Showing papers on "Mobile telephony published in 2022"

Enabling Joint Communication and Radar Sensing in Mobile Networks—A Survey

Abstract: Mobile network is evolving from a communication-only network towards one with joint communication and radar/radio sensing (JCAS) capabilities, that we call perceptive mobile network (PMN). Radio sensing here refers to information retrieval from received mobile signals for objects of interest in the environment surrounding the radio transceivers, and it may go beyond the functions of localization, tracking, and object recognition of traditional radar. In PMNs, JCAS integrates sensing into communications, sharing a majority of system modules and the same transmitted signals. The PMN is expected to provide a ubiquitous radio sensing platform and enable a vast number of novel smart applications, whilst providing non-compromised communications. In this paper, we present a broad picture of the motivation, methodologies, challenges, and research opportunities of realizing PMN, by providing a comprehensive survey for systems and technologies developed mainly in the last ten years. Beginning by reviewing the work on coexisting communication and radar systems, we highlight their limits on addressing the interference problem, and then introduce the JCAS technology. We then set up JCAS in the mobile network context and envisage its potential applications. We continue to provide a brief review of three types of JCAS systems, with particular attention to their differences in design philosophy. We then introduce a framework of PMN, including the system platform and infrastructure, three types of sensing operations, and signals usable for sensing. Subsequently, we discuss required system modifications to enable sensing on current communication-only infrastructure. Within the context of PMN, we review stimulating research problems and potential solutions, organized under nine topics: performance bounds, waveform optimization, antenna array design, clutter suppression, sensing parameter estimation, resolution of sensing ambiguity, pattern analysis, networked sensing under cellular topology, and sensing-assisted communications. We conclude the paper by listing key open research problems for the aforementioned topics and sharing some lessons that we have learned.

Revolution or Evolution? Technical Requirements and Considerations towards 6G Mobile Communications

Abstract: Ever since the introduction of fifth generation (5G) mobile communications, the mobile telecommunications industry has been debating whether 5G is an “evolution” or “revolution” from the previous legacy mobile networks, but now that 5G has been commercially available for the past few years, the research direction has recently shifted towards the upcoming generation of mobile communication system, known as the sixth generation (6G), which is expected to drastically provide significant and evolutionary, if not revolutionary, improvements in mobile networks. The promise of extremely high data rates (in terabits), artificial intelligence (AI), ultra-low latency, near-zero/low energy, and immense connected devices is expected to enhance the connectivity, sustainability, and trustworthiness and provide some new services, such as truly immersive “extended reality” (XR), high-fidelity mobile hologram, and a new generation of entertainment. Sixth generation and its vision are still under research and open for developers and researchers to establish and develop their directions to realize future 6G technology, which is expected to be ready as early as 2028. This paper reviews 6G mobile technology, including its vision, requirements, enabling technologies, and challenges. Meanwhile, a total of 11 communication technologies, including terahertz (THz) communication, visible light communication (VLC), multiple access, coding, cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (CF-mMIMO) zero-energy interface, intelligent reflecting surface (IRS), and infusion of AI/machine learning (ML) in wireless transmission techniques, are presented. Moreover, this paper compares 5G and 6G in terms of services, key technologies, and enabling communications techniques. Finally, it discusses the crucial future directions and technology developments in 6G.

Optimization of Total Power Consumed by Flying Base Station Serving Mobile Users

Abstract: The unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) acting as flying base stations (FlyBSs) are considered as an efficient way to enhance the capacity of mobile networks. The enhancement provided by such network requires a dynamic positioning of the FlyBSs with respect to the users demands on communication. However, the power consumption of the FlyBS is a challenge due to a limited capacity of the FlyBS's power supply. In this paper, we reduce a total power consumption of the FlyBS while a required communication capacity is guaranteed to the mobile users in every time instant of their movement. To this end, we derive a closed-form solution for an optimization of the FlyBS's total power consumption in every single time step. Then, we provide a numerical solution for the total power optimization problem over a long period of the users’ movement. Via the simulations, we show that the proposed scheme reduces the overall power consumed by the FlyBS significantly (by up to 91%) comparing to existing solutions.

