Showing papers on "Modernization theory published in 1988"

Economic Development and International Migration in Comparative Perspective

Abstract: Economic development is associated with modernization urbanization internal rural-urban migration and international migration. Emigration is positively associated with development and aid to developing countries will increase emigration from those countries until the developing country reaches a standard of living equal to that of the developed country. Studies of European emigration to America have shown that emigration is correlated with the onset of industrialization and that emigration was highest when the home country was experiencing a depression and the US economy was in a period of upswing. The basis of society in an underdeveloped country is labor-intensive subsistence farming which provides work and sustenance to a household or community. As soon as capital is applied to agriculture the small peasant holdings are replaced by large private holdings efficiently farmed by machinery and producing surpluses that find their way to markets that is to urban areas which represent concentrations of wealth. The fabric of agricultural society is destabilized as the peasant owner becomes a hired laborer who migrates to the urban area when farms need fewer and factories more laborers. The 1st phase of migration is thus rural to urban. But development is discontinuous both in time and in space and when the displaced worker cannot find employment in the cities of his own country he emigrates to another. Transportation and communication facilities developed to facilitate industrial and commercial exchange also serve as carriers of international migration usually to the same country with which close economic links have already been established. International migration feeds on itself because earlier immigrants provide a network that makes resettlement easier cheaper and less risky for the next wave of migrants. Moreover the emigrants send money back to the home country which helps to speed up the development process in the home country until modernization and urbanization reach the point where there are no more displaced peasants to export. The experience of the United States and Mexico illustrates most phases of the emigration cycle. The 1st wave of Mexican emigration to the US lasted from 1900 to 1929 when the US economy was growing and the Mexican Revolution (1910-1919) devastated the Mexican economy. In the 1930s Mexico experienced a period of rapid growth. The 2nd wave of emigration 1942-1964 stemmed from the coincidence of drought in Mexico and wartime labor shortage in the US which was remedied by the bracero program which granted temporary visas to Mexican agricultural workers. The 3rd and current wave of emigration began in the mid-1960s. It was fueled by the Mexican governments ambitious economic reform program which was to be paid for out of oil revenues. When oil prices fell the Mexican economy suffered a crisis of inflation and debt. However the development process in Mexico is reaching the stage where there are no longer large numbers of surplus agricultural workers and Mexican emigration should diminish over the next 2 decades.

Democracy and Economic Development: Modernization Theory Revisited

Abstract: Interest in the relationships between society and politics is as old as written history. Ecological theories, suggesting a relation between the geographic location of homelands and the personalities of the residents and their governments, were advanced by scholars such as Aristotle, Cicero, Ibn Khaldun, and Montesquieu and may be viewed as efforts to explain the contextual determinants of political systems. Such literature in the modern era, however, has focused on the conditions of democracy. Historical studies suggest that modem democracies can occur only under certain conditions of capitalist industrialization. Karl Marx identified the bourgeoisie as the major force behind the emergence of democracy. He argued that the capitalist class used parliamentary systems and democratic mechanisms to capture the control of the state from the traditional elite. Similarly, Moore, in his study of major western democracies, and Soboul, in his analysis of the French Revolution, stressed the role of the middle class and urban bourgeoisie in the transformation of political systems into democracies.' Max Weber marked the importance of Protestantism in the development of western democracies. He considered individualism and a sense of individual responsibility, inherent in the Protestant ethic, as the major conditions for the development of burgher classes and a democratic political culture. Contemporary writers, following Weber's lead, have searched for cultural requisites and the elements of a "democratic personality." A "civic culture" in Almond and Verba and a "modern" personality in Lerner have been identified as essentials of a participant (democratic) society.2 Tocqueville, in his study of American institutions, pointed out the virtue of voluntary associations as the basis of social pluralism, which in turn nurtures democracy. However, the sociology of knowledge, which emphasizes the influence of structure and organizational setting on the development of attitudes and behaviors, compels us to direct our attention to the structural basis of developing such a culture or personality. In this regard, aspects of modernization appear to be the common explanatory factors used in the analysis of democracy.

