Showing papers on "Modernization theory published in 1986"
Book•
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: In a concisely written and provocative book as discussed by the authors, the author traces the process of rethinking by going back to the nineteenth-century origins of political sociology and economy, and explores more recent attempts by American scholarship to fashion from the writings of Smith, Marx, Spencer, Weber, and Durkheim a new universal theory of modernization and political change.
Abstract: Recent economic and political developments in the Third World and in Communist and advanced industrial societies have challenged some of the most cherished assumptions of social science, forcing social scientists to rethink many of the categories of their discipline. In a concisely written and provocative book, the author traces this process of rethinking. He does so by going back to the nineteenth-century origins of political sociology and economy, and by exploring more recent attempts by American scholarship to fashion from the writings of Smith, Marx, Spencer, Weber, and Durkheim a new universal theory of modernization and political change. The author argues that these attempts led to a new intellectual crisis, which could be resolved only by a "paradigm shift," that is, by refocusing the discipline from the classical concept of social relations to a new global concept of the division of labor and systems of exchange. Overall, the volume may be read both as an intellectual history of modern political science, and as an attempt to fashion an analytical tool for empirical research. As such, it will be of interest to students of political philosophy as well as of comparative politics.
57 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: In the traditional social system of Indian society prior to the beginning of modernization, the principles of hierarchy, holism, continuity and transcendence were deeply interlocked with other elements of Indian social structure as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Tradition, by which we mean value—themes encompassing the entire social system of Indian society prior to the beginning of modernization was organized on the principles of hierarchy, holism, continuity and transcendence. These four value-themes were deeply interlocked with other elements of Indian social structure. Hierarchy was engrained not only in the system of case and sub-caste stratification but also in the Hindu concepts of human nature, occupational life cycles (ashrams), and moral duties (drama). Holism implied a relationship between individual and group in which the former was encompassed by the latter in respect of duties and rights; what had precedence here was community or sangha and not the individual. This subsumption of individual by collectivity persisted all along the line of traditional social structure, e.g., family, village community, caste and political territory or nation. Communalism in traditional social system was reinforced through the value system of continuity which in Hinduism was symbolized by principles of karma, transmigration of soul and a cyclical view of change. The principle of transcendence also posited that legitimation of traditional values could never be challenged on grounds of rationality derived from the nonsacred or profane scales of evaluation. It formed a super-concept contributing to integration as well as rationalization of the other value-themes of tradition.
56 citations
46 citations
Book•
17 Dec 1986
TL;DR: Link's account of the transformation of Virginia's country schools between 1870 and 1920 fills important gaps in the history of education and the social history of the South as mentioned in this paper, focusing on the impact of localism and community on the processes of public education, first as a motive force in the spread of schooling, then as a powerful factor that collided with the goals of urban reformers.
Abstract: William Link's account of the transformation of Virginia's country schools between 1870 and 1920 fills important gaps in the history of education and the social history of the South. His theme is the impact of localism and community on the processes of public education -- first as a motive force in the spread of schooling, then as a powerful factor that collided with the goals of urban reformers.After the Civil War, localism dominated every dimension of education in rural Virginia and in the rural South. School expansion depended upon local enthusiasm and support, and rural education was increasingly integrated into this environment. These schools mirrored the values of the society. Drawing expertly from varied sources, Link recreates this local world: the ways in which schools were organized and governed, the experiences of teachers and students, and the impact of local control. In so doing, he reveals the harmony of the nineteenth-century, one-room school with its surrounding community.After 1900, the schools entered a long period of change. They became a prime target of urban social reformers who regarded localism as a corrosive force responsible for the South's weak political structure, racial tensions, and economic underdevelopment. School reformers began a process that ultimately reshaped every dimension of rural public education in Virginia. During the decades surrounding World War I they initiated sweeping changes in governance, curriculum, and teacher training that would have an impact for the next several generations. They also attempted -- for the most part successfully -- to impose a segregated pedagogy.Link carefully develops the role of the Virginia reformers, never assuming that reform and modernization were unmixed blessings. The reformers succeeded, he argues, only by recognizing the power and significance of local control and by respecting the strength of community influence over schools.Originally published in 1986.A UNC Press Enduring Edition -- UNC Press Enduring Editions use the latest in digital technology to make available again books from our distinguished backlist that were previously out of print. These editions are published unaltered from the original, and are presented in affordable paperback formats, bringing readers both historical and cultural value.
