Topic
Metropolitan area
About: Metropolitan area is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 26029 publications have been published within this topic receiving 385648 citations. The topic is also known as: metro & metro area.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the impact of neighborhood design on sense of community and found that the designed neighborhoods have a greater sense of communities than typical suburban neighborhoods; however, the mechanisms that impact community reported in the literature were mot significantly influenced by neighborhood design.
88 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the effects of different transport subsidies within the same unified framework that allows to account for two features not yet considered simultaneously in studies on transport subsidies: endogenous labor supply and location decisions.
Abstract: In many countries passenger transport is significantly subsidized in a variety of ways for various reasons. The objective of this paper is to examine efficiency, distributional, environmental (CO2 emissions) and spatial effects of increasing different kinds of passenger transport subsidies discriminating between household types, travel purposes and travel modes. The effects are calculated by applying a numerical spatial general equilibrium approach calibrated to an average German metropolitan area. In extension to most studies focusing on only one kind of subsidy, we compare the effects of different transport subsidies within the same unified framework that allows to account for two features not yet considered simultaneously in studies on transport subsidies: endogenous labor supply and location decisions. Furthermore, congestion, travel mode choice, travel related CO2 emissions and institutional details regarding the tax system in Germany are taken into account. The results suggest that optimal subsidy levels are either small or even zero. While subsidizing public transport is welfare enhancing, subsidies to urban road traffic reduce aggregate urban welfare. Concerning the latter it is shown that making investments in urban road infrastructure capacity or reducing gasoline taxes may even be harmful to residents using predominantly automobile. In contrast, pure commuting subsidies hardly affect aggregate urban welfare, but distributional effects are substantial. All policies cause suburbanization of city residents and (except for subsidizing public transport) contribute to urban sprawl by raising the spatial imbalance of residences and jobs but the effect is relatively small. In addition, the policies induce a very differentiated pattern regarding distributional effects, benefits of landowners and environmental effects.
88 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the example of the municipality of Pilar, 50 km north of Buenos Aires, an epicentre for the gated communities' boom, and show that planning regulations, often obsolete, are poorly applied.
Abstract: The massive growth of gated communities was one of the major urban changes during the 1990s in the Buenos Aires suburbs, but urban planners face many problems because of such developments. These upper-class enclaves, using large tracts of land, spring up at the periphery of cities, which are, in developing countries, lower-class residential areas, creating striking urban contrasts. The municipalities of the second suburban ring of Buenos Aires, with high population growth rates and the poorest inhabitants of the whole metropolis, often have limited resources and great difficulties controlling their own urbanisation. Focusing on the example of the municipality of Pilar, 50 km north of Buenos Aires, an epicentre for the gated communities' boom, this paper shows that planning regulations, often obsolete, are poorly applied. If gated communities generate some economic development, it appears that suburban municipalities and the majority of their residents actually take very little advantage of the arrival of ...
88 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined the extent to which the timing of first marriage differs for metropolitan and non-metropolitan young women in the United States and found that young nonmetropolitan women marry at a younger age than metropolitan women a difference only partially explained by variations in the attributes of the young women their families and the local marriage market.
Abstract: We examine the extent to which the timing of first marriage differs for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan young women [in the United States. The authors find that]...young nonmetropolitan women marry at a younger age than metropolitan women a difference only partially explained by variations in the attributes of the young women their families and the local marriage market. The effects of receipt of public assistance and local mate availability on the transition to first marriage differ for metropolitan and nonmetropolitan young women. Data are from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth for 1979 and 1986. (EXCERPT)
88 citations
TL;DR: The authors argue that economic segregation rose substantially in U.S. cities during the final decades of the 20th century and argue that zoning regulations are an important cause for this increase, and they argue that these regulations need to be changed.
Abstract: Objectives
Socioeconomic segregation rose substantially in U.S. cities during the final decades of the 20th century and we argue zoning regulations are an important cause for this increase.
88 citations