Showing papers on "Modernization theory published in 1991"

Beyond the Chinese face : insights from psychology

Abstract: Some warnings about studying the Chinese scientifically Socializing the Chinese child How Chinese think The social actor in Chinese society Social behaviour Chinese organizational life Psychopathology, Chinese style Modernization and the loss of Chineseness Afterword

Beyond the Welfare State?: The New Political Economy of Welfare

Abstract: * CONTENTS * Acknowldgements * Introduction *1 Capitalism, Social Democracy and the Welfare State I: * Industrialism, Modernization and Social Democracy *2Capitalism, Social Democracy and the Welfare State II: Political Economy and the Welfare State *3 Capitalism, Social Democracy and the Welfare State III: New Social Movements and the Welfare State *4Origins and Development of the Welfare State 1880-1975 *5 After the 'Golden Age': From 'Crisis' to 'Containment' *6 Retrenchment and Recalibration *7 Beyond the Welfare State? * Conclusion * Bibliography * Index

The politics of design in French colonial urbanism

Abstract: Politics and culture are at once semi-autonomous and intertwined. Nowhere is this more revealingly illustrated than in urban design, a field that encompasses architecture and social life, traditions and modernization. Here aesthetic goals and political intentions meet, sometimes in collaboration, sometimes in conflict. Here the formal qualities of art confront the complexities of history. When urban design policies are implemented, they reveal underlying aesthetic, cultural, and political dilemmas with startling clarity. Gwendolyn Wright focuses on three French colonies-Indochina, Morocco, and Madagascar-that were the most discussed, most often photographed, and most admired showpieces of the French empire in the early twentieth century. She explores how urban policy and design fit into the French colonial policy of "association," a strategy that accepted, even encouraged, cultural differences while it promoted modern urban improvements that would foster economic development for Western investors. Wright shows how these colonial cities evolved, tracing the distinctive nature of each locale under French imperialism. She also relates these cities to the larger category of French architecture and urbanism, showing how consistently the French tried to resolve certain stylistic and policy problems they faced at home and abroad. With the advice of architects and sociologists, art historians and geographers, colonial administrators sought to exert greater control over such matters as family life and working conditions, industrial growth and cultural memory. The issues Wright confronts-the potent implications of traditional norms, cultural continuity, modernization, and radical urban experiments-still challenge us today.

The Gender and Labor Politics of Postmodernity

Abstract: The literature on export-industrialization and the feminization of industrial work challenges theory to catch up with lived realities. Reports from the new frontiers of industrial labor reveal a widening gap between our analytical constructs and workers' actual experiences. This puzzle arises from our limited theoretical grasp of the ingenuity of capitalist operations and the creativity of workers' responses in the late 20th century. Modernization models of capitalist development (33, 85) predicted an increasing adoption of mass-assembly production (Fordism; see 35:279-318) and the gradual decline of cottage industries in the Third World. Yet, since the early 1970s, mixed systems based on free-trade zones, subcontracting firms, and sweatshops have come to typify industrialization in Asia, Central America, and elsewhere. Lapietz (55) argues that the current mix of mass production, subcontracting, and family-type firms represents a new regime of accumulation worldwide. Since the 1973 world recession, new patterns of "flexible accumulation" (55, 42) have come into play as corporations struggle in an increasingly competitive global arena. Flexible labor regimes, based

Political, Social, and Cultural Reproduction via Civil Service Examinations in Late Imperial China

Abstract: Most previous scholarship about the civil service examination system in imperial China has emphasized the degree of social mobility such examinations permitted in a premodern society. In the same vein, historians have evaluated the examination process in late imperial China from the perspective of the modernization process in modern Europe and the United States. They have thereby successfully exposed the failure of the Confucian system to advance the specialization and training in science that are deemed essential for nation-states to progress beyond their premodern institutions and autocratic political traditions. In this article, I caution against such contemporary, ahistorical standards for political, cultural, and social formation. These a priori judgments are often expressed teleologically when tied to the “modernization narrative” that still pervades our historiography of Ming (1368–1644) and Ch'ing (1644–1911) dynasty China.

The process of urbanization in Africa (from the origins to the beginning of independence).

