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Showing papers on "Modernization theory published in 1982"


BookDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a comparative and historical study of Western welfare states is presented, covering a time span from the initiation of modern national social policies at the end of the nineteenth century to the present.
Abstract: This volume seeks to contribute to an interdisci-plinary, comparative, and historical study of Western welfare states. It attempts to link their historical dynamics and contemporary problems in an international perspective. Building on collaboration between European-and American-based research groups, the editors have coordinated contributions by economists, political scientists, sociologists, and historians. The developments they analyze cover a time span from the initiation of modern national social policies at the end of the nineteenth century to the present. The experiences of all the presently existing Western European systems except Spain and Por-tugal are systematically encompassed, with com-parisons developed selectively with the experi-ences of the United States and Canada. The devel-opment of the social security systems, of public expenditures!and taxation, of public education and educational opportunities, and of income inequal-ity are described, compared, and analyzed for varying groupings of the Western European and North American nations. This volume addresses itself mainly to two audi-ences. The first includes all students of policy problems of the welfare states who seek to gain a comparative perspective and historical under-standing. A second group may be more interested in the theory and empirical analysis of long-term societal developments. In this context, the growth of the welfare states ranges as a major departure, along with the development of national states and capitalist economies. The welfare state is interpreted as a general phenomenon of modernization, as a product of the increasing differentiation and the growing size of societies on the one hand, and of processes of social and political mobilization on the other. It is an important element of the structural convergence of modern societies -- by its mere weight in all countries -- and at the same time a source of divergence by the variations within its institutional structure.

403 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the great historian Arno Mayer emphasizes the backwardness of the European economies and their political subjugation by aristocratic elites and their allies, turning upside down the vision of societies marked by modernization and forward-thrusting bourgeois and popular social classes, thereby transforming our understanding of the traumatic crises of the early twentieth century.
Abstract: In this classic work which analyzes the context in which thirty years of war and revolution wracked the European continent, the great historian Arno Mayer emphasizes the backwardness of the European economies and their political subjugation by aristocratic elites and their allies. Mayer turns upside down the vision of societies marked by modernization and forward-thrusting bourgeois and popular social classes, thereby transforming our understanding of the traumatic crises of the early twentieth century.

248 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The literature on women's roles in economic and political development, and on the impact of development policies on women, illuminates both the process of modernization and the nature of male-female relations as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The literature on women's roles in economic and political development, and on the impact of development policies on women, illuminates both the process of modernization and the nature of male-female relations. Three main kinds of approaches-liberal modernization theory and its feminist critiques, socialist approaches and their feminist critiques, and an eclectic “female sphere” position that emphasizes the need to replace male-dominated theory and practice with female experience and values-are discussed. Each approach has a distinct view of the causes, consequences, and significance of women's inferior status during modernization, and each proposes different strategies of change. The clarification of theoretical differences suggests new opportunities for productive research with implications for public policy.

144 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Gillispie as mentioned in this paper explores how the links between science and polity in France were related to governmental reform, modernization of the economy, and professionalization of science and engineering.
Abstract: By the end of the eighteenth century, the French dominated the world of science. And although science and politics had little to do with each other directly, there were increasingly frequent intersections. This is a study of those transactions between science and state, knowledge and power--on the eve of the French Revolution. Charles Gillispie explores how the links between science and polity in France were related to governmental reform, modernization of the economy, and professionalization of science and engineering.

144 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the formation of the ethnic division of labour within the Jewish population in Israel during the rapid economic growth of the first decade of the existence of the state is discussed.
Abstract: This paper deals with the formation of the ethnic division of labour within the Jewish population in Israel during the rapid economic growth of the first decade of the existence of the state. It is argued that the division of labour stemmed from the specific patterns of economic development and the expanding capitalist relations of production. This approach is opposed to the functionalist view which argues that the position of the oriental immigrants was determined by their 'traditional', pre-immigration, characteristics. Four major economic spheres argiculture, construction, industry and the civil services are examined in terms of the specific pattern of growth in each sphere, the ethnic division of labour it entailed and the ethnic division of rewards. Finally, the paper discusses the function of the dominant ideology in disguising the concrete ethnic-class relations. The oriental Jews who arrived in Israel en masse after the establishment of the state in 1948, found themselves occupying the lower echelons of Israeli society. This fact has been explained by Israeli social scientists, politicians, and journalists alike as the natural and only possible result of the immigrants' demographic, occupational and educational characteristics. At the same time, the oriental immigrants' entrance into Israeli society has been described as the beginning of a process of modernisation which will end in their dispersal throughout the social structure. The basic assumption underlying this view is that Israeli social structure was well established when the immigrants arrived, and that they entered categories which were already in existence in that structure. The structure is assumed to have been composed of upper, middle, and lower categories. The immigrants are assumed to have crowded the lower categories, due to their background characteristics. British Journal of Sociology Volume 33 Number 1 March 1982 (C) R.K.P. 1982 0007 1315/82/3301-0064 $1.50