42 citations
TL;DR: A recent survey of regionalism in western Europe lists some fifty active regional movements as discussed by the authors, while another account refers to no less than 187 ethnic activist associations in France alone, which can be defined as the persistence of subnational and transnational differences, identities, and commitments.
Abstract: A conceptual discussion of regionalism in western Europe should bear in mind that we are confronted by a novel dimension of societal conflict unforeseen until recently by the analysis and prognoses of modem social science. Also, a new political perspective of territorial fragmentation can be observed in all advanced industrial democracies. One recent survey of regionalism in western Europe lists some fifty active regional movements,' while another account refers to no less than 187 ethnic activist associations in France alone.2 A rapidly expanding body of literature has been focusing on ethnic conflict in the western world, territorial politics in industrial nations, the impact of center-periphery conflict on nation-building and spatial variations in politics, and the overall trends of decentralization in western democracies.3 Critical observers have noted, however, that due to a centralist Weltanschauung both politicians and political scientists have been slow to recognize decentralization as a general trend. Consequently, they have failed to anticipate the impact of regional movements on politics in western Europe.4 Regionalism is used as a common denominator in order to understand such diverse and yet overlapping concepts as territoriality, ethnicity, and socioeconomic disparity as components of the same general phenomenon. The concept focuses on the objective existence of regional differences within and across the boundaries of nation-states and on the subjective perceptions of these differences. It is important to note that subjective perceptions, while often serving as the driving force of regional movements, may not accurately reflect objective conditions.5 Regional differences can be political, economic, sociocultural, or, most likely, a combination of these. Regionalism can then be defined as the persistence of subnational and transnational differences, identities, and commitments. In the context of the modern centralized nation-state, the main characteristics of regionalism and its perception are geopolitical distance, sociocultural difference, and socioeconomic dependence.6 It will be argued here that in these terms regionalism is an inevitable product and consequence of the uneven development of the modern capitalist state. Why, then, has the recognition of this fact been so late and reluctant? The analytical endeavors of modem social science are much too focused on the explanation of existing sociopolitical phenomena and therefore lack a more anticipatory dimension. Lijphart cites an impressive list of reasons for this failure, with modernization and integration theories and their emphasis on the irreversible process of homogenization as the most plausible ones. Consequently, the conceptual efforts of catching up with anunexpected reality are described as a move from "falsified predictions" to "plausible postdictions".7 Apart from the persistence of modernization ideologies there is another major cause for
39 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relationship between structural characteristics associated with modernity and the ratio of property crimes to homicides, and developed a model to develop a correlation between these structural characteristics and crime rates.
Abstract: The objectives of this article are to examine the relationships between several structural characteristics associated with modernity and the ratio of property crimes to homicides, and to develop a ...
37 citations
TL;DR: In the half-century of rapid development preceding the first world war, the great majority of Bombay's populace, its ordinary working classes, experienced significant declines in living standards, worsening environmental conditions and escalating death rates as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Historians, statesmen, administrators, nationalists and others have disagreed sharply about the impact of modernization in the era of Western domination. Did Western rule provide the tools for Indian progress but did economically medieval, ‘other-worldly’ Indians fail to maximize the benefits of modernization and even thwart advances? Conversely, did Western imperialism systematically impoverish India by making it a ‘satellite,’ freezing the subcontinent into a neo-feudal social pattern while sucking up its wealth? Finally, is a ‘new revisionist’ interpretation correct that India experienced real if undramatic economic growth during the Western era and that notions of exploitation or Indian suffering induced by development were myths? Interpretations expressing either the great success and benign innovations of Western rule, or its exploitiveness both appear flawed, according to Bombay's modernizing experience. Bombay underwent a great expansion of wealth and became the source of India's new factory textile production, the hub of a great newwork of trasport and trade, and the cosmopolitan abode of wealth Indian merchants, industrialist and professionals, whose affluence, modernity, industrializing activies and eventual nationalist orientation distinguished them from a supine or neo-feudal comprador class, cooperating with Western masters in exploiting ‘natives’ for a myrmidon's share of the profits. Alternatively, Bombay's prosperity did not flow down to the masses; its modernization was complex, dynamically helping to produce progress and wealth, but for some decades impoverishing and destroying many lives. In the half-century of rapid development preceding the first world war, the great majority of Bombay's populace, its ordinary working classes, experienced significant declines in living standards, worsening environmental conditions and escalating death-rates. Diminished real income and increased mortality among Bombay's ordinary inhabitants warn against extrapolating from rising indices of material production an optimistic conclusion about the general human condition in the city or in British India.