Modernization and the changing contexts of flow in work and leisure

Abstract: Cultures differ enormously in terms of the range of opportunities they make available to the people who live in them, and in terms of the skills that the average inhabitant feels he or she possesses. The same culture may vary dramatically along these dimensions at two different points in time. Therefore the quality of subjective experience of a typical member of society will also vary. These days, when anthropologists are more than ever hesitant to breach the neutrality of cultural relativism, and when imposing Western standards of interpretation and description on foreign cultures has become a heresy to be avoided at all costs, it might be that focusing on the self-reported experiences of native respondents will provide a viable comparative method. Accordingly, this chapter reports on extensive interviews with four European groups that, although living in close geographical proximity, are part of very different ecologies and cultural environments. They differ especially in the degree to which they still follow a traditional agricultural lifestyle, as opposed to being integrated with the technological life of the cities. The purpose is to compare how optimal experience is described in such contexts, to see what different activities it is experienced in, and to infer the effects that modernization is having on the quality of subjective experience.

The Roots of Ethnicity: Discourse and the Politics of Language Construction in South-East Africa

Abstract: Part of the process of 'modernization' in Africa entailed the classification of detail into manageable units. People who were recognized in Europe as 'experts' in specific fields descended on the continent in order to draw up borders and boundaries that were, because of their grounding in science, conceived of as objective. With an unshakable belief in positivism, the philosophy linking science with improvement, the nineteenth century industrial bourgeoisie believed these categories to be givens that were as historically discrete as they were incontrovertible. What they produced was a concept of the world rendered neat, well-ordered and understandable by the natural and human sciences. Homogeneity replaced heterogeneity; unity and reason replaced disunity and confusion. This belief in the modernizing rationality of science was strongly to structure the way in which future generations made sense of African society. As part of this epistemological revolution, experts in linguistics and ethnography classified the population of Africa into different groups. Defined by scientific enquiry, these ethnic groups became the basic unit of analysis of historians and other social scientists involved in African studies. However, the value of ethnic categorization, as a means of looking at Africa's past, has recently come under critical scrutiny. Historians are becoming increasingly aware that many of the ethnic divisions that are today a concrete reality did not exist, even in a conceptual form, before the end of the nineteenth century.3 But, while a growing

Studying development since the sixties

Abstract: have more profound effects than in the study of development. The sixties saw dominant theoretical approaches to the analysis of development successfully challenged by dependency and world-system approaches, frameworks drawing on Marxist class analysis and on the work of Third World Scholars. By the mid-seventies, after a decade of sharp conflicts, the shifting content of citations and publications in major journals suggested that these new approaches had reached at least co-equal status with the traditional approaches. The field appeared divided theoretically with little promise of dialogue between contending approaches. In fact, what had happened was more complex. Gradually in the course of the conflict, a body of studies had grown up that combined the comparative historical method with certain of the insights of dependency and world-system thinking and even recovered some of the hypotheses of the modernization approach in altered form. We have labeled this work "the new comparative political economy."

Japan in Transition: From Tokugawa to Meiji

Abstract: In this book social scientists scrutinize the middle decades of the nineteenth century in Japan. That scrutiny is important and overdue, for the period from the 1850s to the 1880s has usually been treated in terms of politics and foreign relations. Yet those decades were also of pivotal importance in Japan's institutional modernization. As the Japanese entered the world order, they experienced a massive introduction of Western-style organizations. Sweeping reforms, without the class violence or the Utopian appeal of revolution, created the foundation for a modern society. The Meiji Restoration introduced a political transformation, but these chapters address the more gradual social transition.Originally published in 1986.The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

The maturing of development administration

Abstract: This article traces the evolution of the concepts underlying development administration since its origin as a distinct subdiscipline in the early 1960s. It relates the main thrusts in development administration to changing theories and approaches to economic and social development, especially the appropriate functions of the state, the implications of modernization, and the capabilities of people outside the modern core in urban centres. Seven major themes have emerged during the past decade. Their acceptance among academics and practitioners has produced a more sophisticated, realistic and useful appreciation of the relationships of public administration to development. Though this bodes well for the future, an unsolved problem is the continuing intellectual hegemony of Western concepts and practices, despite an impressive number of highly trained Third World scholars and well-established Third World institutions operating in this field. There is evidence that the ongoing search for effective indigenous management practices will greatly enrich development administration as a field of inquiry and of practice.

