Showing papers on "Modernization theory published in 1983"

Exploring individual modernity

Abstract: The culmination of more than ten years of research carried out in over 50 countries around the world, this volume shows how the forces of modernization on the developing countries change the attitudes and behavior of men acting in their roles as husbands and fathers, as members of ethnic communities, and as citizens of emerging nation-states. The research gathered here demonstrates that the impact of modern institutions on individual psychic adjustment is much less severe than is often imagined and the book explores the meaning of modernization in human terms. In addition, for the first time the theory and method for studying individual modernity are applied to the so-called socialist countries. Inkeles et al. highlight the implications of individual modernity for understanding contemporary and future social change in both developing and advanced countries. "Exploring Individual Modernity" completes the portrait of "modern man" first sketched in "Becoming Modern", the first book to report on the findings on Social and cultural Aspects of Modernization.

Political Anthropology: An Introduction

Abstract: Foreword to the First Edition by Victor Turner Preface The Development of Political Anthropology Types of Preindustrial Political Systems The Evolution of the State Religion and Ritual in Politics From Structure to Process The Individual in the Political Arena: Action Theory and Game Theory The Power of the People: Resistance and Rebellion Gender and Power The Politics of Identity From Modernism to Postmodernism From Modernization to Globalization Glossary Bibliography Index

Financial Development in Korea, 1945–1978

Abstract: Cole, David C.; Park, Yung Chul.1979.Financial development in Korea,Report,SeoulKorea Development Institute,Korea Modernization Study Series/no.14,386

The demand for children: a critical essay.

Abstract: An overview of factors influencing the demand for children is presented. The demand for children refers to the number of surviving children a couple or household wants to have regardless of how many they are capable of having and what difficulties they may have in controlling fertility. The demand for children as represented by family-size desires is a sensible concept in many developing countries. There are 2 broad interpretations of the effect of modernization on fertility. Modernization may make latent demand effective. However modernization may reduce the demand for children. This has been the core of the transition theory. Changes in child worth during modernization are a key element in many fertility transition theories. Under the most favorable conditions the net expected value of an average birth through the time the child leaves home is roughly zero or perhaps slightly positive. Each additional child not only supplies labor after a certain age but also requires labor for child care. Fertility decisions are made by the husband or a member of the older generation who also allocates the familys resources. Child worth as insurance against risk or as investment in old age security depends on whether alternatives are available. The introduction of government-backed pension systems or commercial insurance schemes could reduce child worth. Attitudinal surveys of child worth indicate that in each of the high-fertility developing countries many couples view instrumental contributions as a main reason for having children. Child costs and benefits affect demand and actual fertility though the effects on fertility might be explained by supply or regulation cost factors. There is a variation in time costs. Time costs are discussed from the point of view of modernization and the demand for children. Personal preferences for children must be taken into account. Income wealth and fertility have a role in the framework.

Social and Economic Forces Affecting Intergenerational Relations in Extended Families in a Third World Country: a Cautionary Tale From South Asia

Abstract: Data from elderly Hindus living in Kathmandu Nepal are presented and demostrate that although these elderly people do continue to live in extended families social and economic changes have transformed the nature of intergenerational social relation within these families to the detriment of elderly family members The main source of the problem facing the elderly in Kathmandu is not change or modernization per se but rather the increasing poverty of Nepal Noting modernizations shift away from land ownership and rural residence to urban employment current generations in their elder years will be increasingly dependent on pensions and savings that in turn are directly dependent on stable employment decent wages and low inflation or cost-of-living increases Given poor Third World governments frustrated attempts at economic growth and the inability to mount substantial social service programs it is unlikely that more elderly will be able to live their latter years in a secure and dignified setting It is suggested that this phenomenon is not limited to Nepal but is found in other non-Western developing countries (authors modified)

African Traditional Education: A Method of Disseminating Cultural Values

Abstract: Politicians, educators, and other observers have attributed the increasing deterioration of intergenerational communication in Africa and other parts of the world to systems of education introduced by Western colonial powers. The traditional role of African cultural education-that of bridging the gap between the adult generation and youth-is gradually giving way to the development of "creative" individuals who are completely removed from their traditions. But as David Scanlon points out in his work, Traditions of African Education, in education "tradition is inescapable, whether one reaffirms it or repudiates it" (Scanlon, 1964). In Africa's continuous effort to decolonize her societies, it may be necessary to recall the caution in Ralph Perry's dictum that

Political Development Theory: The Contemporary Debate

Abstract: This book examines development theory from a political persepctive. It considers modernisation theory and public policy, as well as Marxism, the state, and the third world.