92 citations



Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the nature of the state itself, its location within the matrix of a class-divided society, and its relationship with contending social forces, concluding that the state is an entity that stands outside and above society, an autonomous agency that is invested (potentially) with an independent source of rationality (enriched by "technical assistance" from metropolitan countries).
Abstract: Given the central role that is accorded to the state and public policy in “modernization” theory, it is rather striking to see how little thought is given to an examination of the nature of the state itself, its location within the matrix of a class-divided society, and its relationship with contending social forces. The state is, rather, thought of as an entity that stands outside and above society, an autonomous agency that is invested (potentially) with an independent source of rationality (enriched by “technical assistance” from metropolitan countries), and the capability to initiate and pursue programs of development for the benefit of the whole of society. There is an implicit disjunction between the state and society, slurring over questions about the social foundations of political power and the making of public policy. The problematic of the state is then narrowed down to that of the efficacy of its public institutions and organs to achieve objectives and programs of “modernization,” focusing especially on the respective roles of “ruling elites,” political parties, the bureaucracy, and the military.

68 citations


Book
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: In this article, Edelsteins traces the development of major trends in the perspective, and takes a critical look at recent ideas and methods, and presents a comprehensive and discerning formulation of a new research best.
Abstract: This book is one of the first integrated treatments of comparative communications research. Early work in the field compared the uses of symbols by elite newspapers in different countries, the different relationship between the journalist and public opinion, and communication and modernization in different countries. Edelsteins traces the development of the major trends in the perspective, and takes a critical look at recent ideas and methods. 'This book presents a comprehensive and discerning formulation of a new research best. It provides a lively springboard for further plunges into these inviting waters' - "Journal of Communication", Spring 1983.

66 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The dynamics of hierarchical medical pluralism is revealed through a comparative analysis of the health care systems in three Chinese societies and it is argued that the hierarchical relationships among medical traditions within a national society should be studied in terms of structural superiority and functional strength.

59 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Rise of the Overseas Chinese Capitalist: 1. The foreign experience 2. Environment and Chinese values 3. China's discovery of the Nanyang Chinese 4. The recruitment of Chang Pi-shih Part II. The search for overseas Chinese talent and wealth.
Abstract: Preface Note Map Introduction Part I. The Rise of the Overseas Chinese Capitalist: 1. The foreign experience 2. Environment and Chinese values 3. China's discovery of the Nanyang Chinese 4. The recruitment of Chang Pi-shih Part II. Overseas Chinese Enterprise in the Modernization of China: 5. A program for the development of industry and commerce 6. The search for overseas Chinese talent and wealth 7. South China's railroad offensive 1904-8 8. The overseas Chinese and economic change Epilogue Notes Select bibliography Glossary Index.

47 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: There was a pervasive belief in classical Marxism that despite the destructive and exploitative nature of colonial capitalism, it would nevertheless, historically, fulfill a regenerative role for colonized societies.
Abstract: There was a pervasive belief in classical Marxism that despite the destructive and exploitative nature of colonial capitalism, it would nevertheless, historically, fulfill a regenerative role for colonized societies. It would break down the old precapitalist social order and generate new social forces, setting in motion the dynamics (and contradictions) of capital accumulation and development in the colony. Among Marxists such a view still survives as a minority view.1 Taken onesidedly, the optimistic aspect of that complex vision was, on the other hand, the prognosis and self-justification of colonialist ideology, a notion that continues to inform the theory and practice of “modernization” and developmentalism. The actual experience of peripheral capitalist societies belies such expectations.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated the impact of political instability on the international expansion of motor vehicle production between 1948 and 1965 and found that political instability has only a weak negative effect on the chances of a country becoming a producer.
Abstract: In recent years much research has analyzed the impact of international investments on the development of countries. Yet, the question why investments are made in some countries and not in others has received little attention. This research evaluates the impact of political instability on the international expansion of motor vehicle production between 1948 and 1965. For the dependent variable, countries that became producers in this time period are scored 1 and nonproducers are scored 0. A model is developed and tested with Ordinary Least Squares, Weighted Least Squares, and Probit estimation techniques. With all techniques, once market size and a nation's development level are controlled, political instability has only a weak negative effect on the chances of a country becoming a producer. The regression equations produce estimated probabilities of producer status for individual countries. About 95 percent of the 84 countries studied are correctly classified. The analysis of political instability's effect on international investments has been neglected in sociological research in comparative development. Modernization theory's emphasis on the intranational (rather than international) factors of development is a probable cause of this neglect. The recent shift among sociologists from modernization theory to dependency/ world system theory has led to considerable research that examines the effects of investments and trade composition on economic development (see, e.g., Chase-Dunn; Delacroix; Stumpp et al.). Yet, despite the emphasis of dependency theory on the international factors of development in general and the consequences of foreign investment in particular, little sociological research has empirically analyzed the determinants of foreign investments. That is, our knowledge of why some countries receive foreign *We would like to thank T. R. Atkinson and T. J. Laffey for their assistance. Any remaining

