urbanized areas; easting and northing coordinates; slope; restricted area; and population density.
Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to analyze urban sprawl in the metropolitan city of Tripoli, Libya. Logistic regression model is used in modeling urban expansion patterns, and in investigating the relationship between urban sprawl and various driving forces. The 11 factors that influence urban sprawl occurrence used in this research are the distances to main active economic centers, to a central business district, to the nearest urbanized area, to educational area, to roads, and to urbanized areas; easting and northing coordinates; slope; restricted area; and population density. These factors were extracted from various existing maps and remotely sensed data. Subsequently, logistic regression coefficient of each factor is computed in the calibration phase using data from 1984 to 2002. Additionally, data from 2002 to 2010 were used in the validation. The validation of the logistic regression model was conducted using the relative operating characteristic (ROC) method. The validation result indicated 0.86 accuracy rate. Finally, the urban sprawl probability map was generated to estimate six scenarios of urban patterns for 2020 and 2025. The results indicated that the logistic regression model is effective in explaining urban expansion driving factors, their behaviors, and urban pattern formation. The logistic regression model has limitations in temporal dynamic analysis used in urban analysis studies. Thus, an integration of the logistic regression model with estimation and allocation techniques can be used to estimate and to locate urban land demands for a deeper understanding of future urban patterns.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed a new methodological framework to account for urban material flows and stocks, using material flow accounting (MFA) as the underlying method, which bridges seven major gaps in previous urban metabolism studies: lack of a unified methodology, lack of material flows data at the urban level; limited categorizations of material types; limited results about material flows as they are related to economic activities; limited understanding of the origin and destination of flows; lack of understanding about the dynamics of added stock; and lack of knowledge about the magnitude of the flow of materials that are imported
Abstract: Summary: This article describes a new methodological framework to account for urban material flows and stocks, using material flow accounting (MFA) as the underlying method. The proposed model, urban metabolism analyst (UMAn), bridges seven major gaps in previous urban metabolism studies: lack of a unified methodology; lack of material flows data at the urban level; limited categorizations of material types; limited results about material flows as they are related to economic activities; limited understanding of the origin and destination of flows; lack of understanding about the dynamics of added stock; and lack of knowledge about the magnitude of the flow of materials that are imported and then, to a great extent, exported. To explore and validate the UMAn model, a case study of the Lisbon Metropolitan Area was used. An annual time series of material flows from 2003 to 2009 is disaggregated by the model into 28 material types, 55 economic activity categories, and 18 municipalities. Additionally, an annual projection of the obsolescence of materials for 2010-2050 was performed. The results of the case study validate the proposed methodology, which broadens the contribution of existing urban MFA studies and presents pioneering information in the field of urban metabolism. In particular, the model associates material flows with economic activities and their spatial location within the urban area.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the results of a study that examines perceptions, experiences, and indigenous knowledge relating to climate change and variability in three communities of metropolitan Accra, which is the capital of Ghana.
Abstract: Several recent international assessments have concluded that climate change has the potential to reverse the modest economic gains achieved in many developing countries over the past decade. The phenomenon of climate change threatens to worsen poverty or burden populations with additional hardships, especially in poor societies with weak infrastructure and economic well-being. The importance of the perceptions, experiences, and knowledge of indigenous peoples has gained prominence in discussions of climate change and adaptation in developing countries and among international development organizations. Efforts to evaluate the role of indigenous knowledge in adaptation planning, however, have largely focused on rural people and their agricultural livelihoods. This paper presents the results of a study that examines perceptions, experiences, and indigenous knowledge relating to climate change and variability in three communities of metropolitan Accra, which is the capital of Ghana. The study design is based on a three-part conceptual framework and interview process involving risk mapping, mental models, and individual stressor cognition. Most of the residents interviewed in the three communities of urban Accra attributed climate change to the combination of deforestation and the burning of firewood and rubbish. None of the residents associated climate change with fossil fuel emissions from developed countries. Numerous potential adaptation strategies were suggested by the residents, many of which have been used effectively during past drought and flood events. Results suggest that ethnic residential clustering as well as strong community bonds in metropolitan Accra have allowed various groups and long-settled communities to engage in the sharing and transmission of knowledge of weather patterns and trends. Understanding and building upon indigenous knowledge may enhance the design, acceptance, and implementation of climate change adaptation strategies in Accra and urban regions of other developing nations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For example, Nguyen et al. as discussed by the authors analyzed the urbanization and peri-urbanization in the greater Ho Chi Minh City metropolitan area from 1990 to 2012 and found that 660.2 km 2 of cropland was converted to urban uses, while 3.5 million persons moved into the region, bringing the total population to nearly 12 million by 2012.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that the strength and direction of the association between deprivation and NO2 estimates varied between cities, and there is clear evidence of city-specific spatial and temporal environmental inequalities that relate to the historical socioeconomic make-up of the cities and its evolution.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined three consecutive annual samples (2009-2011) of adolescents and adults from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) to compare the prevalence of major depression and other serious mental disorders across four categories of urbanicity: (1) large metropolitan areas, (2) small metropolitan areas (3) semi-rural areas, and (4) rural areas, with and without adjustment for other demographic risk factors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the phenomenon of population redistribution in Athens metropolitan area (AMA) in light of the city's Urban Life Cycle (ULC), using spatial analysis, correlation and multivariate statistics.