Mafia, peasants and great estates: society in traditional Calabria

Abstract: The nature of traditional societies in Mediterranean countries and the effect on those societies brought about in the twentieth century, have long been debated; but in general these debates has started from an assumption of the relatively homogenous nature of traditional peasant society. In this book Pino Arlacchi demolishes that assumption by demonstrating that within the Italian region of Calabria there existed not one but a range of 'traditional' societies. This book will be of interest to a wide range of sociologists, anthropologists, historians and development economists concerned with the nature of traditional societies and the impact of modernisation on them. Written in a vivd style and offering fascinating insights into the people and history of Calabria, the book will also appeal to general readers interested in the Italian south and the mafia.

External economic dependency and changing human adjustment to marginal environment in the High Himalaya, Nepal.

Abstract: Extensive areas of the High Himalaya are economically backward. Other areas, such as Khumbu Himal, are influenced by tourism and modernization which thereby affects the way of life of the local people. The traditional subsistence agriculture is being replaced by a transitional agricultural system. Tourist trekking is competing with traditional demands for both human and natural resources. The results include significant changes in the traditional agricultural patterns and exploitation of other natural resources, especially forest for firewood and grazing land. Political, social, cultural, and economic factors affect the processes of change. Traditional Buddhist values are exposed to western influence and this leads to internal socio-economic and socio-cultural re-structuring. Relative self-sufficiency in food is giving way to an economic dependence on the external world.

Reforming China's Bureaucracy, 1979-82

Abstract: One of the most pressing concerns of leaders of Third World countries is to increase the efficiency of government administration. Overstaffing, waste, corruption, and inertia are chronic problems in the civil services of much of the developing world, where governments are often the principal employer, salaries are low, and resources are very limited. Chinese administration, no less than the administration of other developing countries, has also suffered from inefficiency and other bureaucratic abuses. Since 1978, China's leaders have once again concluded that economic modernization depends on a rational and efficient bureaucracy. This has led them to propose an ambitious package of administrative reforms, including renewed emphasis on moral education to popularize among cadres the mass line" theory of leadership; vigilant law enforcement to curb corruption and other "bureaucratic" abuses; reorganization of state and party institutions to reduce overstaffing and duplication; and reform of the personnel system to improve recruitment, performance appraisal, and training processes. The recent initiative was preceded by earlier attempts at bureaucratic reform: the "crack troops and simple administration" campaigns of 1941 to 1943; concerted drives to eliminate "bureaucratism, corruption, and waste" during the Three-Anti's Campaign in 1952; an attempt to simplify administrative organizations in 1955; mobilization to eliminate corruption among rural cadres during the Four Clean-Ups Campaign from 1963 to 1965; and drastic simplification of the state machine during the Cultural Revolution

Ethnic Ineqality in Iran: An Overview

Abstract: In this paper we discussed socioeconomic inequality among ethnic communities in Iran. There were significant clues to the widening gap between Persian and non-Persian communities. That is, contrary to the existing theories, modernization and industrialization have not been accompanied with improvement in the distribution of the resources among ethnic communities; rather they have increased inequality. Thus, we looked into the particular nature of Iranian modernization for causes of interethnic inequality. Political centralization, domination of Persian language and culture, and centralization of early industrialization contributed much to the development of the interethnic inequality at early stage of the Iranian modernization. In the new area, the 1960s–1970s, the existing gap was further widened by centralized and urban-biased economic growth. This was possible only because of the government's unique access to the increasing oil revenues which were generated with very little help from the domestic means of production.

