Microstrip

About: Microstrip is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 40132 publications have been published within this topic receiving 468190 citations. The topic is also known as: Microstripline.

Conformal microstrip antennas and microstrip phased arrays

Abstract: A new class of antennas using microstrips to form the feed networks and radiators is presented in this communication. These antennas have four distinct advantages: 1) cost, 2) performance, 3) ease of installation, and 4) the low profile conformal design. The application of these antennas is limited to small bandwidths. Phased arrays using these techniques are also discussed.

Microstrip Antenna Theory and Design

Abstract: * Chapter 1: Flat-plate antenna techniques and constraints on performance * Chapter 2: Microstrip design equations and data * Chapter 3: Radiation mechanism of an open-circuit microstrip termination - fundamental design implications * Chapter 4: Basic methods of calculation and design of patch antennas * Chapter 5: Linear array techniques * Chapter 6: Techniques and design limitations in two-dimensional arrays * Chapter 7: Circular polarisation techniques * Chapter 8: Some manufacturing and operational problems of microstrip antennas * Chapter 9: Recent advances in microstrip antenna analysis * Chapter 10: Other trends and possible future developments

Metamaterials with Negative Parameters: Theory, Design, and Microwave Applications

Abstract: Dedicatory. Acknowledgements. Preface. 1. The electrodynamics of left-handed media. 1.1. Wave propagation in left-handed media. 1.2. Energy density and group velocity. 1.3. Negative refraction. 1.4. Fermat principle. 1.5. Other effects in left-handed media. 1.5.1. Inverse Doppler effect. 1.5.2. Backward Cerenkov radiation. 1.5.3. Negative Goos-Hanchen shift. 1.6. Waves at interfaces. 1.6.1. Transmission and reflection coefficients. 1.6.2. Surface waves. 1.7. Waves through left-handed slabs. 1.7.1. Transmission and reflection coefficients. 1.7.2. Guided waves. 1.7.3. Backward leaky and complex waves. 1.8. Slabs with epsilon/epsilon o -1 and / o -1. 1.8.1. Phase compensation and amplification of evanescent modes. 1.8.2. Perfect tunneling. 1.8.3. The perfect lens. 1.8.4. The perfect-lens as a tunneling/matching device. 1.9. Losses and dispersion. 1.10. Indefinite media. 1.11. Problems. References. 2. Synthesis of bulk metamaterials. 2.1. Scaling plasmas at microwave frequencies. 2.1.1. Metallic waveguides and plates as one- and two-dimensional plasmas. 2.1.2. Wire media. 2.1.3. Spatial dispersion in wire media. 2.2. Synthesis of negative magnetic permeability. 2.2.1. Analysis of the edge-coupled SRR. 2.2.2. Other SRR designs. The broadside-coupled SRR. The non-bianisotropic SRR. The double split SRR. Spirals. 2.2.3. Constitutive relationships for bulk SRR metamaterials. 2.2.4. Higher order resonances in SRRs. 2.2.5. Isotropic SRRs. 2.2.6. Scaling down SRRs to infrared and optical frequencies. 2.3. SRR-based left-handed metamaterials. 2.3.1. One-dimensional SRR-based left-handed metamaterials. 2.3.2. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional SRR-based lefthanded metamaterials. 2.3.3. On the application of the continuous medium approach to discrete SRR-based left-handed metamaterials. 2.3.4. The ?superposition? hypothesis. 2.3.5. On the numerical accuracy of the developed model for SRR-based metamaterials. 2.4. Other approaches to bulk metamaterial design. 2.4.1. Ferrite metamaterials. 2.4.2. Chiral metamaterials. 2.4.3. Other proposals. 