Abstract: The redistribution of population over larger regions progressively further away from the dense core seems to be the new feature of the (originally compact) Mediterranean cities. With the aim of better understanding the nature of the urban transition taking place in these cities, we studied the phenomenon of population redistribution in Athens Metropolitan Area (AMA) in light of the city’s Urban Life Cycle (ULC). The research was carried out for a time frame of 60 years (1951–2011) using spatial analysis, correlation and multivariate statistics. Results reveal a phase of compact urban expansion occurring in the AMA until 1991, reflected in suburbanisation processes in the immediate proximity of the urban agglomeration. In the following period, the analysis showed signs of a period of transition difficult to interpret within the approach adopted by the ULC theory. A number of municipalities of the urban area experienced positive rates of population growth after decades of decline, while municipalities of th...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an integrated land use change model combines, a logistic regression model, Markov chain, and cellular automata, and was used to make predictions for the years 2030 and 2045.

Journal ArticleDOI
Ronghui Tan1, Yaolin Liu1, Yanfang Liu1, Qingsong He1, Licai Ming1, Shuohua Tang1 
TL;DR: Wu et al. as discussed by the authors examined the features and spatial determinants of urban growth in the Wuhan urban agglomeration (WUA) from 1988 to 2011, with an annual growth rate of 46.75% over the past two decades.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a new typology incorporating political, economic, and ecological forces shaping urban green infrastructure (GI) implementation is developed to identify cities' present stage of GI development and map next steps to mainstream GI as a component of urban infrastructure.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the distribution of centers with high employment density within metropolitan areas was analyzed using local indicators of spatial association (LISA) and other spatial analysis techniques to provide a spatiotemporal panoramic of urban spatial structure.
Abstract: In this article, we use local indicators of spatial association (LISA) and other spatial analysis techniques to analyze the distribution of centers with high employment density within metropolitan areas. We examine the 359 metropolitan areas across the United States at three points in time (1990, 2000, and 2010) to provide a spatio-temporal panoramic of urban spatial structure. Our analysis highlights three key findings. (1) The monocentric structure persists in a majority of metropolitan areas: 56.5% in 1990, 64.1% in 2000, and 57.7% in 2010. (2) The pattern of employment centers remains stable for most metropolitan areas: the number of centers remained the same for 74.9% of metropolitan areas between 1990 and 2000 and for 85.2% between 2000 and 2010. (3) Compared with monocentric metropolitan areas, polycentric metros are larger and more dense, with higher per-capita incomes and lower poverty rates.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the growth in geographic distribution of warehouses in the Los Angeles, California and Seattle, Washington, metropolitan areas during that period, and determined the barycenter, or geographic center of warehousing establishments, as well as the average distance of warehouses to that center.