Modernization in colonial Massachusetts, 1630-1763

Abstract: CHAPTER I. PARADISE LOST: THE DISINTEGRATION OF TRADITIONAL SOCIETY IN SEVENTEENTHCENTURY MASSACH U S E T T S .......................... 27 CHAPTER II. \"RENDER TO C A E S A R THE EMERGENCE OF MODERN GOVERNMENTAL STRUCTURES, 1 6 9 2 1 7 4 0 ............................. 108 CHAPTER III. SOLOMON'S REIGN: THE GENERAL COURT AS AN ARBITER OF DISPUTES IN EIGHTEENTHCENTURY M A S S A C HUSETTS.........................162 CHAPTER IV. IDEOLOGY IN THE COLONIAL PERCEPTION OF THE WORLD, 1692-1740 .........................187 CHAPTER V. MONEY, POWER AND LUXURIES: THE EMER­ GENCE OF MODERN ECONOMIC ATTITUDES. . . .246 CHAPTER VI. CULTURAL TRANSFERENCE AND THE GREAT A W A K E N I N G ........................................ 305 CHAPTER VII. MASSACHUSETTS, FRANCE, ENGLAND, AND THE PROBLEM OF COLONIAL I D E N T I T Y ......... 38 4 C O N C L U S I O N .........................................................455 BIBLIO G R A P H Y ...................................................... 472

The Changing Arab Kinship Structure: The Effect of Modernization in an Urban Community*

Abstract: A central issue in the analysis of social and economic changes associated with modernization is the impact of these changes on family structures and on the changing centrality of kinship groups. In the long run, the centrality of marriage and childbearing and their significance for the continuity of kinship, ethnic, and other descent groups is expected to decrease. "Family-oriented, traditional values have been forced to compete with different Western hierarchies of values, which stress career and occupation as main goals, objective rather than particularistic criteria, and individualism as against familiasm."' This conclusion assumes that modernization is an overall process; that breakthrough modernization is achieved by the breakdown of the antecedent traditional structures; and that these are replaced by modern structures in an advanced modernization process.2 At the communal rather than societal level some questions might be raised: What are the expected normative and behavioral family patterns in a community that has limited or no access to the economic and political center but has achieved an advanced stage of individual modernization? What is the expected effect of modernizing forces when they compete with conservation factors that tend to lead to nonmodern consequences? How do kinship and other descent groups adjust to these contradictory factors and reorganize in an effective way in the new modern settings?3 In order to address these questions I will focus on the kinship structure, the Hamula, in Shefar 'Am, an Arab urban community in Israel. Mainly I will focus on the social role of the Hamula as reflected by patrilineal endogamy (marriage within the Hamula) because it is the most prominent role. The political role, as reflected in the local elections, and the economic role, as reflected in the Hamula function as a source of economic aid, will also be addressed.

As China grows strong

Abstract: China's modernization is already rapidly improving the welfare of one quarter of mankind and changing communist ideology. But China is not only growing more stable and prosperous, it is also growing stronger. China's fourth modernization, national defence, is rarely treated in great detail, but it is increasingly clear that the reform of the defence sector is also having an important impact on both domestic and foreign policy. The process began in earnest in 1978 and by 1987 had completed its first stage of reorganization. At a major meeting of military and civilian officials in December 1986, the strategy for the next phase of military modernization was discussed.1 At the dawn of the new age of Chinese military power, it is essential to assess the implications of a stronger China for China itself, its neighbors, and the great power balance.

Toward modernity : the European Jewish model

Abstract: The contributors to this volume throw light on one of the central problems of modern Jewish historiography: How has Jewry and Judaism survived the crisis of the breakup of Jewish traditional society, the transition from the dosed, ghetto existence into a more or less open environment? The process of development, starting in eighteenth-century Germany, gradually encompassed the entire world of European Jewish experience. "Toward Modernity "compares modernization in Germany with its counterparts in other countries to see if the German-Jewish development had any influence on what transpired elsewhere. The authors explore the history of Jewish modernization in Russia, Galicia, Vienna, Prague, Hungary, Holland, France, England, Italy, and the United States. Topics covered include: the political and social authority of Jewish community institutions; external impediments and internal inhibitions for Jews to be absorbed by the dominant culture; the relationship of the state to the Jewish community; educational and religious reform; the influence of the rational scientific worldview; and the possibility of inclusion in the emerging middle classes. Contents: Jacob Katz, "Introduction"; Emanuel Etkes, "Immanent Factors and External Influences in the Development of the Haskala Movement in Russia"; Israel Bartal, '"The Heavenly City of Germany' and Absolutism a la Mode D'Autriche: The Rise of the Haskala in Galicia"; Robert S. Wistrich, "The Modernization of Viennese Jewry: The Impact of German Culture in a Multiethnic State"; Hillel J. Kieval, "Caution's Progress: The Modernization of Jewish Life in Prague, 1780-1830"; Michael Silber, "The German Jewish Experience and Its Impact on Hungarian Jewry, 1780-1870"; Michael Graetz, "The History of an Estrangement between Two Jewish Communities: German and French Jewry during the Nineteenth Century"; Joseph Michman, "The Impact of German-Jewish Modernization on Dutch Jewry"; Lois C. Dubin, "Trieste and Berlin: The Italian Role in the Cultural Politics of the Haskalah"; Todd M. Endelman, "The Englishness of Jewish Modernity in England"; Michael A. Meyer, "German Jewish Identity in Nineteenth Century America."