A modernização em nova perspectiva: em busca do modelo da possibilidade

Abstract: 14.00 14.00 This paper represents an attempt to purge contemporary social science, and particularly the theory of modernization, of the residues of nineteenth century metaphysical evolutionism. According to the author, the writings about modernization can be placed on a continuum, the poles of which can be called Theory N and Theory P. The main assumption of Theory N, as far as modernization is concerned, is that there is a law of historical necessity that pushes every society to try to attain the stage occupied by the so-called developed or modernized societies. These societies show the so-called developing societies the image of their future. Consequently, with this understanding, the authors of Theory N refer to dichotomies such as developed versus developing nations, and "referent" versus "follower" societies. Ordinarily, many that talk about "obstacles to development" or "prerequisites of modernization" are conditioned by the deterministic assumptions of Theory N, by a frozen archetype of modernization, more or less identified with the present stage of Western Europe or of United States. On the other hand, in relation to modernization, Theory P has two main characteristics: it supposes that modernity is not located in any part of the world; that the process of modernization is not to be oriented to any Platonic archetype; and it holds that any nation, whatever its contemporary configuration, always has its own possibilities of modernization, the implementation of which can be disturbed by the superimposition of a frozen, normative model, extrinsic to those possibilities. The author observes that Warren Bennis and Robert Chin ask correct1y for theories of changing instead of theories of change. The author thinks that this question can be answered only by a concrete and existential social science, based on the possibility model, some of whose guidelines he presents in this paper. Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;} Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin-top:0cm; mso-para-margin-right:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt; mso-para-margin-left:0cm; line-height:115%; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}

The Modernization of Corporate Law: An Essay for Bill Cary

Abstract: The business reality to which corporate law relates is constantly evolving. The author argues that in many critical areas, corporate statutory law has failed to evolve alongside that business reality, with the result that much of the statutory law is obsolescent and in need of modernization. After discussing some of the institutional reasons for this statutory obsolescence, he illustrates the problem by discussing the areas of corporate combinations, shareholders' informational rights, corporate distributions, and corporate structure, and describes how a few statutes have managed to deal with the underlying issues in these areas in a realistic manner. He concludes by discussing the prospects for modernizing corporate statutory law.

The Three World theory and post-Mao China's global strategy

Abstract: After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979, China in its alarm turned increasingly to the West, in particular to the United States. The Chinese quest for modernization also pushed Beijing ever closer to the industrial states, while its much publicized relations with Third World countries were neglected. Since this time, the Three World theory has rarely been mentioned by Chinese officials. However, the more recent deterioration in Sino-American relations, due partly to disputes over Washington's arms sales to Taiwan, and the reappearance in the official Chinese press of criticism directed against both superpowers as hegemonists, have prompted China-watchers to speculate that Beijing is reviving the theory of the Three Worlds. Nothing could be further from the truth. The cooling of Beijing's attitude toward Washington not only does not indicate the resurgence of the Three World theory, it signals clearly a policy shift in the opposite direction. This article argues as its central thesis that notwithstanding the extreme flexibility of the Three World theory, changes in the international environment and in China's domestic political development have shattered its basic tenets. The once celebrated united front strategy has been greatly undermined in Beijing's policy calculations; China is feeling its way toward an integrated foreign policy emphasizing friendly or at least working relations with all countries.

Toward a nonethnocentric theory of development: alternative conceptions from the Third World.

Abstract: Rejection of the Western i.e. North-West European and US model of development in its several varieties is now widespread throughout the 3rd world and there are many new and existing efforts on the part of intellectuals and political elites throughout these areas to assert new and indigenous models of development. These efforts represent serious and fundamental challenges to many cherished social science assumptions and understandings and to the presumption of a universal social science of development. Underestimating or continuing to disregard such changes raises the risk of both perpetuating malcomprehension of the 3rd world areas and retaining a social science of development that is parochial and ethnocentric rather than accurate and comprehensive. The 3rd world critique of the Western model and pattern of development as inapprorpiate and irrelevant or partially so to their circumstances and conditions is both widespread and growing. Recent trends differ from earlier critiques of Western modernization theory because the attacks have become far more pervasive they are shared more generally by society as a whole they have taken on global connotations and the criticisms are no longer solely negative but are now accompanied by an assertion of other alternative often indigenous approaches. The debate is no longer policy implications as well. A nonethnocentric theory of development is coming to the fore. The implications of dealing with indigenous institutions and of nonethnocentric theories and concepts of development are enormous. 3 major areas of impact may be noted. The first concerns the 3rd world and nonwestern nations themselves e.g. their efforts to overcome historical inferiority complexes their reconceived possibilities for development the newfound importance of their traditional institutions the rediscovery of many and complex routes to development and their new sense of pride and accomplishment. It will take a while before the 3rd world can articulate and mold these diverse concepts into viable and realistic development models. Second it is necessary to reexamine a host of essentially Western science assumptions and to be prepared to accept an Islamic African and/or a Latin American social science of development and to strike some new balances between what is particularin the development process and what does in fact conform to more universal patterns. The third area is major foreign policy implications.