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a comparison of class relations in the textile, coal mining, and tobacco industries reveals the historical patterns which shaped industrial relations and ideology in planter-dominated southern industries.
Abstract: A conventional view shared by sociologists and historians asserts that an ascendant middle class led the American South along a new path of capitalist industrial development in the early decades following the Civil War. This paper challenges this class interpretation of southern postbellum modernization, asserting instead the centrality of cotton planters in building key sectors of southern industry. A comparison of class relations in the textile, coal mining, and tobacco industries reveals the historical patterns which shaped industrial relations and ideology in planter-dominated southern industries.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the baby boom was a response to economic achievements and social welfare reforms of the early years of the revolution and the feelings of optimism they engendered in the public.
Abstract: The crude birth rate in Cuba which had been in the mid-20s per 1000 population during the 1950s climbed to the mid-30s in the years immediately following the Cuban Revolution and the fall starting in the late 1960s to reach a low of 14 per 1000 in 1980 1 of the most rapid declines on record. While observers have attributed the fertility decline to modernization over the last 2 decades the authors argue for a more complex explanation in which baby boom and bust arose from objective factors in social and economic trends and subjective factors related to public consumption aspirations and expectations. In this view the baby boom was a response to the economic achievements and social welfare reforms of the early years of the revolution and the feelings of optimism they engendered in the public. The subsequent dramatic downturn in fertility was a response to deteriorating economic conditions and wide public perception of unmet aspirations as well as modernization. (authors) (summaries in ENG FRE SPA)

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors pointed out that the dark clouds of the Cultural Revolution have been dispelled, and the way has been cleared, and that a bright future lies ahead of us.
Abstract: SPEAKING AT CHINA'S National Science Conference in March 1978, Vice-Premier Fang Yi boldly proclaimed that China "is entering a new stage of flourishing growth" in science and technology. "The dark clouds [of the Cultural Revolution] have been dispelled," he averred, "and the way has been cleared. A bright future lies ahead of us."1 And indeed, Chinese science and technology (ST the ST research and development (RD wages and working conditions of scientists and technical intellectuals have been generally improved; more than one hundred professional ST and thousands of research scientists and scholars have been sent abroad for advanced professional training. These reforms have unquestionably helped to rationalize the organizational and administrative structure of Chinese ST they have also helped to raise the intellectual standards, professional status, and work motivation of China's 600,000 research specialists, many of whom had

