Topic
Metropolitan area
About: Metropolitan area is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 26029 publications have been published within this topic receiving 385648 citations. The topic is also known as: metro & metro area.
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01 Jan 1998
TL;DR: In this article, the audit committee and management of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) considered the internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the MTA's internal control of financial reporting.
Abstract: Dear Members of the Audit Committee and Management: In planning and performing our audits of the consolidated financial statements of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority and of the financial statements of the First Mutual Transportation Assurance Transit Operating Authority and the Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority (collectively the " MTA ") as of and for the year ended December 31, 2011 (on which we have issued our reports dated May 2, 2012 with the exception of the New York City Transit Authority and Staten Island Rapid Transit Operating Authority.), in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America, we considered the MTA's internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the MTA's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we do not express an opinion on the effectiveness of the MTA's internal control over financial reporting. Our consideration of internal control over financial reporting was for the limited purpose described in the preceding paragraph and was not designed to identify all deficiencies in internal control over financial reporting. However, in connection with our audits, we have identified, and included in the attached Appendix A, deficiencies related to the MTA's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2011, that we wish to bring to your attention. We have also issued a separate report to the Audit Committee, dated April 25, 2012, which included a certain matter involving the Staten Island Rapid Transit Operating Authority's internal control over financial reporting that we consider to be a material weakness under standards established by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. The definition of a deficiency is also set forth in the attached Appendix B.Although we have included management's written response to our comments in the attached Appendix A, such responses have not been subjected to the auditing procedures applied in our audits and, accordingly, we do not express an opinion or provide any form of assurance on the appropriateness of the responses or the effectiveness of any corrective actions described therein. This report is intended solely for the information and use of management, the Audit Committee, and others within the organization and is not intended to be, and should not be, used by anyone other than these specified parties.
114 citations
TL;DR: This article examined and compared the spatial distributions of new jobs and people across sub-metropolitan areas for Atlanta, Boston, Detroit, and Los Angeles, finding that less-educated people, public assistance recipients, and especially poor females with children mostly reside in areas heavily populated by minorities where the availability of less-skilled jobs is quite low.
Abstract: This article examines and compares the spatial distributions of new jobs and people across sub-metropolitan areas for Atlanta, Boston, Detroit, and Los Angeles. The jobs data come from the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality and the data on people come from the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The results indicate that less-educated people, public assistance recipients, and especially poor females with children mostly reside in areas heavily populated by minorities where the availability of less-skilled jobs is quite low, while the availability of these jobs relative to less-educated people in suburban areas heavily populated by whites is high. Large fractions of the less-skilled jobs in these metropolitan areas are not accessible by public transit. Furthermore, there is significant variation within both central cities and suburbs in the ethnic composition of residents and in less-skilled job availability. The ability of various minority groups to gain employment in each area depends heavily on the ethnic composition of the particular area. © 2000 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
114 citations
Book•
27 Nov 2007
TL;DR: In this article, the authors understand urbanization and the megacity in Southeast Asia and propose a plan for the modern metropolis of Jakarta in the 1970s to the early 1990s.
Abstract: Introduction 1. Understanding Urbanization and the Megacity in Southeast Asia 2. Fashioning the Colonial Capital City, 1900-1940 3. Plans for the Modern Metropolis, 1950-1970s 4. Planning For Housing, Neighbourhoods and Urban Revitalization 5. Expansion, Revitalization and the Restructuring of Metropolitan Jakarta, the 1970s to the early 1990s 6. Urban Village to World City: Re-Planning Jakarta in the 1990s 7. Planning in the New Democratic Megacity
113 citations
TL;DR: This article examined factors affecting the self-employment of Asian and black workers in large U.S. metropolitan areas and found that differences in the use of family members and social networks may account for at least part of the Asian-black discrepancy in self-employed.
Abstract: This paper examines factors affecting the self-employment of Asian and black workers in large U.S. metropolitan areas. Self-employment is analyzed as a function of individual attributes and dimensions of local area social and economic organization. This individual/ecological distinction is based on the notion that self-employment is influenced by the entrepreneur's personal characteristics, social relationships, and the larger environment providing the setting for business ownership. Data are from the 1980 Public Use Microdata Sample, U.S. Census volumes, and other published sources. Major implications of the findings are: first, differences in the use of family members and social networks may account for at least part of the Asian-black discrepancy in self-employment. Second, there is evidence that as the share of public sector employment of blacks increases, individual black workers are disinclined to be self-employed. Third, Asian immigrants do not squeeze blacks out of entrepreneurial niches. Finally, directions for future research are described.
113 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the relationship between the availability of transportation infrastructure and services and the pattern of house prices in an urban area and assess whether public investment in transportation can modify residential property values.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to examine the relationship between the availability of transportation infrastructure and services and the pattern of house prices in an urban area and to assess whether public investment in transportation can modify residential property values. This study was developed for the Lisbon, Portugal, metropolitan area (LMA) as part of a broader study that intends to develop new value-capture financing schemes for public transportation in the LMA. The paper focuses on three central municipalities in Portugal (Amadora, Lisbon, and Odivelas), where these effects could be more easily measured because of the existence of a significant variability of public transportation services. The paper tries to determine, with different spatial hedonic pricing models, the extent to which access to transportation infrastructure currently is capitalized into house prices and isolates the influence of three different transportation infrastructures: metro, rail, and road. The results suggest that the proxi...
113 citations