The Process of Technological Change: New Technology and Social Choice in the Workplace

Abstract: Based on a five-year study of aspects of British Telecom's extensive telephone exchange modernization programme, this book examines the main issues that arise during the introduction of technological change in the workplace.

new Japanese mythologies: faltering discipline and the ailing housewife

Abstract: One is given the impression these days when talking to Japanese people, reading newspapers, watching television, and looking over the vast array of books on "school refusal syndrome," "apartment neurosis," "the kitchen syndrome," "moving-day depression," sleep disorders, family violence (which refers to children attacking their parents), and so on, that beneath the relatively calm and rather opulent exterior that modern Japan presents to the world is hidden part of the price for its economic "miracle" in the form of a toll on the health of individual Japanese. The plethora of syndromes and neuroses said to be of recent origin and thought to abound in the urban centers of Japan are a delight for the news-hungry world of mass media and are often described as diseases of civilization, bunmeibyo (Kyutoku 1979:19). Of course Japan has a long history and civilization of its own, but this particular blight is associated with the new postwar "civilization": the Westernized, "high-tech" culture, source of prosperity and material comfort, and typified by urban nuclear family life and a loss of traditional values. The issue I wish to take up in this paper is the remaking of a cultural identity in postwar Japan, in particular the part that the nuclear family, and most especially the pivotal figure in the family, the mother, is assigned in this endeavor. A postulated relationship between the behavior of family members and their individual physical health is couched in explicitly moralistic terms and forms one part of the cultural debate about identity. Included is a stereotype in which women are vulnerable to experiencing one of several syndromes and neuroses especially associated with the female sex. Popular medical and psychological literature contribute to this rhetoric, in which links are made between certain styles of family life, personality traits, interpersonal dynamics, and the occurrence of specific syndromes and neuroses. It is characteristic of this literature that concern is expressed about the effects of modernization, in particular urHealth professionals and the mass media have reported a sharp rise in the incidence of a variety of syndromes and neuroses in postwar lapan. The origins of these "diseases of civilization" are often explicitly associated with a breakdown of traditional values, and especially with the rise of the nuclear family. The remaking of a postwar cultural identity is discussed, with emphasis on the roles that the family, in particular the mothers, are assigned in this endeavor. A new disease, "menopausal syndrome," is used as an example in order to examine the relationship of postulated physical distress during midlife, individual personality and behavior, and the social role assigned to middle-class housewives. It is shown that the rhetoric about menopause is one part of the larger cultural debate about modernization in Japan. Although this rhetoric is accepted as accurate by the majority of women, survey research shows that it is erroneous and bears no relationship to the incidence of the physical discomfort it seeks to explain. The attempted medicalization of menopause and its relationship to the cultural debate is also discussed. [Japan, modernization, medicalization]

The beginnings of orthodoxy

Abstract: The close of the eighteenth century found Central and Western European Jewry in the throes of a grave crisis brought on by the accelerated process of modernization at work all around it, the end result of which was a deep cleavage between those who wanted to adapt the tradition to the demands of the time and those who wanted to preserve it intact, for fear of its either being undermined in some way or of its virtual disappearance. The modernization trend gave rise to movements for religious renewal known as "Reform", "Positive Historical Judaism", etc. While the innovative element within these movements was quite clear, the conservative trend, generally referred to as "orthodox" or "haredi", was viewed both from within and from without as simply an adjunct of the old, traditional Jewish society. A closer examination of the phenomenon called Orthodoxy reveals that it too is an historic innovation, more a mutation than a direct continuation of the traditional Judaism from which it emerged. In fact, we can clearly distinguish several trends within orthodoxy which developed in response to varying adaptational problems which the movement faced in different places. Thus there is a qualitative difference between Hungarian Orthodoxy and German Orthodoxy. In the second half of the 19th century, orthodoxy began to exert an influence on the Old Yishuv in Palestine; towards the end of the century, it began to spread into Eastern Europe as well as England and the United States. In North America and Israel, new forms continue to emerge to this day.' The characteristic features of orthodoxy are as follows:

The Problem of Social Identities in Early Twentieth Century Russia

Abstract: The most basic and difficult task in seeking to provide a historical perspective on the upheavals that Russian society experienced during the period of the civil war is to explore the relationships that the images of self, of other actors, and of the body politic as a whole that the members of various social groups articulated or acted out during these years actually bore to the patterns of their individual or collective existence. The analytic problems that this task poses lie partly in the dramatic changes in political and social attitudes displayed during this period by various groups in national life-changes that were so strikingly reflected in the vertiginous upturns and downturns in the fortunes of the major political protagonists of the civil war. But they also stem from the fact that this period-from the inception of the civil war in the summer of 1918 up to the decision of the Bolshevik party to embark on the experiment of NEP-encompassed, to a degree unprecedented since the Time of Troubles, processes of disintegration and reintegration of the very fabric of Russian society. These processes involved the periodic loosening and retightening of social bonds but also repeated redefinitionboth willed and unwilled, from above, but also from below-of the identities of various groups in national life, as well as of their relationships to one another and to the body politic as a whole. To trace adequately the sources of these processes in Russia's earlier historical experience appears all the more daunting, given the fact that, especially from the Emancipation onward, the country's development had already been marked by profound and steadily growing contradictions not only in the relationships that its various constituent groups bore to each other and to the state, but also in the evolution of their respective social, psychological, and political identities. The Russia that underwent the Revolution of 1917 was a society out of joint, and the severe convulsions that beset it under the stresses of the civil war were, at least in part, but a demonstration of this fact. The most glaring of these contradictions after reform, and one that became especially evident among the growing number of the individuals and groups not in state service who experienced most deeply the effects of various processes of "modernization," was that between the sosloviia and sostoianiia-the legal statuses assigned to them by the -state-and the nature of the occupations in which they actually engaged. These discrepancies came to reflect not merely the degree of geographical, occupational, and social mobility that members of various social groups managed to achieve in the course of their lifetimes. Increasingly, these

Modernization and Medical Care

Abstract: The introduction of modern medicine into developing societies is an important topic for social-scientific analysis. Here I draw upon modernization theory to illuminate this topic. Using Peter Berger's notion of “carriers of modernity,” I discuss health care as such a carrier. Compared with premodern modes of health care, modern health care has a calculable, “commodity” character. Its production has become a major and increasingly systematized sector of the economy. In addition to its manifest clinical benefits, health care conveys the symbolic meanings of modernity. It participates in the broad though uneven passage of technology and values from Western societies to metropolitan areas in developing societies and thence to the hinterland. Health care as the focus of demodernization strains is also examined, through case examples drawn from Amish and Islamic contexts.

Privies, Progressivism, and Public Schools: Health Reform and Education in the Rural South, 1909 -1920

Abstract: NONE OF THE SOUTHERN SOCIAL REFORMS OF THE PROGRESSIVE ERA were individually more important or together more coherent than the modernization of public health and public education. The two reform movements began in similar ways: with the creation of the Southern Education Board in 1901 and, eight years later, with the establishment of the Rockefeller Sanitary Commission. I These organizations, coalitions of middle-class activists, reforming professionals, university presidents, and northern philanthropists, espoused methods practiced by progressives elsewhere: exposure and publicity, manipulation of public opinion, and bureaucratic and interventionist social policy. Historians agree that studies of health and education are central to understanding southern social reform, but they disagree about the role of Rockefeller philanthropy. 2 Some historians stress the humani