35 citations
TL;DR: The analysis of external and internal aspects of the Japanese family today reveal that it is not modern or traditional but an harmonious blending of both modernity and tradition as mentioned in this paper, and that the exter...
Abstract: Analysis of external and internal aspects of the Japanese family today reveal that it is not modern or traditional but an harmonious blending of both modernity and tradition. For example, the exter...
29 citations
TL;DR: The rift between PR China and the USSR in the early 1960s followed by the Cultural Revolution of 1966-1976 had paralysed the Chinese tourism industry as mentioned in this paper and the subsequent instigation by the Chinese government of the 'Open Doors' policy led to a resurgence of activity motivated by the need to further relationships with other countries, to accumulate funds for modernization programmes, and to provide economic security for the Chinese people.
25 citations
TL;DR: The view that the opening up of Africa by metropolitan capitalism, particularly during the period of direct colonial rule, was bound to lead through evolutionary stages to economic development and modernisation has long since fallen into scholarly disrepute as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The view that the opening up of Africa by metropolitan capitalism, particularly during the period of direct colonial rule, was bound to lead through evolutionary stages to economic development and modernisation has long since fallen into scholarly disrepute. In the atmosphere of radical pessimism that has pervaded academic perspectives on Africa since independence, an altogether more sceptical view of the beneficence of Africa's integration into imperial economies has prevailed. But as is often the case in scholarly debate, thesis and antithesis occupy the same battleground, and both tend to view the world through similar lenses. What modernisation and underdevelopment theories have in common is the assumption of a single universal dynamic in the making of the modern world; exposure to market forces is thus apparently destined either to reshape third world societies in the image of industrial Europe, or to “underdevelop” them in the interests of capital accumulation in the metropoles.
Book•
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: The authors examines how the First World War pushed the US into the 20th century and argues that America's accelerated modernisation during the early years of the century was brought on by the war's emphasis on unity, efficiency and standardisation in government, business and social life.
Abstract: This enlightening work examines how the First World War pushed the US into the 20th century. According to the author, America's accelerated modernisation during the early years of the century was brought on by the war's emphasis on unity, efficiency and standardisation in government, business and social life. This process both heightened public awareness of the many changes that had already taken place and brought to a head the conflict between old and new, rural and urban, which was to dominate the 1920s.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a theoretical framework of the spatial, social, and cultural manipulation of pastoral nomads through the process of delivering educational services, and examine the case of delivering these services to the Israeli Negev Bedouin who, unlike other nomadic societies, have been undergoing processes of sedentarization and social modernization within a modern Jewish state.
Abstract: Pastoral nomads in Africa and the Middle East have recently come under intensifying contacts with governments through processes of sedentarization and social modernization. The dialectics of these processes have the capacity to make nomads dependent upon public goods, thus equipping governments with manipulative tools to bring nomads under political control. A major tool in this regard has been the delivery of public educational services. This paper is an attempt first to provide a theoretical framework of the spatial, social, and cultural manipulation of pastoral nomads through the process of delivering educational services. The case is then examined of delivering these services to the Israeli Negev Bedouin who, unlike other nomadic societies, have been undergoing processes of sedentarization and social modernization within a modern Jewish state.