2.5. Appendix. 2.6. Problems. References. 3. Synthesis of metamaterials in planar technology. 3.1. The dual (backward) transmission line concept. 3.2. Practical implementation of backward transmission lines. 3.3. Two-dimensional (2D) planar metamaterials. 3.4. Design of left handed transmission lines by means of SRRs: the resonant type approach. 3.4.1. Effective negative permeability transmission lines. 3.4.2. Left handed transmission lines in microstrip and CPW technologies. 3.4.3. Size reduction. 3.5. Equivalent circuit models for SRRs coupled to conventional transmission lines. 3.5.1. Dispersion diagrams. 3.5.2. Implications of the model. 3.6. Duality and complementary split rings resonators (CSRRs). 3.6.1. Electromagnetic properties of CSRRs. 3.6.2. Numerical calculation and experimental validation. 3.7. Synthesis of metamaterial transmission lines by using CSRRs. 3.7.1. Negative permittivity and left handed transmission lines. 3.7.2. Equivalent circuit models for CSRR loaded transmission lines. 3.7.3. Parameter extraction. 3.7.4. Effects of cell geometry on frequency response. 3.8. Comparison between the circuit models of resonant type and dual left handed lines. Problems. References. 4. Microwave applications of metamaterial concepts. 4.1. Filters and diplexers. 4.1.1. Stop band filters. 4.1.2. Planar filters with improved stop band. 4.1.3. Narrow band pass filter and diplexer design. 4.1.3.1. Band pass filters based on alternate right/left handed (ARLH) sections implemented by means of SRRs. 4.1.3.2. Band pass filters and diplexers based on alternate right/left handed (ARLH) sections implemented by means of CSRRs. 4.1.4. CSRR-based band pass filters with controllable characteristics. 4.1.4.1. Band pass filters based on the hybrid approach: design methodology and illustrative examples. 4.1.4.2. Other CSRR-based filters implemented by means of right handed sections. 4.1.5. High pass filters and ultra wide band pass filters (UWBPFs) implemented by means of resonant type balanced CRLH metamaterial transmission lines. 4.1.6. Tunable filters based on varactor-loaded split rings resonators (VLSRRs). 4.1.6.1. Topology of the VLSRR and equivalent circuit model. 4.1.6.2. Validation of the model. 4.1.6.3. Some illustrative results: tunable notch filters and stop band filters. 4.2. Synthesis of metamaterial transmission lines with controllable characteristics and applications. 4.2.1. Miniaturization of microwave components. 4.2.2. Compact broadband devices. 4.2.3. Dual band components. 4.2.4. Coupled line couplers. 4.3. Antenna applications. Problems. References. 5. Advanced and related topics. 5.1. SRR and CSRR based admittance surfaces. 5.1.1. Babinet principle for a single split rings resonator. 5.1.2. Surface admittance approach for SRR planar arrays. 5.1.3. Babinet principle for CSRR planar arrays. 5.1.4. Behavior at normal incidence. 5.1.5. Behavior at general incidence. 5.2. Magneto- and electro-inductive waves. 5.2.1. The magneto-inductive wave equation. 5.2.2. Magneto-inductive surfaces. 5.2.3. Electro-inductive waves in CSRR arrays. 5.2.4. Applications of magneto- and electro-inductive waves. 5.3. Sub-diffraction imaging devices. 5.3.1. Some universal features of sub-diffraction imaging devices. 5.3.2. Imaging in the quasi-electrostatic limit. Role of surface plasmons. 5.3.3. Imaging in the quasi-magnetostatic limit. Role of magnetostatic surface waves. 5.3.4. Imaging by resonant impedance surfaces. Magneto-inductive lenses. 5.3.5. Canalization devices. 5.4. Problems. References.