5G-Enabled Medical Data Transmission in Mobile Hospital Systems

Abstract: As one of the healthcare development trends, mobile hospital systems nowadays need more advanced means of treatment and diagnosis and require higher data transmission speed and capacity with lower latency. With its ability to simultaneously support a variety of services in a wide range of application scenarios using network slicing technique, the emerging fifth generation communication system (5G) is expected to offer significant communication performances, including higher throughput, higher mobility, higher connection density, higher transmission reliability with lower latency than the current fourth generation (4G). Hence, 5G can serve as an effective transmission means to meet the modern mobile hospital systems requirements. This article proposes a 5G network slicing-based mobile hospital system where two types of slices, namely, enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) slice and ultrareliable and low-latency communications (uRLLC) slice, are dedicated to the medical data. We propose an optimization method to maximize the throughput of the medical data assigned to the eMBB slice. We also propose a resource allocation algorithm for very high transmission reliability with very low latency of the medical data assigned to the uRLLC slice. Simulation results indicate that our proposed approach can effectively meet mobile hospital systems requirements for data transmission throughput, reliability, and latency from remote sites to hospital centers.

5G Communication QoS Measurements for Smart City UAV Services

Abstract: This work concentrates on studying 4G/5G mobile network technologies applied to smart city Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) services. It reviews the current state of the 5G technology and introduces UAV services for smart cities. In this paper, we describe our drone measurement platform and the results of the conducted communication QoS measurements in urban environment. The results indicate that 5G is clearly more sensitive to altitude changes than 4G network and this should be considered in the future mobile network planning.

The Dynamics of the Radiated Field Near a Mobile Phone Connected to a 4G or 5G Network

Abstract: Characterizing the time variations of signals emitted by mobile terminals provides complementary information to health authorities, especially with the increase of frequency and energy of radiation towards millimeter waves. This experimental work aimed to quantify and classify the time variability of the electric field level measured at 10cm from a mobile phone connected sequentially to a 4th and 5th generation mobile network. Statistic analysis was performed on data from real-time spectrum analyzers, while self-similarity was computed by first recurrence plots of the radiated emissions, corresponding to five different types of mobile applications. Moreover, specificities to the communication standard and the type of application were identified.

Peculiarities of the radiated field in the vicinity of a mobile terminal connected to 4G versus 5G networks during various applications usage

Abstract: Realistic human exposures to radiation emitted by a mobile terminal connected to either a 5G network (sub-6 GHz) or to a 4G network have been scarcely assessed till now. Present experimental work aimed at comparing the radiated field in air, in a single point situated at 10 cm from a mobile phone when running a set of 5 mobile applications in the two communication standards. The time-evolution of the electric field strength in air near the terminal during 25 s of use was recorded by an original method, together with the data rate of transmission. The emitted power density dynamics, its statistics, its slope of accumulation after the usage period and its average value per transmitted bit are analyzed and compared between all the situations. The peculiarities are emphasized and they are proved to depend on the communication standard and on the mobile application.

Mobile communication research in 15 top-tier journals, 2006–2020: An updated review of trends, advances, and characteristics

Abstract: Benefiting from the smartphone turn in wireless telecommunication, studies about mobile telephony have continued to grow in the 3/4G era. To explore the growth trends in the 3/4G era, and what and how mobile media are studied, the present study analyzes patterns and trends of mobile communication research in 512 articles published in 15 top-ranked communication journals from 2006 to 2020. Findings indicate that mobile communication research has grown into a distinctive subfield or sub-discipline, defined by four main characteristics. First, the scope of mobile communication research is broader than studies of mobile media alone. Second, mobile media as global technologies have attracted international authors, although global scholarship is uneven. Third, the boundary of mobile communication has expanded from social, economic, and cultural perspectives to those of health, education, and tourism. Fourth, although mobile communication research is increasingly theory-informed, building distinctive theories about mobile communication remains a challenge for future growth.

Off-Network Communications for Future Railway Mobile Communication Systems: Challenges and Opportunities

Abstract: GSM-R is predicted to be obsoletd by 2030, and a suitable successor is needed. Defined by the International Union of Railways, the Future Railway Mobile Communication System (FRMCS) contains many future use cases with strict requirements. These use cases should ensure regular communication not only in network coverage but also in uncovered scenarios. There is still a lack of standards on off-network communication in FRMCS, so this article focuses on off-network communication and intends to provide reference and direction for standardization. We first provide a comprehensive summary and analysis of off-network use cases in FRMCS. Then we give an overview of existing technologies (GSM-R, TETRA, DMR, LTE-V2X, and NR-V2X) that may support off-network communication. In addition, we simulate and evaluate the performance of existing technologies. Simulation results show that it is possible to satisfy the off-network communication requirements in FRMCS with enhancements based on LTE-V2X or NR-V2X. Finally, we give some future research directions to provide insights for industry and academia.