De-collectivisation of agriculture in China, 1979–82: a long-term perspective

Abstract: De-collectivisation of Agriculture in China, 1979-82 A Long-Term Perspective Peter Nolan It is in agriculture that the most far-reaching changes have occurred in China's political economy over the past three or four years. Fundamental institutional reform has taken place amounting to a 'de-collectivisation' of the peasantry comparable in importance to the ' collectivisation' in the mid- 1950s. A cornerstone of the 'Maoist model' of development was the rural collective structure. It appeared to many outside observers that China under Mao had been remarkably successful in evolving farm institutions that were capable of attaining rapid farm modernisation with a lower degree of inequality than existed in capitalist settings.

Child-spacing in tropical Africa: traditions and change

Abstract: This collection of papers by various authors focuses on the demographic consequences of current child-spacing patterns and trends in tropical Africa and on the socioeconomic and cultural environment that underpins traditional practices and differential changes in these practices. The most prevalent traditional practices namely prolonged breast-feeding and postpartum abstinence are discussed and shifts occurring as a result of modernization are analyzed. The book is based on studies conducted primarily in the 1970s. (ANNOTATION)

Rural India. Land, Power and Society under British Rule

Abstract: A new printing of a volume which has influenced many scholars, and has often been adopted as a text for teaching, this book of essays delves deeply into specific cases, and questions the meanings of familiar terms and categories. The view of India which they contain is in many senses radical, but also reinforced by recent research. The central issue is how rural India related to the wider world under foreign rule. This raises matters of lively and continuing debate--such as colonial impact and possible continuities from pre-colonial times, the meanings of property, markets and "modernization," the extent of rural autonomy, and the degree of conceptual and practical equivalence between the local and the universal. Land and power are the major subjects of the book, but it also pursues issues of disease (the plague), politics and religion (Muslims in the Punjab), and literature (Tarashankar Banerjee).

PD‐59, NSDD‐13 and the Reagan strategic modernization program

Abstract: (1983) PD‐59, NSDD‐13 and the Reagan strategic modernization program Journal of Strategic Studies: Vol 6, No 2, pp 125-146

Peace and Development Contradictions and Compatibilities

Abstract: A 'positive' (analytical-descriptive) approach to the study of the peace-development relationship is contrasted to a value-oriented (normative) one. It is argued that both approaches are fruitful and that much can be gained from reconciling the two rather than making a too strong distinction between them. This facilitates a problem-oriented and solution-oriented research. Three elements are identified as necesssary in problem-oriented research: the analysis of the problem, the exploration of alternatives, and the identification of social carriers of alternative development. Preliminary analysis indicates that 'mainstream' models of development (i.e. growth and modernization models) create internal and external conflicts that breed and feed the arms race. Consequently, the basic argument is that the proposed causal link between disarmament and development - the former creating the latter - should be reversed: Rather than to conceive of disarmament as a condition for development, one would argue that development - that is development of another kind - is a condition for disarmament. The main carriers of another development in present-day industrial countries - carriers, that is, of 'counterpoint' ideas and values - are the 'post-materialist' movements such as the environmental, women's liberation, peace, and ethnic and linguistic movements. In the Third World, there are other, but corresponding, forces which favour another development.

The modernization of rural France: Communications networks and agricultural market structures in nineteenth-century France

Abstract: This book, first published in 1983, is a major contribution to our understanding of how and why French rural peasant society became modernised by radical changes in the communications system – in particular, the coming of the railways. The author argues that complex changes in the transport systems, and their effects on agricultural market structures, finally brought traditional French rural civilisation to an end. With the extension of commercialisation, and the widening of horizons, new economic and social structures – and changed attitudes – rapidly came into being. Writing as an economic historian, the author has adopted an interdisciplinary approach to this study which incorporates economic, sociological, historical and geographical methods and data.