Conformal array antenna theory and design

Abstract: Preface. Abbreviations and Acronyms. 1 INTRODUCTION. 1.1 The Definition of a Conformal Antenna. 1.2 Why Conformal Antennas? 1.3 History. 1.4 Metal Radomes. 1.5 Sonar Arrays. References. 2 CIRCULAR ARRAY THEORY. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Fundamentals. 2.2.1 Linear Arrays. 2.2.2 Circular Arrays. 2.3 Phase Mode Theory. 2.3.1 Introduction. 2.3.2 Discrete Elements. 2.3.3 Directional Elements. 2.4 The Ripple Problem in Omnidirectional Patterns. 2.4.1 Isotropic Radiators. 2.4.2 Higher-Order Phase Modes. 2.4.3 Directional Radiators. 2.5 Elevation Pattern. 2.6 Focused Beam Pattern. References. 3 THE SHAPES OF CONFORMAL ANTENNAS. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 360- Coverage. 3.2.1 360- Coverage Using Planar Surfaces. 3.2.2 360- Coverage Using a Curved Surface. 3.3 Hemispherical Coverage. 3.3.1 Introduction. 3.3.2 Hemispherical Coverage Using Planar Surfaces. 3.3.3 Half Sphere. 3.3.4 Cone. 3.3.5 Ellipsoid. 3.3.6 Paraboloid. 3.3.7 Comparing Shapes. 3.4 Multifaceted Surfaces. 3.5 References. 4 METHODS OF ANALYSIS. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 The Problem. 4.3 Electrically Small Surfaces. 4.3.1 Introduction. 4.3.2 Modal Solutions. 4.3.2.1 Introduction. 4.3.2.2 The Circular Cylinder. 4.3.2.3 A Unit Cell Approach. 4.3.3 Integral Equations and the Method of Moments. 4.3.4 Finite Difference Time Domain Methods (FDTD). 4.3.4.1 Introduction. 4.3.4.2 Conformal or Contour-Patch (CP) FDTD. 4.3.4.3 FDTD in Global Curvilinear Coordinates. 4.3.4.4 FDTD in Cylindrical Coordinates. 4.3.5 Finite Element Method (FEM). 4.3.5.1 Introduction. 4.3.5.2 Hybrid FE-BI Method. 4.4 Electrically Large Surfaces. 4.4.1 Introduction. 4.4.2 High-Frequency Methods for PEC Surfaces. 4.4.3 High-Frequency Methods for Dielectric Coated Surfaces. 4.5 Two Examples. 4.5.1 Introduction. 4.5.2 The Aperture Antenna. 4.5.3 The Microstrip-Patch Antenna. 4.6 A Comparison of Analysis Methods. Appendix 4A-Interpretation of the ray theory. 4A.1 Watson Transformation. 4A.2 Fock Substitution. 4A.3 SDP Integration. 4A.4 Surface Waves. 4A.5 Generalization. References. 5 GEODESICS ON CURVED SURFACES. 5.1 Introduction. 5.1.1 Definition of a Surface and Related Parameters. 5.1.2 The Geodesic Equation. 5.1.3 Solving the Geodesic Equation and the Existence of Geodesics. 5.2 Singly Curved Surfaces. 5.3 Doubly Curved Surfaces. 5.3.1 Introduction. 5.3.2 The Cone. 5.3.3 Rotationally Symmetric Doubly Curved Surfaces. 5.3.4 Properties of Geodesics on Doubly Curved Surfaces. 5.3.5 Geodesic Splitting. 5.4 Arbitrarily Shaped Surfaces. 5.4.1 Hybrid surfaces. 5.4.2 Analytically Described Surfaces. References. 6 ANTENNAS ON SINGLY CURVED SURFACES. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Aperture Antennas on Circular Cylinders. 6.2.1 Introduction. 6.2.2 Theory. 6.2.3 Mutual Coupling. 6.2.3.1 Isolated Mutual Coupling. 6.2.3.2 Cross Polarization Coupling. 6.2.3.3 Array mutual coupling. 6.2.4 Radiation Characteristics. 6.2.4.1 Isolated-Element Patterns. 6.2.4.2 Embedded-Element Patterns. 6.3 Aperture Antennas on General Convex Cylinders. 6.3.1 Introduction. 6.3.2 Mutual Coupling. 6.3.2.1 The Elliptic Cylinder. 6.3.2.2 The Parabolic Cylinder. 6.3.2.3 The Hyperbolic Cylinder. 6.3.3 Radiation Characteristics. 6.3.3.1 The Elliptic Cylinder. 6.3.3.2 End Effects. 6.4 Aperture Antennas on Faceted Cylinders. 6.4.1 Introduction. 6.4.2 Mutual Coupling. 6.4.3 Radiation Characteristics. 6.5 Aperture Antennas on Dielectric Coated Circular Cylinders. 6.5.1 Introduction. 6.5.2 Mutual Coupling. 6.5.2.1 Isolated Mutual Coupling. 6.5.2.2 Array Mutual Coupling. 6.5.3 Radiation Characteristics. 6.5.3.1 Isolated-Element Patterns. 6.5.3.2 Embedded-Element Patterns. 6.6 Microstrip-Patch Antennas on Coated Circular Cylinders. 6.6.1 Introduction. 6.6.2 Theory. 6.6.3 Mutual Coupling. 6.6.3.1 Single-Element Characteristics. 6.6.3.2 Isolated and Array Mutual Coupling. 6.6.4 Radiation Characteristics. 6.6.4.1 Isolated-Element Patterns. 6.6.4.2 Embedded-Element Patterns. 6.7 The Cone. 6.7.1 Introduction. 6.7.2 Mutual Coupling. 6.7.2.1 Aperture Antennas. 6.7.2.2 Microstrip-Patch Antennas. 6.7.3 Radiation Characteristics. 6.7.3.1 Aperture Antennas 248 6.7.3.2 Microstrip-Patch Antennas. References. 7 ANTENNAS ON DOUBLY CURVED SURFACES. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Aperture Antennas. 7.2.1 Introduction. 7.2.2 Mutual Coupling. 7.2.2.1 Isolated Mutual Coupling. 