Showing papers on "Modernization theory published in 1976"

Peasants into Frenchmen: The Modernization of Rural France, 1870-1914

Abstract: France achieved national unity much later than is commonly supposed. For a hundred years and more after the Revolution, millions of peasants lived on as if in a timeless world, their existence little different from that of the generations before them. The author of this lively, often witty, and always provocative work traces how France underwent a veritable crisis of civilization in the early years of the French Republic as traditional attitudes and practices crumbled under the forces of modernization. Local roads and railways were the decisive factors, bringing hitherto remote and inaccessible regions into easy contact with markets and major centers of the modern world. The products of industry rendered many peasant skills useless, and the expanding school system taught not only the language of the dominant culture but its values as well, among them patriotism. By 1914, France had finally become La Patrie in fact as it had so long been in name.

Toward a restatement of demographic transition theory.

Abstract: Interpretations of past population movements and expectations about future trends rest primarily on the "demographic transition theory". However over the years there has been a failure to update the theory. Subsequently researchers have tended to obscure the important distinction between the origins of fertility decline and the demographic history of societies experiencing such decline. This paper argues that an inadequate understanding of how birth levels first begin to fall has led to a premature gloom about the success of family planning programs and unnecessary hysteria about the likely long-term size of the human population and to antagonisms between countries at different stages of demographic transition. It is the contention of this paper that there are only two fertility regimes: one in which there is no economic gain to individuals from restricting fertility and one in which there is economic gain from such transition. Furthermore the author posits that the transition of a society from one with economically unrestricted fertility to one with economically restricted fertility is a product of social change. The forces sustaining economically unrestricted fertility are strengthened by economic modernization accompanied by specific types of social change. Three types of societies are discussed: primitive traditional and transitional societies. Lastly the author maintains that unlimited fertility eventually crumbles in transitional societies and such crumbling as well as its preconditions is unrelated to reductions in family size subsequently occurring in transitional societies.

The "Industrial Revolution" in the home: household technology and social change in the 20th century.

Abstract: Between 1900 and 1930, a major revolution in social and technological tools with which housework was done took place. Examining business statistics, demographic information, and advertising in women’s magazines, this chapter analyzes how the “industrial revolution” in the home and the modernization of household technology led to a new genre of middle-class housewife—one who no longer served as a manager of servants but who performed the servant’s tasks herself. The chapter points to the role of advertising as a mediating agent in this process, as women were both encouraged to embrace their new role and chastised for shortcomings that, as advertisers stated, could be overcome through consumption of the advertised products.

Social change and political participation in Turkey

Abstract: Scholars have long argued that political participation tends to increase with economic and social modernization. In this study of Turkey, however, the author shows that rapid socio-economic growth has coincided with a substantial decline in turnout at the polls. His ecological analysis of subnational aggregate voting data for the sixties and the explanation of his startling findings form the core of this up-to-date and comprehensive survey of Turkey's political development.Turkey is one of very few countries to combine rapid socio-economic change with a democratic system. The author demonstrates that in this context modernization tends to increase autonomous, instrumental, and class-based political participation, and to decrease mobilized, deferential, and communal-based political participation. The topics he examines include: social cleavages and the party system; distribution of land and income; geographical and social mobility; access to education; regional variations in voting turnout; urban-rural differences in voting behavior; socio-economic correlates of voting activity and party votes; and patterns of participation among peasants and the urban poor.Originally published in 1977.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

Modernization and Family History: Perspectives on Social Change

Abstract: I propose to discuss the validity of the concept of modernization as an explanation for the history of the family in general and, more specifically, for major changes in family behavior in America over the past century.1 So doing, I will also assess the contribution that the historical study of the family can make to our understanding of the process of modernization as a description of social change. Moreover, this proposed conjunction of modernization and the family should add to our comprehension of the changing social roles of women. Indeed, the new field of women's history has begun to redress the balance of past scholarly neglect and to examine the unique experiences of women as a special group. Without denying the significance of this approach, we

Chinese Nationalism and the Anti-Christian Campaigns of the 1920s

Abstract: The definition of China as a nation has often been contrasted with the definition of China as a culture. The modern Chinese state, it is said, has to displace the Middle Kingdom concept of the Great Tradition. The culturalism of dynastic China had to be transmuted into nationalism as China accepted the challenge of modernization. Truly, China has experienced revolution in the twentieth century; the political and cultural definition of China in the 1970s does differ from that of the 1870s. But perhaps our concentration on Chinese tradition as a deterrent to modernization has obscured the continuities of Chinese history. Though certain aspects of the Great Tradition hindered change in China, others contributed to it. The Chinese heritage provided the framework and orientation as Chinese selected elements from Western civilization, and while transforming their own tradition they also translated and transformed those importations designed to bring wealth and power. Reinterpretations of the importations were informed by Chinese perceptions of the past as well as of the present.