Law, Public Policy, and Industrialization in the California Fisheries, 1900–1925

Abstract: Fisheries are paradigmatic of renewable resources because of their ecological delicacy, their vulnerability to the indirect effects of economic activity, and, above all, their nonexclusive or “common-property” nature. In this article, Professor McEvoy shows how the California fishing industry, drawing upon some of the most fertile renewable resources in the world, underwent massive, thoroughgoing modernization in the first quarter of this century, triggered by the mechanization of fishing and the coincident opening of worldwide markets to local fish processors. Public agencies charged with the oversight of the industry and the conservation of fishery resources made valiant efforts to keep pace with new problems thrust upon them by the sudden industrialization of fishing. Their failure to do so effectively illustrates in stark relief the nature of twentieth-century problems in the management of wildlife, air, water, and other shared resources in a competitive economy.

The invention of English individualism: Alan Macfarlane and the modernization of pre‐modern England∗

Abstract: (1983). The invention of English individualism: Alan Macfarlane and the modernization of pre‐modern England. Social History: Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 345-363.

Eros and Modernization: Sylvester Graham, Health Reform, and the Origins of Victorian Sexuality in America

Abstract: Examining the social and intellectual changes that produced a Victorian attitude toward sexuality in America, this book focuses on a loose alliance of reformers who fearing disorder and the weakening of traditional institutions, advocated better health habits and stricter sexual morality.

Mafia, peasants, and great estates

Abstract: The nature of traditional societies in Mediterranean countries and the effect on those societies brought about in the twentieth century, have long been debated; but in general these debates has started from an assumption of the relatively homogenous nature of traditional peasant society. In this book Pino Arlacchi demolishes that assumption by demonstrating that within the Italian region of Calabria there existed not one but a range of 'traditional' societies. This book will be of interest to a wide range of sociologists, anthropologists, historians and development economists concerned with the nature of traditional societies and the impact of modernisation on them. Written in a vivd style and offering fascinating insights into the people and history of Calabria, the book will also appeal to general readers interested in the Italian south and the mafia.

Judaism and Modernization: The Case of the Religious Kibbutzim

Abstract: This is a study in the sociology of Judaism as a religious culture. The analyses of historic Judaism by Werner Sombart and Max Weber imply that this religion bears a strong modernization potential, but this has not been substantiated by empirical examination. This paper seeks to demonstrate the actualization of this potential, as suggested directly by Sombart and broadly and obliquely by Weber, through modernizing movements that arose within rabbinic Judaism. The orthodox kibbutz federation in Israel is singled out as a case study for demonstrating such actualization, by virtue of the socialist structure of its settlements and its outstanding economic success. It is contended that it is primarily the political ethic of Judaism that impels this religion toward modernization.

The Political Economy of Development: A Theoretical Reconsideration of Some Unresolved Issues

Abstract: The past three decades have witnessed far-reaching changes and a revolution of sorts both in the Third World countries and in the theoretical frameworks employed in the study of development and underdevelopment. The methodological achievements which have accompanied these theoretical innovations have in many respects approximated the kind of scientific transformations in the natural sciences that Kuhn (1970) describes as the structure of scientific revolutions. Discussing the history of scientific discovery Kuhn (1970: 52-65) draws attention to the distinction between normal science and scientific revolutions. He specifically emphasizes the critical importance of the discovery of anomalous data and how the “awareness of [such an] anomaly, the gradual and simultaneous emergence of both observational and conceptual recognition” of the inadequacies of the currently dominant paradigm in dealing with the existing problems, prepare the ground for its overthrow or suppression. Until the late 1960s problems of development in the Third World were characteristically examined from the perspective of the dominant paradigm: the modernization theory. Classical modernization theory placed central consideration on the internal conditions of the state: institutional structures, culture, attitudes, and value systems. In the early 1970s, the crises and contradictions which surrounded modernization theory reached an alarming proportion and created the “necessary precondition for the emergence of novel theories” (Kuhn, 1970: 77). Aside from the increasing frustration and general dissatisfaction of underdeveloped countries with “growth without development” (Clower et al., 1966), it was clear that the existing international economic system had failed to spread the benefits of world economic prosperity between the developed and underdeveloped countries.