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Showing papers on "Microgrid published in 2002"


ReportDOI
TL;DR: The work described in this report was coordinated by the Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions and funded by the Assistant Secretary of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Power Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No.
Abstract: Evolutionary changes in the regulatory and operational climate of traditional electric utilities and the emergence of smaller generating systems such as microturbines have opened new opportunities for on-site power generation by electricity users. In this context, distributed energy resources (DER)--small power generators typically located at users' sites where the energy (both electric and thermal) they generate is used--have emerged as a promising option to meet growing customer needs for electric power with an emphasis on reliability and power quality. The portfolio of DER includes generators, energy storage, load control, and, for certain classes of systems, advanced power electronic interfaces between the generators and the bulk power provider. This white paper proposes that the significant potential of smaller DER to meet customers' and utilities' needs can be best captured by organizing these resources into MicroGrids.

577 citations


01 Apr 2002
TL;DR: The work described in this report was coordinated by the Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions, and funded by the Assistant Secretary of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Power Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098 and by the California Energy Commission, Public Interest Energy Research Program, under Work for Others Contract No., B G 99-39 as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: LBNL-50829 Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions White Paper on Integration of Distributed Energy Resources The CERTS MicroGrid Concept Prepared for Transmission Reliability Program Office of Power Technologies Assistant Secretary for Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy U . S . Department of Energy Energy Systems Integration Program Public Interest Energy Research California Energy Commission Prepared by Robert Lasseter, Abbas A k h i l , Chris Marnay, John Stephens, Jeff Dagle, Ross Guttromson, A . Sakis Meliopoulous, Robert Yinger, and Joe Eto A p r i l 2002 The work described in this report was coordinated by the Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions, and funded by the Assistant Secretary of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Office of Power Technologies of the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC03-76SF00098 and by the California Energy Commission, Public Interest Energy Research Program, under Work for Others Contract No. B G 99-39.

110 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
07 Aug 2002
TL;DR: In this article, the issues related to the operation of a microgrid being called to feed reliable electric power to sensitive electrical loads are discussed and solutions involved in terms maintaining adequate voltage quality and load tracking capabilities are discussed.
Abstract: This paper discusses the issues related to the operation of a microgrid being called to feed reliable electric power to sensitive electrical loads. Challenges and solutions involved in terms maintaining adequate voltage quality and load tracking capabilities are discussed in the paper.

105 citations


Patent
27 Dec 2002
TL;DR: In this article, a power electronic based DR is controlled to emulate a voltage source behind an impedance and behave as a power system stabilizer, and an estimate of impedance at the power/electronic interface is derived and applied to the control of the DR in a manner wherein the power and voltage swings on systems (loads) that otherwise would have difficulty with dynamic loads, are stabilized.
Abstract: A power electronic based DR (distributed resource e.g., a UPS (uninterrupted power supply), Fuel Cell or Microturbine) is controlled to emulate a voltage source behind an impedance and behave as a power system stabilizer. The impedance in the DR is emulated and an estimate of impedance at the power/electronic interface is derived and applied to the control of the DR in a manner wherein the power and voltage swings on systems (loads) that otherwise would have difficulty with dynamic loads, are stabilized. Damping and synchronizing power are provided measuring only voltage, current and frequency at the interface between the DR and the load. The DR may include some energy storage.

44 citations



ReportDOI
TL;DR: An investigation at Ernesto Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) of the potential for coupling combined heat and power (CHP) with on-site electricity generation to provide power and heating, and cooling services to customers is described.
Abstract: This report describes an investigation at Ernesto Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) of the potential for coupling combined heat and power (CHP) with on-site electricity generation to provide power and heating, and cooling services to customers. This research into distributed energy resources (DER) builds on the concept of the microgrid (mGrid), a semiautonomous grouping of power-generating sources that are placed and operated by and for the benefit of its members. For this investigation, a hypothetical small shopping mall ( Microgrid Oaks ) was developed and analyzed for the cost effectiveness of installing CHP to provide the mGrid's energy needs. A mGrid consists of groups of customers pooling energy loads and installing a combination of generation resources that meets the particular mGrid's goals. This study assumes the mGrid is seeking to minimize energy costs. mGrids could operate independently of the macrogrid (the wider power network), but they are usually assumed to be connected, through power electronics, to the macrogrid. The mGrid in this study is assumed to be interconnected to the macrogrid, and can purchase some energy and ancillary services from utility providers.