Abstract: The warehousing industry experienced a period of rapid growth from 1998 to 2009. This paper compares the growth in geographic distribution of warehouses in the Los Angeles, California, and Seattle, Washington, metropolitan areas during that period. These two West Coast cities were chosen because of their geographic spread, proximity to major ports, as well as their size difference. The phenomenon of logistics sprawl, or the movement of logistics facilities away from urban centers, which has been demonstrated in past research for the Atlanta, Georgia, and Paris regions, is examined for the two metropolitan areas. To measure sprawl, the barycenter, or geographic center of warehousing establishments, is determined, as is the average distance of warehouses to that center. The average distance of warehouses to the warehousing barycenter was compared with the average distance from the barycenter for all establishments. Between 1998 and 2009, warehousing in Los Angeles sprawled considerably, with the average distance increasing from 25.91 to 31.96 mi, an increase of more than 6 mi. However in Seattle, the region locations remained relatively stable, showing a slight decrease in average distance from the geographic center. Possible explanations for that difference are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used a multi-criteria analysis applied in the Bucharest metropolitan area to create a tool for integrating land-use conflicts into the strategies for territory planning at the metropolitan level.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed four metrics to measure sprawl in metropolitan regions as marginal changes in land use over time, and used regression analysis to explain variations in sprawl metrics across metropolitan areas, incorporating variables representing market, geographic and policy factors.
Abstract: This paper proposes four metrics to measure sprawl in metropolitan regions as marginal changes in land use over time. The metrics (change in urban housing unit density, marginal land consumption per new urban household, housing unit density in newly urbanized areas and percent of new housing units located in previously developed areas) are computed for all 329 metropolitan areas in the continental USA for 1980 and 2000. Regression analysis is used to explain variations in sprawl metrics across metropolitan areas, incorporating variables representing market, geographic and policy factors. Changes in development patterns reflect interactions of market and geographic structures. States with a substantial state role in planning accommodate a higher percentage of new housing units in previously developed areas and with lower marginal land consumption, suggesting that policy can mitigate sprawl development.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors examined recent trends in the suburbanization of poor non-Latino Whites, Blacks, and Asians, and Latinos of all races in the United States, and found strong associations with suburbanization.
Abstract: This research examines recent trends in the suburbanization of poor non-Latino Whites, Blacks, and Asians, and Latinos of all races in the United States. The authors find strong associations betwee...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a methodology for deciding which airports warrant grouping in multi-airport metropolitan areas based on the comparability of incremental competition effects from nearby airports on average fares at a metropolitan area's primary airport.
Abstract: This paper provides a methodology for deciding which airports warrant grouping in multi-airport metropolitan areas. The methodology is based on the comparability of incremental competition effects from nearby airports on average fares at a metropolitan area’s primary airport. Results from a quarterly panel data set for the period 2003–2009 provide strong evidence that city-pairs, rather than airport-pairs, are the appropriate market definition for analyses of passenger air transportation involving many (but not all) large metropolitan areas. Based on the proposed method, we offer a recommended list of airports that should be grouped when creating city-pairs for the analysis of competition in the US domestic airline industry.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Oct 2014-Cities
TL;DR: In this paper, focus groups with civil society organizations and a neighborhood design/build case study are used to characterize "on the ground" perceptions of and responses to vacant lots in urban neighborhoods in order to provide insight into their analysis and management.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a more explicit social choice process around the agencies and instruments of metropolitan governance, and propose a framework for understanding metropolitan governance as a large-scale unfolding principal-agent problem.
Abstract: Metropolitan governance is shaped by the strong interdependencies within urban areas, combined with the fragmented geography and roles of the agencies that govern them. Fragmentation is not an accident; it responds to underlying differences in the preferences of constituencies, the scale of efficient provision of public goods and regulation, and the bundling of attributes of the city into jurisdictions. This is why governance moves forward in a haphazard way, through tinkering. The analytical framework for understanding metropolitan governance is as a large-scale unfolding principal–agent problem. There is no optimal ‘solution’ to this problem, whether from the standpoint of efficiency, satisfaction, or justice. This paper instead proposes creating a more explicit social choice process around the agencies and instruments of metropolitan governance.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Study and qualifies the growth and accessibility of a rapid rail transit network, and characterizes the relations with urban development using a spatio-temporal modelling approach, revealing regional accessibility differences in the metropolitan area of the city of Guangzhou.