The Saudi approach to law reform

Abstract: In the past two decades Saudi Arabia has made considerable progress in the modernization of its legal system. Statutory law regulates today such fields of activity as trade and commerce, business and banking, labor and social security, customs and taxation, and the settlement of commercial disputes and arbitration-fields that until recently were the exclusive preserve of traditional Islamic law. In adopting these contemporary regulations, Saudi Arabia has been following, in its own particular way, the example of countries from Turkey to Japan, which embarked over a hundred years ago upon a process of legal modernization and reform. But whereas in the majority of these countries the wholesale adoption of European codes in the civil, commercial, penal and procedural fields signified an unambiguous break with the past, and, in the case of some Islamic countries, with the Sharia (Islamic law) as the source of law in favor of the legislative authority of the state, in Saudi Arabia the Sharia continues to exercise a restraining influence over the content and the validity of the new laws. Justified by the demands of changing economic conditions and expanding business relations, these statutory enactments have succeeded in supplementing a substantial segment of the traditional legal structure without, however, abrogating any of the rules of the Sharia. The result has been the emergence of a temporal legal subsystem, autonomous but not fully independent of the Sharia. The purpose of this paper is to outline the Saudi approach to the reform and modernization of the law that has so far sought to reconcile two competing priorities: on the one hand, to meet the needs of social and economic change and, one the other, to safeguard the values of Islamic society and its rules of morality embodied in the Sharia. Other states in the region, following the example of civil law countries, succeeded in reconciling these priorities through the instrumentality of the civil code, except in the area of personal status and domestic relations. Saudi Arabia is still groping for the best formula to modernize its legal system. Will it opt for a gradual con-

Capital Accumulation and Investment Strategies in Early Modern China: The Case of the Furong Salt Yard

Abstract: ��� Analysts of China's economic backwardness in the late imperial period have tended to focus on two causal factors, labor surplus and low levels of capital accumulation. Their role as disincentives to industrialization was most dramatically demonstrated in the late nineteenth century movement known as "self-strengthening," when unprecedented inputs of government funding and privileged access to markets were deemed necessary to bring about even the low levels of "modernization" that China then achieved. This focus on "Westernized" industry has had the effect of diverting attention away from the internal logic of China's indigenous industrial development, a tendency abetted by a paucity of data on individual handicraft and industrial establishments. In this study I attempt a different approach to the problem of industrial investment in the late imperial period. It is based on the assumption that where potential profits were deemed sufficiently large, institutional mechanisms could be developed to overcome the weaknesses in Chinese capital markets.2 The Furong salt yard in southern Sichuan provides an excellent venue for an examination of innovative investment practices. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries well salt production here developed under conditions marked by high risk and profitability, expanding markets, and significant technological innovation. Most important, as production costs rose and the time necessary to bring wells into production increased, sophisticated contractual arrangements evolved to facilitate the infusion of venture capital into the industry.3 At Furong's wells and 1 Research on this article was carried out with the financial support of the Committee for Scholarly Communication with the PRC and the National Endowment for the Humanities. The author would also like to thank Thomas Rawski and the anonymous referees for their comments and advice. 2 Tim Wright's work on the Chinese coal industry has demonstrated that profit expectations and not an absence of capital were the crucial element governing investment in this industry as well. See for example Wright, 322-24. 3 The Furong salt yard would appear to support Alexander Gerschenkron's thesis that original accumulation is rarely an obstacle to development. Rather, backward countries develop substitutes, often institutional, for the large initial capital reserves available in earlier developing states. Gerschenkron, 33-46.

Developing Dixie: Modernization in a Traditional Society

Abstract: Preface Part I. Southern Historians: Personal Reflections on Two Careers Part II. Southern Race Relations: Continuing Complexities of the "Central Theme" Part III. Southern Economic Development: Case Studies of Unbalanced Growth Part IV. Southern Politics: Varieties of Liberal Reform Part V. Southern Women: Traditional Means to Modern Ends Part VI. Southern Folk and Country Music: Changing Images for Changing Times Part VII. Southern Identity: Popular Perceptions of Dixie Bibliographical Essay Notes on the Contributors

The Chinese Family

Abstract: China has undergone a major revolutionary transformation since the establishment of the People’s Republic of China in 1949 (“Liberation”) and the “Cultural Revolution,” the 10-year period of struggle and turmoil from 1966 to 1976. In the aftermath of the Cultural Revolution, China has embarked upon a new program of “socialist modernization” that promises to bring about additional changes in the society. The conventional wisdom holds that the traditional Chinese family has consequently experienced similar revolutionary changes and transformation. This is based on the assumption that the political ideology of the Chinese Communist Party contradicts the values of the traditional Chinese family. However, whether this assumption is correct, that is, whether the values of the traditional Chinese family have in fact changed, and if so, to what degree, are questions that call for more careful investigation.

Examining distance education in Turkey

Abstract: This article describes the distance education program at Anadolu University in Turkey and compares its problems and solutions with similar distance education programs in other Asian countries. A brief history is presented, enrollment figures are given and future directions are described. Conclusions suggest that open education is accomplishing the goals of the country's 1981 reforms and can continue to be helpful in the country's quest for modernization.