Abstract: The concept of the city on the sub-Saharan continent presents a vast field of study whose limits we must define. Urbanization entails spatial, social, and temporal phenomena and thus almost by definition requires an interdisciplinary approach. Such an approach could certainly encompass history, geography, demographics, economics, political science, architecture and town planning, as well as anthropology and sociology. The interdisciplinary study of urbanization deserves emphasis because the research conducted in these different directions over the course of the past twenty-five years has been very uneven. We must not confuse the concepts of urbanization and modernization, although to distinguish the difference between the two can be a delicate matter. Since the colonial intrusion, the importance of making such a distinction is all the greater because the development of the former notion was subsumed by that of the latter. Another remark: The author's personality, in writing this overview paper, is obviously present. As a piece of work written by an historian, this text takes into account the past of African cities and their evolutionary process, from their pristine origins to the eve of independence. This paper is mainly about the past, it touches only occasionally on the characteristics of modern African towns since independence and their likely future; in spite of social sciences constituting a whole, an individual cannot grasp everything. The analyses devoted to town planning and urban economics have been left to another specialist. In conformity with the author's education and interests, temporal dimensions will receive priority over transversal conceptual divisions; thus, the concept of time and change will tend to be neglected.

Dilemmas of Development Discourse: The Crisis of Developmentalism and the Comparative Method

Abstract: Developmentalism, or the theory of linear progress, has taken several forms — evolutionism, modernization theory, development thinking — which correlate with different epochs of western hegemony. The comparative method serves as its underpinnings in theoretically incorporating non-western societies into the developmental paradigm. Developmentalism is universalist and ahistorical, teleological and ethnocentric. A discourse of power, it is presented and taken as a recipe for social change. The present crisis of developmentalism is both a crisis of development in the south and a crisis of modernism in the west. In the west, developmentalism is being challenged by new social movements and, in theoretical terms, by postmodernism; in the south, alternative development strategies test the limits of the developmental paradigm. Non-western concepts of modernization have also been developed. This discussion concludes with two queries, one concerning the passage from the bi-polar world of the Cold War to polycentrism, and one with respect to the deconstruction of the west as a prerequisite to the deconstruction of development. If ‘development’ itself has become a problem, and has sowed the seeds of discontent and ethnic conflict, a corrective to development can only come from other worldviews, other visions.

Democratization and Islam

Abstract: IF the Gulf War ended indisputably in a military victory for the US-led coalition, winning the peace will prove to be a more formidable challenge. As the Sabah ruling family oversees the reconstruction of Kuwait, it faces the dilemma of responding to increasing demands for "democratization" without, however, weakening its traditional power and authority.1 In a similar manner, the future stability of Saudi Arabia may well depend on how the government balances demands for political participation and the traditional concentration of power within the Saudi elite. Indeed, in the aftermath of the war, political liberalization and democratization are among the most important issues in the Middle East. There has been substantial scholarly and policy analysis of the social and economic conditions that are necessary for the promotion of democratic institutions. Class structure and the distribution of wealth are indisputably factors, as is the composition of traditional and emerging elites and counterelites. The ideological factor is not absent from these analyses, but, in the specific case of the Middle East, there has been a tendency in the West to presume that Islam is antithetical to the process of modernization. The belief in "progress" and secularism, the

Does Modernization Breed Ethnic Political Conflict

Abstract: Until the early 1970s many scholars believed that the process of economic modernization would result in the decline of ethnic political activity throughout the world. This melting pot modernization perspective failed on both theoretical and empirical grounds. After its collapse, scholars promoted a new conflictual modernization approach, which argued that modernization brought previously isolated ethnic groups into conflict. Although this approach accounted for the origins of ethnic conflict, it relied too heavily on elite motivations and could not account for the behavior of ethnic political movements. In the last five years, scholars have tried to develop a psychological approach to ethnic conflict. These scholars see conflict as stemming from stereotyped perceptions of differences among ethnic groups. This approach fails to analyze the tangible group disparities that reinforce these identifications and that may serve as the actual catalysts for ethnic political conflict. The conflictual modernization approach is reinvigorated by applying it to the cases of ethnic conflict in Canada and Belgium. In both of these countries the twin processes of economic modernization and political centralization intensified ethnic conflict while stripping ethnic movements of the romantic cultural ideologies and institutional frameworks that could provide these movements with some long-term stability. Thus, by integrating the modernization approach with a resource mobilization perspective we can develop theories that can account for ethnic conflict throughout the world.

Language and the modern state : the reform of written Japanese

Abstract: Language and modernization - the Japanese experience pre-modern styles early stirrings - education and the press language and politics the role of literature the final stages the opposition the standardization debate the problem of orthography.