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence is presented that the process of modernization can have a negative impact on the elderly in even the most remote rural Third World settings, even though those settings are not modernized or in the processes of modernization in any of the normal uses of that concept.
Abstract: Currently the majority of the world's elderly reside in less developed countries and their proportion is increasing. This paper presents evidence that the process of modernization can have a negative impact on the elderly in even the most remote rural Third World settings, even though those settings are not modernized or in the process of modernization in any of the normal uses of that concept. Fieldwork was conducted in Helambu, Nepal on a sample of 37 persons over the age of 50 that included 86% of population aged 60 and over. Despite high levels of activity, health, social and economic status, the elderly were greatly dissatisfied with their situation. The paper demonstrates the manner in which modernization in India has profoundly changed household/family organization in Helambu and produced this situation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The election law adopted by the Second Session of the Fifth National People's Congress (NPC) in July 1979 contained a number of radical departures from the 1953 law, including a system of more candidates than positions, direct election of delegates to the county people's congresses, and a more open nominating process as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: DEMOCRATIC POLITICAL REFORMS have an important but ambiguous status in China's post-Mao modernization drive. On the one hand, the regime is confident of overwhelming popular support for its removal of ultraleft dogmatism and promotion of material welfare. On the other hand, instruments of popular political expression and control confront any established regime with specific challenges to its authority. The post-Mao regime has already shown its impatience with the antiestablishment tendencies expressed on Xidan Wall ("Democracy Wall") and with wall posters in general. Democratic institutions are supposed to guarantee the influence of mass opinion; they are not supposed to provide an enclave for "anarchism." But as democracy becomes institutionalized, tensions necessarily increase between democracy and centralism. Among the many aspects of political reform in China, electoral reform is particularly deserving of attention. The election law adopted by the Second Session of the Fifth National People's Congress (NPC) in July 1979 contained a number of radical departures from the 1953 law, including a system of more candidates than positions, direct election of delegates to the county people's congresses, and a more open nominating process. If such reforms should be put into practice in China, it might be expected that in the long run public opinion would become a more formal part of the political process through the formation of electoral constituen-

01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: Ban, Sung Hwan; Moon, Pal Yong; Perkins, Dwight H. as discussed by the authors, reported on rural development, report,Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 1982, January 1982.
Abstract: Ban, Sung Hwan; Moon, Pal Yong; Perkins, Dwight H..January, 1982.Rural development,Report,[Cambridge]Harvard University(Council on East Asian Studies),Harvard East Asian Monographs,499

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the importance of structural arrangements and their impact on the roles and statuses accorded the elderly and suggest a needed redirection of our research interests.
Abstract: Modernization theory provides a successful conceptual model in gerontology for two reasons. First, and most obviously, it establishes an integrative framework for those who focus on cross-cultural and historical patterns of aging in comparative contexts. In addition, together with the age-stratification model (Riley, Johnson, and Foner, 1972), it has fostered a movement away from an emphasis on individualistic, psychological explanations of adjustment and adaptation toward a more macrolevel orientation. As a consequence, research in aging has gradually become more attuned to the importance of structural arrangements and their impact on the roles and statuses accorded the elderly. The purpose of this article is to expand further the focus on societal factors and to suggest a needed redirection of our research interests.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: In the conceptual fragmentation and conflict that has overtaken development studies, the leading place often seems to be held by the "dependency" or "underdevelopment" theorists as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In the conceptual fragmentation and conflict that has overtaken development studies, the leading place often seems to be held by the “dependency” or “underdevelopment” theorists. This school first became widely known in the West toward the end of the 1960s, particularly through the polemical attack led by Andre Gunder Frank on U.S.-dominated “modernization” theory. Since then the dependentistas have been severely criticized in their turn by Marxists, but there would appear to have been no serious reply from the orthodox right.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For example, this article pointed out how changes in military investments are related to the Chinese Communist Party's overall programme of general economic recovery after the Cultural Revolution and how military affairs fit into the Party's plans for the next two to three decades.
Abstract: Since the deaths of Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai in 1976 and the ensuing concentration on the Four Modernizations, increased attention has been paid to whether, and to what extent, China will be able, or wish, to bring its military machine and its military strategy more closely in line with that of “advanced” countries. The term usually applied to this question is “military modernization.” Such a term possesses the advantage of pointing to how changes in military investments are related to the Chinese Communist Party's overall programme of general economic recovery after the Cultural Revolution and how military affairs fit into the Party's plans for the next two to three decades. Extending the meaning of the concept and relating it to the general state of China's political economy has the additional benefit of drawing attention away from exclusive emphasis on one component of Chinese military affairs, “people's war,” that overworked and by now sterile term to which both Chinese practitioners and western analysts were slave for the past four decades. “People's war” as a strategy and a useful concept continues, but it is no longer the umbrella term for understanding Chinese military issues. Indeed, it has been modified by the Chinese themselves, under the rubric” people's war under modern conditions.”