The EMF Exposure Monitoring in Cellular Networks by Serbian EMF RATEL System

Abstract: The technologies of cellular networks have considerably evolved over the last few decades, becoming almost ubiquitous in population life. One of the main characteristics of those technologies is their foundation on electromagnetic field (EMF). Consequently, there is an expectation of even greater increase of human exposure due to multiple EMFs, generated by such technologies and their perspective evolutions, for instance, the fifth generation of mobile telephony-5G. Thus, the EMF monitoring process and the suitable assessment of human exposure to EMFs is an important topic for relevant research community, as well as for a number of public debates on dangerous health effects of EMF exposure. In this paper, an overview of the Serbian EMF RATEL network and its approach of continuous EMF monitoring will be presented, focusing on two case studies where base station (BS) acts as a dominant EMF source in the environment.

Generation, Detection and Analysis of Sub-Terahertz Over the Air (OTA) Test Bed for 6G Mobile Communication Use Cases

Abstract: After successful deployment of 5G mobile, the 6G mobile research works have been initiated worldwide. In the year 2019, 6G Summit was organized at Finland. This ignites the industries and academia further to extend their R&D efforts towards 6G. Presently they are exploring the use of D-Band with radio carrier frequencies between 110 and 170 GHz for 6G mobile communications and automotive radar applications. Rohde & Schwarz and IHP started to build their first R&D Test BED with D-band frequencies for automotive radar and 6G use cases. The similar 5G-6G-IoT Wireless Solutions using Sub-Terahertz and Millimetre wave Radio was also initiated by the author and his team members both at Calcutta University and Sikkim Manipal University, India. The radio wave propagation study and the system development by the author and his group are subdivided into two categories. Category 1 of system development with radio carrier frequencies less than 100 GHz are useful for 5G IoT use cases as formulated by 3GPP in release 15/16. Category 2 with radio carrier at 140 GHz in Sub-Terahertz band will be useful for 6G-IoT use cases. This chapter will focus on discussion for category 2 of system development by the author. This will include 6G mobile communication in the form of 6G Test Bed at 140 GHz of carrier and also active remote sensing in the form of radar at 140 GHz. Thus, the Sub-Terahertz OTA 6G Test bed developed by the author is highly useful in 5G-6G-IoT Wireless Solutions. In future, the solution in the form of useful products will help our society towards a smarter world.

Latency Analysis and Field Trial for 5G NR

Abstract: Latency is one of the key performance in many emerging business and services. The requirement of latency is less than 1ms in the fifth-generation mobile communication technology (5G) network, and it is more challenging compared with the fourth-generation mobile communication technology (4G). In order to support more stringent latency, some new features and technologies are introduced in 5G. Therefore, it is necessary to research and evaluate latency under 5G. In this paper, we present some new features and technologies on latency. Furthermore, a field trial was conducted to evaluate 5G latency. The trial results show that latency requirement of Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) can be satisfied under specific configuration. Finally, some suggestions are provided on improving latency for Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communications (URLLC).

A Review of the Solutions Ecosystem for 5G Systems on Rural and Remote Environments

Abstract: In the last decade, communication systems have evolved to meet the demand for connectivity anywhere and anytime with the best quality of service, in such a way that we are experiencing the evolution to the Fifth Generation (5G) of mobile wireless communications. This development is best manifested in urban environments where business opportunities are more lucrative, however, rural environments are marginalized from the benefits of these technologies. This article studies the ecosystem of potential technological solutions for the implementation of 5G networks in rural and remote environments to improve the quality of communications in disadvantaged communities.