Global Capitalism: Theories of Societal Development

Abstract: Measuring the geography of development - the argument environmental determinism - organismic theory, climate and civilization critique structural functionalism and modernization theory - structural functionalism, sociological modernization theory, social-psychological theories of modernization, historical stages of modernization geography, critique fo structural functionalism and modernization theories dependency and world systems theory - the ECLA analysis dependency theory, world systems theory, critique of dependency and world systems theory historical materialism - idealism and materialism dialectics, production as the transformation of nature, production as social relatins, structural Marxism, articulation of modes of production, socialist feminism the pre-capitalist world - schemes of historical development, primitive communism, kin-ordered mode, tributory mode geography of the pre-capitalist world the origins of capitalism - Marx on the origins of capitalism, debate on the transition from feudalism to capitalism, the Brenner thesis the development of global capitalism - mercantalism, "Discovery of the Americas", mercantalism in the Western Hemisphere, mercantalism in the Eastern Hemisphere, mercantalism in India, mercantalism in China, industrial revolution, free trade and imperialism, imperialism in Africa transformation through industrialization - industrialization and development, the regulation school, transformation through industrialization?, an alternative strategy conclusion - the critique of Marxist development theory (and a reply) - the critique of Marxist development theory theoretical reply, the validity of criticism, reproduction and development, an alternative development?

Iranian Cities: Formation and Development

Abstract: Exploring the rationale behind the physical structure and spatial patterns of traditional Iranian cities, this study examines cities built before the general modernization of Iran that began after World War II, in the light of specifically Iranian environmental factors.

Institutional analysis and decentralization : developing an analytical framework for effective Third World administrative reform

Abstract: As we enter the 1990s, scholars and practitioners of development administration in the Third World share a deep concern with its disappointing performance. Looked to as the primary agent of modernization during the optimistic first days of independence, many now blame it for the development stagnation of much of the Third World over the past two decades. Reinforced by the events of 1989 in Eastern Europe, calls for privatization and radical cutbacks in the state are increasing. Indeed, while the causes of Third World development stagnation are undoubtedly multiple and diverse, it is difficult to refute the charge that the hierarchical, bureaucratic, centrally-led strategy has not achieved what was expected of it. The question which faces responsible and concerned scholars, practitioners and officials today, is what can and should be done about all this? This paper recommends avoiding grand and precipitous changes in organizational strategies: indiscriminate privatization and dismantling the state, it argues, would be just as much an error as the earlier whole-cloth commitment to centralist-bureaucratic organization. Instead it argues that theoretical and analytical tools effective in making more subtle and refined choices among institutional alternatives must be developed. It presents a preliminary analysis of one strategy which might offer this, and illustrates how it can be used to design organizations more likely successfully to deliver services and sustain investments in the Third World.

Claiming the Nation's Past: The Invention of an Anglo-Saxon Tradition:

Abstract: The reconstitution of continuities, of a suitable history which links present to past, characterizes most societies in moments of transition. The past alone, observed Disraeli, energizes an atrophied race when all else fails. An invented past, wisely manipulated, not only 'explains the present', but 'moulds the future'.' Invented continuities, to paraphrase Hobsbawm's over-used expression, are most likely to develop in modern communities.2 Indeed, the quest for historic continuities is to be looked for especially in those places and at those times in which a national identity emerges and crystallizes.3 But not only new or immature nations, or groups seeking to attach themselves to a real or an imagined 'nation', legitimize innovation by inventing a tradition. In some of the oldest national communities, exemplified in the 'mature' nation-states, identities have been challenged, defined and re-defined in diverse processes of inclusion (in the nation), exclusion (from it) and transformation.4 The case of the construction of an integrative English identity, through the possession and reinvention of an Anglo-Saxon inheritance, may illustrate the usages of the remote past in a society which was the first to be exposed to the related effects of industrialization and modernization. Although a great deal has been written on the meaning of medievalism in the 'age of industry', most studies of the Victorian usages of the Middle Ages focus on neo-feudalism and the cult of chivalry related to it.5 There is not one monograph on the development of Saxonism, or English Teutonism and the cultural significance of the veneration of pre-Norman England. The few studies we do have fix on the period after 1870, thus conveniently relating the preoccupation with ethnicity to modern imperialism and the ascendant, new 'democratic' Toryism.6 Earlier and formative phases in the evolution of a racial notion of Englishness are quite neglected.