Public Administration and American History: A Century of Professionalism

Abstract: assurances that there really is something to celebrate. At the bare minimum, of course, there is always survival; but it isn't easy to make much of a party out of that. For over a decade now historians have been picking at the American past in search of evidences of sin-omission, commission, it makes little difference as long as it is sin. Since we are dealing with human history, it's of course not hard to find. Still, people in search of its past can afford moments of generosity now and again. Public administration, along with many of the social sciences, has recently taken a renewed interest in its own history, not simply in the history of administration, but in the history of the development of the discipline itself. The distinction between the history of practices long associated with the process of government and the history of the modern professionalization of those practices is a difficult and complex one, but an important, perhaps even essential distinction to make. Human beings were governed by one another long before government became a field to be studied. The emergence of schools to train governors is part of that process by which all professions open access to the disciplines upon which they rest by making the knowledge and skill available outside a strictly limited group. While the process is slow and need not be called democratic, its openness depends ultimately on the fact that it is the knowledge which defines the identity of the group, not heredity or membership in a class however much those factors may influence selection. This is only to say that while professionalism is not a democratic process-indeed the hierarchies of knowledge and judgment it is intended to reflect are the essence of elitism-the development of modern democracy would be impossible without professionalism. From the perspective of American history, the professionalization of public administration was a key step in the acknowledgment of the dilemma industrial modernization posed for Americans committed to precepts of their revolution, their formative constitutional years, and, ultimately, the nationalism they saw confirmed in their Civil War. Administration became the way of coping with political problems without actually solving them, a process its defenders labeled pragmatic, or pluralist, but which its critics saw as muddling-and worse. The definition of the field, however, depended upon mediating the relation between an administrative elitism devoted to protecting a science of government and a faith in popular democracy which protected an extraordinary range of political practices. That the social sciences were always in the process of striving to be more scientific and the politics always under pressure to be more democratic often exacerbated differences and threats. The social science disci-

Political Modernization as Reflected in Bureaucratic Change: The Turkish Bureauracy and A “Historical Bureaucratic Empire” Tradition

Abstract: Political modernization is a difficult concept to grapple with1. The traditional approach is to view the political systems of industrially developed Western countries as a model of, or sometimes even as a synonym for, a politically developed polity.

Sugar and Social Change in Oriente, Cuba, 1898–1946

Abstract: During the first decades of the present century, in that area of eastern Cuba which lies beyond a boundary formed by the Rio Cabreras in the north and the Rio Jobabo in the south, a unique social transformation took place which is of particular interest and importance. More than simply a transition from the traditional to the modern, Oriente's society underwent revolutionary change as a result not only of foreign influence but also of foreign control and design calculated to produce both modernization and ‘Americanization’. As it became increasingly apparent that these twin objectives could not be easily accomplished, a third consideration, economic, advantage, quickly emerged and rose to a position of dominance. Capital accumulation and the profit motive catalyzed a process of change produced by the reaction of two dissimilar cultures: one comparatively inert and native, the other highly dynamic and foreign, to produce sugar and a mutated society. Perhaps all societies which were once heavily engaged in sugar culture have developed mutations in some sense of the word, but in Oriente's case the term is particularly apt.

A critical introduction to modern Arabic poetry

Abstract: This book is the first critical survey of the development and achievements of 'modern' Arabic poetry, here signifying the period from the latter half of the nineteenth century to the present day. It ranges over the entire Arabic-speaking world and includes a discussion of the work of poets who emigrated to the United States and Latin America. Four main stages are examined in the development of a specifically modern Arabic poetry: the 'neoclassical', in which poets turned to their literary heritage for their ideals and inspiration; the pre-romantic', which was marked by a tension between a modified classical style and new romantic sentiments, itself the reflection of a wider cultural movement towards change and modernization; the 'romantic', in which the tensions between form and content were resolved, and a lyricism and simplicity of language become the norm; and the 'modern' or 'contemporary' which is typified by a reaction against romanticism, and dominated by either committed social realism or symbolism and surrealism. In the absence of any similar published work in a European language, the book, as well as being designed for students of Arabic literature and of comparative literature, will also be of interest to the general reader. No knowledge of Arabic is presupposed: all the verse (newly translated by the author) is given in English translation, and technical terminology has been reduced to a minimum.