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors pointed out that the psychological and sociophysical condition in the urban area, the acceptance that the city is a place for austere living and endurance of rough conditions all combine to prepare psychically urban migrants for their role in the economic maintenance and improvemeht of their home rural communities.
Abstract: Rural development in parts of Nigeria is a function of two comparable, if not, coordinate variables: the government and the townsmen residing in the urban areas. The government provides the access roads, runs schools and health clinics or hospitals built by the townsmen. These urban migrants, as we shall henceforth refer to them for reasons to be explained later, in addition to providing other infrastructural facilities, are the political and economic backbone of the rural communities as well as their source of modernization. Smock (1971) dwelt upon the political and modernity role of ethnic unions in Nigerian cities. She showed how these unions "facilitated the accommodation between tradition and modernity in the Eastern political system...," linked "traditional commitments with the modern political and administrative structures," and prevented discontinuities, a characteristic feature of transitional political systems. For Smock, urban migrants, successfully manipulated tradition to politically modernize their rural villages. Little (1970) reasoned slightly differently. He saw the major functions of urban associations as the adaptation of traditional institutions and the integration of institutions whose raison d'&tre is alien to traditional culture. These associations nurtured political leaders and the formation of political parties resulting in modernist ambition and nationalist aspirations for self-government. Meillassoux (1968) perceived urban migrants associations, or voluntary associations as he referred to them, as the mechanism by which the migrants approached the problems of social security and created new social networks. Meillassoux also saw a clear nexus between the norms of these associations and their rural origins in terms of their derivation, their roots, and their purposes. It is mainly from this rural-urban link that we shall approach our present discussion. This paper shall also show that the psychological and sociophysical condition in the urban area, the acceptance that the city is a place for austere living and endurance of rough conditions all combine to prepare psychically urban migrants for their role in the economic maintenance and improvemeht of their home rural communities. The Igbo migrants from east of the River Niger are the focal point of this paper since they serve to illustrate the above. Urban sociology literature usually labels such groups of people as rural migrants. This paper, however, terms them urban migrants in order to denote the transciency by which the group perceives itself in the Nigerian situation and to call attention to the fact that while the

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 1982-Americas
TL;DR: In the early 1970s, Brazil became the leading manufacturer of war materiel in the Third World, but a significant exporter of hardware as well as discussed by the authors, and the emergence of a military industrial complex was not accidental.
Abstract: EFENSE analysts in the late 1970s were increasingly impressed by a surprising phenomenon in the international arms sector: the emergence of Brazil as not only the leading manufacturer of war materiel in the Third World, but a significant exporter of hardware as well. "Clearly Brazil is rapidly joining the big league producers ...," one observer aptly commented.' The creation of a "military-industrial complex," one of the striking offshoots of Brazil's remarkable economic development in recent times, was not accidental. Financial considerations naturally were instrumental in the drive for general industrial self-sufficiency that has been a major component of Brazilian national strategy for fifty years, but that drive, along with its complementary campaign for arms autonomy, has deep roots in elite perceptions of national needs and in Brazil's experiences with arms dependence during the turbulent first half of the century. The Old Republic (1889-1930) was an important period in the evolution of Brazil's military-industrial sector primarily because of the formation then of a body of elite opinion that advocated reduced dependence in matters of national security. The real "take-off," however, came during the Getu'lio Vargas era (1930-54) when modernization of the armed forces became one of the government's priority goals. Sharing fully the preoccupation of the generals and admirals with Brazil's vulnerabilities in a lawless world, Vargas and his civilian counselors, as well as military leaders, were keenly aware of the critical importance of enhancing national capacity to meet the ominous demands of the era-and the official consensus was that effective military strength required an industrial base that was as independent as possible.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors pointed out that military regimes are not more effective in policy areas such as economic modernization than were the prior civilian governments and pointed out the failure of military rule to cope with economic woes in developing countries.
Abstract: The myth of a group of dedicated military professionals taking over from corrupt, inefficient civilians in developing countries and setting things right has been effectively challenged by the literature of the 1960s and 1970s. Not only have many writers questioned the rationales of military elites for their coups, but convincing evidence has been amassed to show that military regimes are not more effective in policy areas such as economic modernization than were the prior civilian governments.' While most of the literature has been devoted to explaining the reasons for military coups and the failure of military rule to cope with economic woes in developing countries, an occasional writer has referred to the relationship between military rule and

16 Apr 1982
TL;DR: A probing overview of the historic, political, economic, social, social and psychological factors which have exerted significant influence of Venezuela as it has rapidly developed into a 20th century nation of vast economical power (oil) is provided in this paper.
Abstract: : This document provides a probing overview of the historic, political, economic, social and psychological factors which have exerted significant influence of Venezuela as it has rapidly developed into a 20th century nation of vast economical power (oil). The culmination of the essay is a discussion of the strategic importance of Venezuela to the United States, an assessment of its military power and a prognosis of what the future may hold for this nation as it experiences the turbulence of modernization. (Author)