Religion, Culture, and Modernity : Some Missiological Implications of the Process of Secularization in East Asia

Abstract: RELIGION, CULTURE, AND MODER ITY: SOME MISSIOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE PROCESS OF SECULARIZATION IN EAST ASIA

The Political Economy of Merchant Empires: Transport Costs and Long-Range Trade, 1300–1800: Was There a European “Transport Revolution” in the Early Modern Era?

Abstract: INTRODUCTION I t is now a commonplace among economic historians to argue that long-distance trade has been overemphasized by students of the early modern period. The international economy was poorly integrated before 1800, and trade between the numerous units (however defined) participating in long-range commerce was rarely a central dynamic in any of them. Some scholars even deny the utility of the concept of a world economy until more recent times, insisting that we have been misled by the relatively ample documentation generated by international, transoceanic, cross-cultural exchange to exaggerate its importance. We would be better advised, the argument runs, to focus on the internal organization of smaller-scale regional economic units, for it is in the everyday lives of ordinary people far removed from the glamor of the high seas and the counting houses of the great merchants that the roots of modern economic growth must be sought. That message has much to recommend it, but it too can be exaggerated. It is a mistake to argue that long-range trade and long-range trade alone drove the process of economic modernization, provided the capital and the markets necessary to industrialization. But it is also an error to dismiss long-distance trade altogether and to claim that a purely “internal” view is adequate to economic history. It is a mistake to argue for a perfectly integrated world market by 1800, but no one can deny that the enormous increase in long-range trade during the past four centuries had produced a good deal more integration than had been the case in 1400. Long-distance trade must have its due.

Peasant Russia: Family and Community in the Post-Emancipation Period

Abstract: Peasant Russia is a comprehensive examination of peasant life in central Russia in the decades immediately following serf emancipation. Using interdisciplinary methods of family history, anthropology, ethnography, and women's studies, Christine Worobec explores the world of peasant households and communities, elements of which live on in today's Soviet Union. In full detail she shows how peasant Russia retained its traditional institutions and customary practices in the face of the economic changes associated with industrialization and urbanization. The book draws on previously unexamined judicial, folklore, and household records to assess the durability of the extended Russian peasant family and the customs linking it to the community. The Russian peasants portrayed here actively shaped their society, developing a variety of economic and social strategies to cope with their harsh environment and the demands of the state. Discussing their efforts to safeguard their way of life through courtship and marriage rituals and through such social restrictions as property devolution practices, a misogynist patriarchalism, and severe penalties for deviant behavior, Worobec reveals that peasant traditionalism impeded the impact of modernization and cushioned its effects.

The Quest for Authority and Honor in the American Professions, 1750-1900

Abstract: With the decline in the size of our industrial work force and the rise of the service occupations, the professions today are prominent models for a singular kind of social position. The professions and "professionalism" seem to offer an escape from vexing supervision at work as well as from some of the depersonalization and uncertainty of markets and bureaucracies. In taking account of our hunger for professional status and privileges, Samuel Haber presents the first synthetic history of major professions in America. His account emphasizes the substance of each profession's work experience, told from the vantage point of the doctors, lawyers, ministers, and their emulators whose work gave them a high sense of purpose and a durable sense of community. Contrary to those who regard the professions as exemplary and up-to-date specimens of social modernization or economic monopoly, Haber argues that they bring both preindustrial and predemocratic ideals and standards into our modern world. He proposes that the values embedded in the professions authority and honor, fused with duty and responsibility have their origins in the class position and occupational prescriptions of eighteenth-century English gentlemen. Such an argument has implications for the understanding of American society; it underscores the cumulative and variegated nature of our culture and suggests the drawbacks of trying to describe society as a system. It also accords with Haber's endeavor to write a history that rescues for description and analysis mixed motives, composite conditions, and persons and parties acting upon contradictory explanatory schemes. Haber traces the cultural evolution of the professions through three stages establishment (1750-1830), disestablishment (1830-1880), and reestablishment (1880-1900). He shows that when the gentlemanly class declined in the United States, the professions maintained status even in somewhat hostile settings. The professions thus came to be seen as a middle way between the pursuits of laborers and those of capitalists. Massive in scale and ambition, this book will have a formidable impact among scholars newly attuned to the history of American middle-class culture."