TL;DR: In the post-Mao China, the Deng Xiaoping leadership is willing to tolerate religious practices and to rebuild religious institutions as discussed by the authors, but this tolerance does not stem from a greater appreciation of religion, but from the desire to exert tighter control over religion.
Abstract: Increased interest in religion in post-Mao China stems from disillusionment with Marxism-Leninism-Maoism and the destructiveness of the Cultural Revolution. Young people, in particular, are searching for a new belief system. Equally important, the Deng Xiaoping leadership is willing to tolerate religious practices and to rebuild religious institutions. Its seemingly benign policy does not stem from a greater appreciation of religion, but from the desire to exert tighter control over religion. The repression of the Cultural Revolution had driven religion underground, outside the Party's control; thus, the Deng leadership's policy of religious tolerance is to lure religious believers from private to public worship, where the Party can reassert its control. Its religious tolerance is also aimed at winning the cooperation of relatively well-educated Christian converts and the assistance of Western nations in its drive for economic modernization.
Book•
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: The role of US policy in promoting the defense industries of South Korea and Taiwan is discussed in this paper, where the authors present a broad view of security in the Dependent State.
Abstract: List of Figures - Acknowledgements - Introduction: Defense in the Dependent State - The Role of US Policy in Promoting the Defense Industries of South Korea and Taiwan - The Defense Industries of Taiwan and South Korea in Detail - Modernization in the Garrison State - Conclusion: A Broad View of Security - Bibliography - Index
TL;DR: In a 1976 collection of essays entitled Victorian America, Daniel Walker Howe and several other American historians demonstrated the many facets of a more or less unified Anglo-American worldview in the nineteenth century.
Abstract: In a 1976 collection of essays entitled Victorian America, Daniel Walker Howe and several other American historians demonstrated the many facets of a more or less unified Anglo-American worldview in the nineteenth century.' Howe's excellent introductory essay, "Victorian Culture in America,"' discussed the especially close cultural connections between the countries stemming from their economies and ideologies. The United States and England possessed, he shows, a huge web of mutual beliefs in orderliness, personal self-control, and competitiveness and shared assumptions about education, race, modernization, and the proper role of women. Howe explained the perpetuation of this "Victorian cultural community" by citing the impact of a blossoming transatlantic communications system and the rapid spread of literacy in both England and America. Closer to the subject of music, he noted that "British-American Victorianism came under increasing German influence... especially in education and 'high culture.'"2 It is self-evident that America is indebted to European and especially British cultural forces and forms, but by recognizing an Anglo-American cultural unity at the outset of this discussion, I can more easily pinpoint the contribution of American blacks to Victorian stage entertainment as a whole. If we assume that forces favoring the cultivation of oratorios, operas, and symphonies came from East to West, from the Old World to the New, we should not make the identical assumption about banjo tunes and minstrel songs. English recognition of the black entertainer as a new and special force on the world stage suggests that cultural novelties do not drift in only one direction.
TL;DR: It is necessary to ask whether the construction of a new historical sociology of the role of death and disease in social change still omits dimensions of the social impact of diseases and disabilities and the experiences of patients.
Abstract: German medicine has been the object of much national pride and popular concern. German medical sciences reigned supreme in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with many brilliant discoveries which have laid the foundations of modem medicine. But health and medicine were not just the concerns of a scientific elite. There is a popular politics of health, of antiestablishment beliefs against medical interventionism (like the anti-vaccination movement), and a range of therapeutic or democratically inspired alternatives. I Changes in personal hygiene, in nutrition, and in the development of welfare have been the product of a complex range of economic and political factors. Levels of health and of the incidence of disease provide a sensitive index of social inequalities. There has already been a generation of historical research inspired by the Annales approach to the study of mentalities, behaviour, sexuality and the universals of birth, childhood, marriage, disease and death. My aim here will be to indicate some trends in the research on the problems of health and medicine in the modernization of German society. A process of the extension of rational, scientific values in medicine to a wide range of social activities ('medicalization') has been linked to professionalization, bureaucratization and in the final analysis to industrialization. It is necessary to ask whether the construction ofwhat amounts to a new historical sociology of the role of death and disease in social change still omits dimensions of the social impact of diseases and disabilities and the experiences of patients. That the understanding of social factors in health and disease has been obscured has itself historical causes, associated with the interaction of scientific advance and industrialization in the nineteenth century. Military and state authorities increasingly supported scientific medical research and hygiene. These were to alleviate ill-health which was an indicator of social inequality and aggravated political conflicts. Socialists demanded free state medical services, and the state supported the extension of public health measures on the basis of the new science of bacteriology. Medicine in this sense became part of a technocratic strategy of curing social ills. Great discoveries
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the role of the SEZ along China's coast zone and their place in the programs of modernization in Chinese industry, and made a special case study of Shenzhen SEZ where the Chinese government has attempted to promote the inflow of foreign capital and technology while at the same time maintaining control over the direction and type of development taking place.