23 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
25 Jul 2002
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a mini gas turbine generating system serving a microgrid, which is suitable for providing the electric power, heating and cooling (CCHP) needs of large commercial and light industrial customers as well as serving aggregated high load factor commercial and residential customers.
Abstract: This two part series of papers for the first time describes a mini gas turbine generating system serving a microgrid. Part I is devoted to the mini gas turbine generating system and Part II describes the microgrid. A 250 kW to 500 kW gas turbine and high speed axial flux generator is ideally suited for providing the electric power, heating, and cooling (CCHP) needs of large commercial and light industrial customers as well as serving aggregated high load factor commercial and residential customers. It is difficult for small gas turbine generators less than 100 kW to be competitive, because of the high relative cost of interconnection, installation, and system protection requirements; and the high investment cost and low efficiency 30% without CCHP. The mini gas turbine generating system and microgrid introduced in this series of papers is competitive with most electric utility rates, and possesses improved performance characteristics over central station generation and T & D power systems; and microturbine generation.

20 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the economically optimal adoption and operation of distributed energy resources (DER) by a hypothetical California microgrid ((mu)Grid) consisting of a group of commercial buildings over an historic test year, 1999.
Abstract: This paper describes the economically optimal adoption and operation of distributed energy resources (DER) by a hypothetical California microgrid ((mu)Grid) consisting of a group of commercial buildings over an historic test year, 1999. The optimization is conducted using a customer adoption model (DER-CAM) developed at Berkeley Lab and implemented in the General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS). A (mu)Grid is a semiautonomous grouping of electricity and heat loads interconnected to the existing utility grid (macrogrid) but able to island from it. The (mu)Grid minimizes the cost of meeting its energy requirements (consisting of both electricity and heat loads) by optimizing the installation and operation of DER technologies while purchasing residual energy from the local combined natural gas and electricity utility. The available DER technologies are small-scale generators (< 500 kW), such as reciprocating engines, microturbines, and fuel cells, with or without CHP equipment, such as water- and space-heating and/or absorption cooling. By introducing a tax on carbon emissions, it is shown that if the (mu)Grid is allowed to install CHP-enabled DER technologies, its carbon emissions are mitigated more than without CHP, demonstrating the potential benefits of small-scale CHP technology for climate change mitigation. Reciprocating engines with heat recovery and/or absorption cooling tend to be attractive technologies for the mild southern California climate, but the carbon mitigation tends to be modest compared to purchasing utility electricity because of the predominance of relatively clean generation in California.

12 citations


ReportDOI
01 Nov 2002
TL;DR: The report provides a methodology for determining battery energy storage requirements, a method for converting a motor drive inverter into a utility-grade inverter, and typical characteristics and test results of using such an inverter in a complex load environment.
Abstract: This report summarizes the activities of the first year of a three-year project to develop control software for micro-source distributed generation systems. The focus of this phase was on internal energy storage requirements, the modification of an off-the-shelf motor drive system inverter to supply utility-grade ac power, and a single inverter system operating in island mode. The report provides a methodology for determining battery energy storage requirements, a method for converting a motor drive inverter into a utility-grade inverter, and typical characteristics and test results of using such an inverter in a complex load environment.

8 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
25 Jul 2002
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a mini gas turbine generating system serving a microgrid, which is competitive with most electric utility rates, and possesses improved performance characteristics over central station generation and T & D power systems; and microturbine generation.
Abstract: This two part series of papers describes a mini gas turbine generating system serving a microgrid. The mini gas turbine generating system and microgrid introduced in this series of papers is competitive with most electric utility rates, and possesses improved performance characteristics over central station generation and T & D power systems; and microturbine generation.

7 citations


01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a collection of generator models for different types of simulation, from high level system simulations of the power and energy balance, to more detailed time domain simulation of the generation system.
Abstract: In the development of new power generation methods such as distributed generators, embedded generators and microgrids, it is useful to consider possible approaches using modeling and simulation. In this paper methods for modeling renewable and high efficiency generators are reviewed and a coherent approach leading to a library of models is presented. Generator models for different types of simulation are described from high level system simulations of the power and energy balance, to more detailed time domain simulations of the dynamics of the generation system. The generators modeled include photovoltaic arrays at a system and electrical level, wind turbines using a power system approach and also a mixed technology approach for dynamic simulations and Micro CHP (combined heat and power). Storage elements are modeled using power and electrical approaches and the dynamic load requirements are modeled using measured data. The usefulness of the modeling approach is demonstrated with an example of augmenting a typical domestic utility connection with a combined heat and power system and the addition of solar panels and small wind turbine. Measured irradiance, wind speed, temperature and load profile data from domestic users are used to ensure that the results of the model are based on realistic source data. Various Scenarios are tested using the model to enable intelligent decisions to be made about the best mix of renewable technologies to be used in the specified context.