Topic
Metropolitan area
About: Metropolitan area is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 26029 publications have been published within this topic receiving 385648 citations. The topic is also known as: metro & metro area.
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TL;DR: In this article, a multi-scale, multi-region input-output model with nested regions at city, state, nation and world level is employed to study the carbon footprints and the inter-sectoral linkages in terms of embodied carbon emissions of the two largest metropolitan areas of Australia, Melbourne and Sydney.
112 citations
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: In this paper, the types of methodology that have been used to attribute GHGs to urban areas are reviewed, and the potential clearly exists to establish an open, global protocol for quantifying GHG emissions attributable to cities.
Abstract: Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions baselines are presented for 44 urban areas (cities or metropolitan regions). The types of methodology that have been used to attribute GHGs to urban areas are reviewed. All are essentially adaptations or simplifications of the IPCC guidelines, and incorporate the WRI/WBCSD concepts of Scope 2 and 3 " cross-boundary " emissions. Analysis of previous studies shows where specific differences in methodology exist. Some Scope 3 emissions such as those embodied in materials, food, and fuel consumed in cities, have only been quantified in a few studies, and should be included in further studies. Baseline emissions are presented with and without emissions from: industrial processes; and agriculture, forestry and other land-use (AFOLU) (both of which may be incomplete); as well as: waste; and aviation / marine (for which there are differences in methodology). Despite these often minor differences, the potential clearly exists to establish an open, global protocol for quantifying GHG emissions attributable to urban areas.
111 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors suggest a two-dimensional typology of governance in metropolitan regions and find that the worst combination for metropolitan competitiveness is decentralization within regions where there is a centralized state government.
Abstract: A metropolitan region does not have formal institutional structures such as nations, states, and cities, but it is a system that can be conceptualized and studied as a whole. The study of metropolitan areas too often ignores the dynamic relationships at the intersection of state and local governments. This study suggests a two-dimensional typology of governance in metropolitan regions. The authors found that governance affects the long-term competitiveness of the metropolitan economy. Governance does not determine economic outcomes but reduces the ability to adapt. The worst combination for metropolitan competitiveness is decentralization within regions where there is a centralized state government.
111 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors estimate racial/ethnic achievement gaps in several hundred metropolitan areas and several thousand school districts in the United States using the results of roughly 200 million standar...
Abstract: The authors estimate racial/ethnic achievement gaps in several hundred metropolitan areas and several thousand school districts in the United States using the results of roughly 200 million standar...
111 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined three consecutive annual samples (2009-2011) of adolescents and adults from the National Survey of Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) to compare the prevalence of major depression and other serious mental disorders across four categories of urbanicity: (1) large metropolitan areas, (2) small metropolitan areas (3) semi-rural areas, and (4) rural areas, with and without adjustment for other demographic risk factors.
111 citations