Abstract: The creation of Special Economic Zones in China in the post-1979 period has attracted the interest of scholars both inside and outside China. This paper examines the role of the Special Economic Zones along China's coast zone and their place in the programs of modernization in Chinese industry. A special case study is made of Shenzhen SEZ where the Chinese government has attempted to promote the inflow of foreign capital and technology while at the same time maintaining control over the direction and type of development taking place. The state has deployed joint ventures and local firms as the platform into which new technology is injected and from which new industries in the interior of the country will be spawned.
Book•
07 Aug 1986
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyse the historical, economic, political, geographical, legal, planning, and management aspects of China's special economic zones, and discuss their original motivations, current problems, and future prospects in relation to China's overall programme of modernization and economic reform.
Abstract: In this volume, the authors analyse the historical, economic, political, geographical, legal, planning, and management aspects of China's special economic zones, and discuss their original motivations, current problems, and future prospects in relation to China's overall programme of modernization and economic reform
Book•
06 Mar 1986
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that reform' groups pose the greatest threat to our country's security, because their agendas generally impede progress and modernization, and this book should be part of every professional development program.
Abstract: "This book should be part of every professional development program In fact, this book shows that reform' groups pose the greatest threat to our country's security, because their agendas generally impede progress and modernization For this reason, if for no other, soldiers and civilians should read it"
Book•
01 Jan 1986
TL;DR: The Santals of Mayurbhanj District in Orissa, one of the largest tribal communities in India, embrace a proud and traditional society with unique value systems, social hierarchies, and a strong sense of identity as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The Santals of Mayurbhanj District in Orissa, one of the largest tribal communities in India, embrace a proud and traditional society with unique value systems, social hierarchies, and a strong sense of identity. Currently, the Santals, torn between tradition and modernity, are trying to forge a new identity and evolve new attitudes toward individual and community, illness, medicine and witchcraft, politics, and religion. Based on extensive field research, this insightful anthropological study closely detrmines what happens to a traditional society exposed to forces of rapid modernization.
Book•
27 Jun 1986
TL;DR: The Population History of England as mentioned in this paper traces the demographic changes that occurred in a major European country throughout the early modern period and during the industrial revolution, and it is therefore also possible to test our understanding of the functioning of early modern economies in relation to their demographic patterns against the new empirical data.
Abstract: With the publication of The Population History of England in 1981 it has become possible for the first time to trace in detail the demographic changes that occurred in a major European country throughout the early modern period and during the industrial revolution. It is therefore also now possible to test our understanding of the functioning of early modern economies in relation to their demographic patterns against the new empirical data. The discussion of this historical theme, first initiated by Malthus in the late eighteenth century, can now be taken a substantial step further. All of the essays published here take advantage of this new possibility, either by using the English data themselves, or by reflecting on the implications of a comparison between English patterns and those found elsewhere. The essays contribute not only to a richer understanding of the relationships in the past between population and economy, but also to a fuller appreciation of the circumstances that limited economic growth in preindustrial economies and with the train of events that led to the escape from these constraints with the industrial revolution.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The analysis presents evidence that the society is experiencing a change in its family formation, mating process and family type, and this transition is to some extent towards the characteristics of the Western World, but in a poor economy.