Structural determinants of fertility in Latin America: 1800-1970.

Abstract: This paper 1) estimates the effects of colonial penetration extraction of wealth and 19th century immigration on Latin American modernization and Catholic Church strength at the beginning of the 20th century; 2) estimates the net effect of modernization and Catholic institutional strength (CIS) on crude birthrates and illegitimacy ratios in Lation America in 1910 1940 and 1970; and 3) compares general marital and illegitimate fertility rates in 1960. The objective is to investigate factors that accelerate or retard acceptance of the preconditions resulting in lower fertility. Several procedures were intended to remedy deficiencies of earlier studies: 1) the population was defined as a readily identifiable geographic and cultural group--all Latin American nations with Spanish heritage; 2) a structural equation model of fertility and illegitimacy was employed that incorporated independent effects of modernization and CIS; 3) indicators of modernization were pooled into a unidimensional index; and 4) the relative effects of causal agents were compared for 1910 1940 and 1970. Path coefficients among predictor variables were estimated for 18 countries. Both migration and late colonial penetration took significant paths to 1910 modernization with migration the stronger variable. The 2 variables explained about 83% of the variation among nations in 1900 modernization. Extraction of wealth was the only variable significantly related to 1900 CIS. The partial correlates of modernization and CIS net of the set of preceding predictor variables were not significant for any period beginning in 1910. Path coefficients of structural modernization and CIS on crude birthrates for the 18 countries in 1910 1940 and 1970 suggest increasing and then stable large negative effects of modernization on fertility among Latin nations. The net effect of Church strength on crude birthrates is positive but not always significant. Church strength reduces consensual unions and thus lowers illegitimate fertility butthe negative effect on illegitimacy is counterbalanced by a positive effect on marital fertility rates. The net result is a small positive effect of Church strength on the total number of births.

Peasants' Response to Modernization Projects in Minifundia Economies

Abstract: Different factors are mentioned in explaining peasants' adoption of modern technologies. A model of the peasant household is developed integrating most of these factors, condensed into a stochastic linear programming framework, and applied to the Puebla area in Mexico. Observed low adoption rates and peasants' participation in modernization projects are explained by opportunity costs of time and uncertainty. The view that labor-using technologies per se will rapidly increase agricultural production is challenged. The generation of less risky technologies and more emphasis on organizational-communication aspects are also necessary. Further rural development will require intermediate technologies and organizations.

The Technocratic Model of Modernization: The Case of Indonesia's New Order

Abstract: IN INDONESIA's NEW ORDER, economists-technocrats, as non-party, professionally-trained experts, have replaced politicians in policy making posts, most visibly as members of a team of academics that moved into government posts laterally, from the University of Indonesia (U. of I.). In a bureaucratic state, these technocrats have functioned as policy innovators, as courtiers of foreign investment, and as relatively systematic administrators. They have provided a repressive military regime with a progressive civilian image and initiated their military patrons into the mysteries of their science. In this paper, the views on modernization that the economists bring to their important tasks and impart to the military and to the nation are presented. Prior to 1966 and their recruitment to high public positions, the team of professor-economists borrowed time from academic pursuits to serve on the Staff of the Army Command and General Staff School (SESKOAD) and of other military institutions in order to introduce their ideas to would-be military professionals of their new political generation. At SESKOAD, according to interviewers for a study in 1969-1970 by this writer, the youthful team successfully inserted its views on economic development into the curriculum, persuaded its peers in the military that national security depended on economic progress and helped write a new Army Doctrine reflecting its views.' In 1966, when General (President) Suharto and Sultan (Vice President) Hamengkubuwono suddenly replaced a regime headed by aging civilian populists contending with political and economic crises, they were personally untrained in the science of economics. Needing such knowledge, they enlisted the expertise of the academic team that had, for years, been developing its ideas and imparting them at key military institu-

The new World Bank programme for the self‐liquidation of the third world peasantry

Abstract: For many years, the World Bank, whose task is to expand and strengthen the private enterprise system throughout the world, financed agricultural development projects whose beneficiaries were almost exclusively the s landed oligarchy in the underdeveloped countries and, directly or indirectly, the multinational concerns. Many of the Bank's loans helped to finance the modernization of the large estates and progressively weakened thereby the status of the underdeveloped countries’ peasants. Recently, in what at first sight might appear to be an about‐face in its strategy, the Bank added a credit scheme to help 100 million smallholders. Upon closer analysis of this scheme and how it would operate within the framework of underdeveloped agricultures, it is found that it is in reality the most antisocial programme yet to be invented by this so‐called development agency. It is bound to have such catastrophic consequences for the peasantry that it will make the ‘green revolution’ and similar modernization programm...