The temporal imprint of mobile phone emission level when running various applications in 4G versus 5G networks

Abstract: Human exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile communications sources is dominated by the mobile phone radiation. Not only the dose of radiation is important, but also dose- or fluence-rate. In this regard, present research emphasizes the features of the dynamics of mobile terminal emission levels by means of statistics, nonlinear data analysis with recurrence quantification and time-frequency analyses. Time series of radiated electric field strengths were recorded and processed for a set of five mobile applications usage per communication standard. Both 4G-LTE emission channel of 20 MHz bandwidth and 5G-NR FR1 emission channel with a bandwidth of 40 MHz were studied. Differences between 4G and 5G emissions variabilities are presented, and application-specific features of the time imprint are highlighted.

Management of Telecommunication Operator Services in Serbia – Case Study Eastern Serbia

Abstract: The development of telecommunication technology in the last three or more decades has created the conditions for high quality and high speed data transmission between physically separated devices (central computers, terminals, mobile devices). Telecommunication can be defined as the electronic connection of physically (geographically) remote computers, and the telecommunication system as a component of compatible telecommunication devices connecting physically separated devices that can transmit text, image, audio and video information. The paper focuses on the choice of telecommunication providers in Serbia. It examines the attitudes of service users and what influences their choice of a particular mobile network. Consumer attitudes can influence the improvement of service management of mobile operators in Serbia. The paper represents a modest contribution to the use of telecommunication technologies to improve the existing offer on the market of mobile operators in Serbia and especially in the eastern region of the country. The city of Zajecar, the largest city in the eastern region of Serbia, is included in the study as a representative example.

Printed dipole MIMO pair for mobile platforms in mm-Wave communications

Abstract: A MIMO dipole pair is designed for mobile devices in mm-Wave communications by extending a single dipole antenna. Two of such MIMO dipole pairs are proposed and studied to maximize the diversity performances of the mobile devices in terms of envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) and mean effective gain (MEG).

Artificial intelligence in mobile communication: A Survey

Abstract: Abstract In this paper, we elaborate on artificial intelligence (AI) techniques used to improve the performance of mobile communication. This article describes brief AI approaches in mobile communication, several classics AI techniques, and the current AI approaches in wireless communication. The techniques contain fuzzy logic, neural networks, reinforcement learning, and AI techniques implemented on mobile communication. Some keys or terms challenges between AI and future mobile communication, not only 5G generation issues but also how the sixth generation (6G) of mobile networks will be driven to give stable networks and service types on huge mobile devices and data.

RCAD: Real-time Collaborative Anomaly Detection System for Mobile Broadband Networks

Abstract: The rapid increase in mobile data traffic and the number of connected devices and applications in networks is putting a significant pressure on the current network management approaches that heavily rely on human operators. Consequently, an automated network management system that can efficiently predict and detect anomalies is needed. In this paper, we propose, RCAD, a novel distributed architecture for detecting anomalies in network data forwarding latency in an unsupervised fashion. RCAD employs the hierarchical temporal memory (HTM) algorithm for the online detection of anomalies. It also involves a collaborative distributed learning module that facilitates knowledge sharing across the system. We implement and evaluate RCAD on real world measurements from a commercial mobile network. RCAD achieves over 0.7 F-1 score significantly outperforming current state-of-the-art methods.

Passive Radar using Mobile Communication: A Discussion of Use Cases and Feasibility

Abstract: This contribution aims at providing an overview about the various passive radar systems of Fraunhofer FKIE using illuminators from different mobile communication standards. We investigate the use cases for mobile communication based PCL, analyze the critical parameters, and show the feasibility to detect and track targets by giving results of experimental measurement campaigns.

Comparison of Different Mobile Wireless Technology (From 0G to 6G)

Abstract: Networks and the value they provide. Mobile wireless technology has evolved from Zero Generation (0G) through the first, second, and third-generation systems during the last several decades to increase Quality of Service (QoS), efficiency, and performance. There is now a shift to implementing fourth-generation (4G) systems. Shortly, mobile devices will have access to 4G and 5G networks. 1G technology made mass mobile wireless communication possible. Since analog technology was superseded by digital in the 1990s, two-generation (2G) wireless communication has evolved tremendously. New converged networks that simultaneously handle voice and data transmission are emerging due to 3G technology's focus on voice communication. Currently, "5G" isn't being used in official situations. 5G research aims to expand the WWW, dynamic ad hoc wireless networks, and more. People have been involved in the Mobile Wireless Generation from one generation to another.