Abstract: The author examines developments in marriage patterns in Bangladesh in light of social cultural and economic conditions. Previous literature on the subject is used to discuss Muslim marriage Hindu marriage child marriage mate selection and social mobility and the question of a marriage squeeze. "The analysis presents evidence that the society is experiencing a change in its family formation mating process and family type. This transition is to some extent towards the characteristics of [the] Western World but in a poor economy. Part of this transition is due to the effect of modernization and part due to increasing poverty." (EXCERPT)
TL;DR: For example, this paper proposed a method to simplify the Chinese characters, popularize Putonghua [common speech], and promote the revised Chinese romanization called Hanyu Pinyin Fang'an (or simply PinyIN).
Abstract: After the Opium War of 1840, and especially the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, there started in China the Language Reform Movement, with the aim of modernizing the Chinese language, both spoken and written. After the revolution of 1911, the early Beijing Government of the Republic of China promoted the national language (Guoyu), changed the classical style of writing to the vernacular style, and adopted in 1918 the soundnotating alphabet in character form (Zhuyin Zimu). In 1928 the National Government in Nanjing published the National Language Romanization (Guoyu Romazi). In 1958 the People's Republic of China decreed that the Language Reform Movement should comprise three present-day tasks: (1) to simplify the Chinese characters; (2) to popularize Putonghua [common speech]; and (3) to work out and promote the revised Chinese romanization called Hanyu Pinyin Fang'an (or simply Pinyin). Language reform has long been a subject of dispute. Even the vernacular movement of the Chinese Renaissance, which grew in prominence after May 4, 1919, is still questioned by certain scholars in and outside of China. Simplification of Chinese characters and romanization fanned even hotter disputes. Such disputes are useful, for they can improve and push forward the reform, making it more rational and scientific.
TL;DR: The Marshall plan aid enabled France to emerge from the post-war crisis on the road to integration and European contruction, but it had consequences on the French choices of economic development by accelerating the modernization of its overseas territories, by basing its trade towards the West at the expense of towards Eastern Europe, and by favoring the political weight of the moderates as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: American aid to France after the Second World War, Gerard Bossuat. ; The Marshall plan aid enabled France to emerge from the post-war crisis on the road to integration and European contruction. But it had consequences on the French choices of economic development by accelerating the modernization of its overseas territories, by basing its trade towards the West at the expense of towards Eastern Europe, and by favoring the political weight of the moderates. It weighed on the balance of payments, and above all, more than making France an « assisted » country, it did not totally succeed in bringing it out of its identity crisis of the 40s.
TL;DR: In recent years several social scientists have raised questions related to development methods and ideas: Arndt, Bhatt, Goldschmidt, Poffenberger and Zurbuchen, and Sederberg.
Abstract: In recent years several social scientists have raised questions related to development methods and ideas: Arndt, Bhatt, Goldschmidt, Greenfield and Strickon, Monu, Poffenberger and Zurbuchen, and Sederberg.' Sederberg's general questioning of modernization results in his emphasizing a steady-state (no growth) economy, appropriate technology, and smaller programs and plans (focusing on community instead of society) as leading to a more suitable future. Monu proposes that the Western style of agricultural development is somewhat inapplicable, inappropriate, and counterproductive to African small farmers. Arndt questions the idea that economic growth is synonymous with economic development. Goldschmidt outlines an "anthropological approach to economic development." Poffenberger and Zurbuchen ask, Why persist in advocating economic notions of the industrial world when traditional economic and technological arrangements benefit villagers as much or more? Bhatt concludes that rather than being viewed as competing adversaries, traditional and modern agricultural technologies should be adapted to one another. All these critiques manifest social scientists' discontent with developmental methods, with ideas rationalizing policies of development, or with both methods and ideas. The most comprehensive among the critiques mentioned is Greenfield and Strickon's consideration of how individuals and society relate to social change or development. (Their article is applicable beyond agricultural development.) They describe the thrust to modernize the Third World following World War II as having involved the nineteenth-century European idea of social evolution-' "underdeveloped" countries were to change by following the course already traversed by "developed" industrial countries. According to Greenfield and Strickon, however, social evolutionary theory lacks the ana
01 Jan 1986