Modernization for Emigration: The Medical Brain Drain from Argentina

Abstract: -he problem of the brain drain-movement of highly skilled personnel across national borders-has been an object of increasing concern during the last two decades. International agencies, especially those linked with the United Nations, have seized the subject as one of the clearest manifestations of international imbalances in favor of the developed countries (United Nations, 1971; Kidd, 1967). It is clear, despite variations across countries, that loss of professionals represents a significant cost for many nations, especially less developed ones. Recent data from three widely different countries may be used to illustrate such costs: from 1955 to 1968 Colombia lost 20,506 professionals to the United States; at an estimated cost of U.S. $8,000 for the training of each individual, Colombia made a contribution to the "development" of the United States of $164,048,000 during the period. In a small country like Lebanon, costs of training those who emigrated in a single year, 1967, were estimated at U.S. $40,000,000. Similarly, in Trinidad-Tobago, the outflow of professionals represented a loss of U.S. $21,200,000 in 1968

Soldiers As Traditionalizers: Military Rule and the Re-Africanization of Africa

Abstract: On the basis of evidence mainly from West Africa, many scholars in the 1960's made predictions about likely trends in Africa as a whole on such issues as one-party states. On the basis of data from Eastern Africa, can we now risk predictions about likely performance of military regimes in Africa as a whole?There is evidence from Eastern Africa that African soldiers may be agents of retradi-tionalization. The bulk of the army in most countries is recruited from some of the most rural and least acculturated sectors of society. Contemporary African soldiers may be traditionalists in charge of modern armies with modern technology. What happens when a modern organization is manned mainly by rural recruits?It may be that both modernization and retraditionalization are taking place under military leadership in Africa. The cultural revivalist role of sub-westernized or non-westernized African soldiers is beginning to manifest itself in places like Uganda under Idi Amin and Zaire under Mobutu Sese Seko. The political decline of westernized intellectuals and the rise of soldiers may herald a partial re-Africanization of Africa, but with some painful costs.

Policy Innovation and Institutional Stability in Sweden

Abstract: Despite the greatly enhanced interest in processes of political change that political scientists have shown in recent years, there are still areas that have received attention in only the most speculative manner. Modernization, political development and comparative history are becoming established subdisciplines, reflecting 'the change to change'.' But the political processes involved in the transformation of advanced industrial societies have as yet received only cursory empirical treatment. In some ways this neglect is surprising, since our sociologically inclined colleagues assure us that in 'post-industrial' or 'super-industrial' societies we are subject not merely to massive changes brought about by the development of technology but to changes that have an increasing 'accelerative thrust'.2 But in other ways it is less surprising. The ethnocentric bias of modern political science was the major reason why processes of change in underdeveloped, non-Western nations were neglected for so long. Naturally enough, this same ethnocentric bias is likely to be an even more potent barrier to research into processes of change in our own societies, since it is overwhelmingly difficult to see the things nearest to us other than as they are. Processes of change in our own societies become apparent only when they become problematical. They may become problematical when established expectations are falsified when France, a nation once derided for its immobilisme, becomes an exemplar of socioeconomic modernization whilst Britain, the erstwhile archetype of stability and consensus, can apparently find no way to resolve the problems of its economic and industrial structure. Processes of change also become problematical when practical politicians realize that changes in the socio-economic fabric of society demand a transformation of political life. Whether his prognosis was accurate or not, it was a realization of this kind that inspired the warning given by the Minister of Technology in I968 that unless adjustments were made to the parliamentary system discontent 'expressing itself in despairing apathy or violent protest, could engulf us all in bloodshed'.3

The Modernization Process in Two Oriental Music Cultures: Turkish and Japanese

Abstract: Is modernization the same as Europeanization? Will all developing countries eventually ask for McDonald's hamburger franchises and watch the same syndicated television programs? Or, as some historians of the modernization process have observed (Ward and Rustow 1964; Dore 1965; Nagai 1971; Jansen 1965), is the question more complex? Aren't there factors of social attitude, geography, government, and so forth, existing at the time of "take-off," which lead each country down a unique path in the modern world? And, in this sometimes anxious struggle to become modernized, what happens to the musical life of a people?