7.2.2.2 Array Mutual Coupling. 7.2.3 Radiation Characteristics. 7.3 Microstrip-Patch Antennas. 7.3.1 Introduction. 7.3.2 Mutual Coupling. 7.3.2.1 Single-Element Characteristics. 7.3.2.2 Isolated Mutual Coupling. 7.3.3 Radiation Characteristics. References. 8 CONFORMAL ARRAY CHARACTERISTICS. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Mechanical Considerations. 8.2.1 Array Shapes. 8.2.2 Element Distribution on a Curved Surface. 8.2.3 Multifacet Solutions. 8.2.4 Tile Architecture. 8.2.5 Static and Dynamic Stress. 8.2.6 Other Electromagnetic Considerations. 8.3 Radiation Patterns. 8.3.1 Introduction. 8.3.2 Grating Lobes. 8.3.3 Scan-Invariant Pattern. 8.3.4 Phase-Scanned Pattern. 8.3.5 A Simple Aperture Model for Microstrip Arrays. 8.4 Array Impedance. 8.4.1 Introduction. 8.4.2 Phase-Mode Impedance. 8.5 Polarization. 8.5.1 Polarization Definitions. 8.5.2 Cylindrical Arrays. 8.5.2.1 Dipole Elements. 8.5.2.2 Aperture elements. 8.5.3 Polarization in Doubly Curved Arrays. 8.5.3.1 A Paraboloidal Array. 8.5.4 Polarization Control. 8.6 Characteristics of Selected Conformal Arrays. 8.6.1 Nearly Planar Arrays. 8.6.2 Circular Arrays. 8.6.3 Cylindrical Arrays. 8.6.4 Conical Arrays. 8.6.5 Spherical Arrays. 8.6.6 Paraboloidal Arrays. 8.6.7 Ellipsoidal Arrays. 8.6.8 Other Shapes. References. 9 BEAM FORMING. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 A Note on Orthogonal Beams. 9.3 Analog Feed Systems. 9.3.1 Vector Transfer Matrix Systems. 9.3.2 Switch Matrix Systems. 9.3.3 Butler Matrix Feed Systems. 9.3.4 RF Lens Feed Systems. 9.3.4.1 The R-2R Lens Feed. 9.3.4.2 The R-kR Lens Feed. 9.3.4.3 Mode-Controlled Lenses. 9.3.4.4 The Luneburg Lens. 9.3.4.5 The Geodesic Lens. 9.3.4.6 The Dome Antenna. 9.4 Digital Beam Forming. 9.5 Adaptive Beam Forming. 9.5.1 Introduction. 9.5.2 The Sample Matrix Inversion Method. 9.5.3 An Adaptive Beam Forming Simulation Using a Circular Array. 9.6 Remarks on Feed Systems. References. 10 CONFORMAL ARRAY PATTERN SYNTHESIS. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Shape Optimization. 10.3 Fourier Methods for Circular Ring Arrays. 10.4 Dolph-Chebysjev Pattern Synthesis. 10.4.1 Isotropic Elements. 10.4.2 Directive Elements. 10.5 An Aperture Projection Method. 10.6 The Method of Alternating Projections. 10.7 Adaptive Array Methods. 10.8 Least-Mean-Squares Methods (LMS). 10.9 Polarimetric Pattern Synthesis. 10.10 Other Optimization Methods. 10.11 A Synthesis Example Including Mutual Coupling. 10.12 A Comparison of Synthesis Methods. References. 11 SCATTERING FROM CONFORMAL ARRAYS. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Definitions. 11.3 Radar Cross Section Analysis. 11.3.1 General. 11.3.2 Analysis Method for an Array on a Conducting Cylinder. 11.3.3 Analysis Method for an Array on a Conducting Cylinder with a Dielectric Coating. 11.4 Cylindrical Array. 11.4.1 Analysis and Experiment-Rectangular Grid. 11.4.2 Higher-Order Waveguide Modes. 11.4.3 Triangular Grid. 11.4.4 Conclusions from the PEC Conformal Array Analysis. 11.5 Cylindrical Array with Dielectric Coating. 11.5.1 Single Element with Dielectric Coating. 11.5.2 Array with Dielectric Coating. 11.6 Radiation and Scattering Trade-off. 11.6.1 Introduction. 11.6.2 Single-Element Results. 11.6.3 Array Results. 11.7 Discussion. References. Subject Index. About the Authors.

Space mapping technique for electromagnetic optimization

Abstract: We offer space mapping (SM), a fundamental new theory to circuit optimization utilizing a parameter space transformation. This technique is demonstrated by the optimization of a microstrip structure for which a convenient analytical/empirical model is assumed to be unavailable. For illustration, we focus upon a three-section microstrip impedance transformer and a double folded stub microstrip filter and explore various design characteristics utilizing an electromagnetic (EM) field simulator. We propose two distinct EM models: coarse for fast computations, and the corresponding fine for a few more accurate and well-targeted simulations. The coarse model, useful when circuit-theoretic models are not readily available, permits rapid exploration of different starting points, solution robustness, local minima, parameter sensitivities, yield-driven design and other design characteristics within a practical time frame. The computationally intensive fine model is used to verify the space-mapped designs obtained exploiting the coarse model, as well as in the SM process itself. >