Method of evaluation of effectiveness of the radio communication system in conditions of non-deterministic environment

Abstract: The article proposes a method for evaluating the effectiveness of the radio communication system in conditions of a non-deterministic environment and gives an example of its application. The developed method allows to evaluate the efficiency of the radio communication system depending on its composition, the coordinates of the location of mobile and stationary means, the structural distribution of radio communication means by communication center for different environmental conditions.

Research on multiple mobile communication frequency allocation methods

Abstract: 5G has become the latest mobile communication method and trend in the 2020s and 5G+ or 6G are under development. No matter what types of communication methods, frequency allocation cannot be avoided. The main problems faced by radio regulatory agencies are the scarcity of frequency resources and the huge demand for radio applications. Besides, the contradiction between frequency demand and supply becomes increasingly prominent. At the same time, the frequency utilization is unreasonable and the overall efficiency of frequency utilization is low. The new thinking is that frequency efficiency also depends on the method used. Therefore, several frequency allocation methods will be introduced in this article and compare their efficiency in MATLAB to find the advantages and disadvantages of all kinds of methods and then analyze which allocation method should be used in a certain environment. The results show that tx-ITL owns from 50% to 200% more capacity than the second-efficient one.

A holistic analysis of near field communication mobile payments: an empirical analysis

Abstract: The improvement of near field communication (NFC) technology has increased the number of its applications, although it is still incipient in the field of mobile payments. So far, studies that have analysed the adoption of NFC mobile payment systems have used classic models. To improve this proposal, this study incorporated a set of drivers proposed in research related to mobile payments: perceived compatibility, individual mobility, subjective norms, personal innovation and perceived security. The resulting model was analysed after implementing an online questionnaire with 499 users in Europe. The results confirm all the hypotheses raised with the exception of one related to ease of use. Finally, we highlight the main implications for management and cite some strategies to reinforce this new business in the context of new technical developments.

The Upsurge of Mobile Wallet Adoption by Generation X: Evidence from India

Abstract: Digital transformation in payments makes crucial changes in the landscape of Asian information and communication technology. After China, India played a significant role in the mobile wallet market to become a global leader. According to Global Data company, Mobile wallet transaction is expected to reach Rs.100 trillion in 2024. The aim of this researchis to identify the behaviour intention to the usage of mobile wallets by Generation X. The survey was conducted online among the 182 respondents to test the hypotheses. The recommended model consists of five factors from the UTAUT2 model, which impact the behaviour intention to use Mobile wallets by Generation X. The percentage analysis and PLS-SEMalso known as partial least squares-structural equation modelling techniquewere employed to validate this study. This research identifies that social influence, effort expectancy and performance expectancy performs a substantial role in Generation X's behavioural intention to adopt mobile wallets. The study will lead the knowledge about the key variables that affect mobile wallet adoption by Generation X in India.

Research on Penetration Loss of D-Band Millimeter Wave for Typical Materials

Abstract: The millimeter-wave frequency band provides abundant frequency resources for the development of beyond 5th generation mobile network (B5G) mobile communication, and its relative bandwidth of 1% can provide a gigabit-level communication bandwidth. In particular, the D-band (110-170 GHz) has received much attention, due to its large available bandwidth. However, certain bands in the D-band are easily blocked by obstacles and lack penetration. In this paper, D-band millimeter-wave penetration losses of typical materials, such as vegetation, planks, glass, and slate, are investigated theoretically and experimentally. The comparative analysis between our experimental results and theoretical predictions shows that D-band waves find it difficult to penetrate thick materials, making it difficult for 5G millimeter waves to cover indoors from outdoor macro stations. The future B5G mobile communication also requires significant measurement work on different frequencies and different scenarios.

Public Mobile Wideband Networks Interference Impact Assessment on Railways GSM-R Network

Abstract: This paper presents a field study relating to the impact that public operator cellular networks such as UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System), LTE (Long-Term Evolution), and 5G-NR (5G-New Radio) have on railway GSM-R (Global System for Mobile Communications-Railway) networks. The validation of the interference calculation relied on actual network measurements taken along railway lines using a dedicated probe. Emissions from public networks, in some scenarios, have been shown to affect GSM-R networks to a large extent. The developed algorithm is currently being used in real GSM-R network planning to mitigate this negative effect on base station coverage and service performance.