The Evangelical Movement and Political Culture in the North during the Second Party System

Abstract: The prominence of evangelical Christian piety is one of the major continuities in American life from colonial to national times. Indeed, for all the attention that has been devoted to the so-called Great Awakening and its effects, it seems likely that its nineteenth-century counterparts were even "greater" in their impact on American culture and politics. John M. Murrin once remarked that the Great Awakening and its legacy probably had even more to do with the Civil War than with the Revolution, and it is a perceptive comment.1 The later evangelicals became more selfconscious shapers of society and opinion than their eighteenth-century predecessors, for they increasingly strove to subject social institutions and standards to divine judgment and to "reform" that is, reshape them accordingly. The purpose of this essay is to comprehend the impact of the evangelical movement on American political culture during the period of the second party system, from approximately 1830 to approximately 1860. I will argue that in the northern United States during that era, evangelical religion interacted with economic development to polarize the population, creating the basis for two broad alliances. The members of the two alliances differed not only on questions of religion and religiously inspired reform efforts but also on questions of politics. Their disagreements shaped American society throughout the nineteenth century and beyond because the alliances offered divergent visions of how individuals and society should respond to modernization. The evangelicals were in many ways the champions of modernization, that is, of changes in the structure of society and individual personality that emphasized discipline and channeled energies by the deliberate choice of goals and the rational selection of means. Their op-

Modernization Programs in Perspective: Institutional Analysis of Organizational Change

Abstract: Contemporary reform programs give students of comparative public administration a new chance to update their theoretical ideas about organization and organizing. Do forms of government and political institution matter? If so, what are the effects of different organizational forms? Why do we have the institutional forms we have? How can we explain their origins, persistence and development? This article explores the possible value of organization theory for the study of comprehensive administration reform. An attempt is made to specify how modernization efforts may be affected by properties of existing institutions. It is argued that contemporary modernization programs are based on an instrumental view of organizational decision-making and change. An institutional perspective is then outlined.

Women's Medicine: The Zar-Bori Cult in Africa and Beyond

Abstract: Despite the large-scale destruction of traditional practices throughout the world, the Zar-Bori spirit-healing cult continues to hold tremendous meaning for some women in West Africa, the Sudan and North Africa, and even in the more progressive countries such as Tunisia, Kuwait, Egypt and the Gulf States. This study uses historical, anthropological and psychiatric methods to explore the social history of this growing cult and its significance for women in different places and times. It asks how and why the cult has persisted to the present day, and throws light on the environments in which it thrives. The largest indigenous African cult concerned primarily with women's matters, the Zar-Bori has survived the fundamentalist challenge and creeping modernization, yet it is in many ways a subversive movement. This aims to be a comprehensive account of its origins, spread and increasing importance in the lives of African women.

The Romanians: A History

Abstract: Part 1 Early times: origins - Thracians, Dacians, and Romans. "The Seal of Rome", the Dark Ages - rise of a people. Part 2 The Middle Ages (c. 1300-1716): society - was there a Romanian feudalism? the economy, social classes, political structures, the Romanians of Transylvania "International status and foreign policy" - foreign policy goals, means and methods, the international status of the principalities "Medieval Civilization - Byzantium after Byzantium" - the cultural setting, cultural institutions, literature, ideas, and the arts. Part 3 Despotism and enlightenment (1716-1831): "Phanariots and Habsburgs" - the phanariot period, economy and social life, social classes, the Habsburgs in Transylvania "Reform and Revolution" - enlightened despotism, the Boyar reforms, the age of revolutions "Enlightenment and Nationalism" - between east and west, the Romanian enlightenment, the rise of national consciousness. Part 4 The age of national revival (1831-1918): "Capitalism and Modernization" - the economy, from crafts to large industry, commerce, social structure, politics, institutions, and the power structure political life - domestic policy, foreign, World War I and the formation of Greater Romania "National Culture" - civilization, cultural modernization, ideological movements. Part 5 From Greater Romania to popular democracy (1918-47): "Greater Romania" - the political regime, the economy, society "The authoritarian Regimes" - the royal dictatorship, the national legionary state, the military dictatorship "From Authoritarianism to Totalitarianism" - the international context, the communist takeover, the people's democracy. Part 6 Communism in Romania (1948-83): "From Stalinism to Detente at Home and Abroad" - the Stalinist model - economy, politics, culture, foreign policy and the beginnings of liberalization "The Rise of Neo-Stalinism" - detente, the cult of personality and dynastic socialism. Part 7 Romania in the mid-1980s: economic performance, the standard of living, the role of the ruling class, societal responses. Epilogue: the 1989 Revolution and the collapse of Communism in Romania, Matei Calinescu and Vladimir Tismaneanu.

Traditional medicine in sub-Saharan Africa : its importance and potential policy options

Abstract: This report indicates that about 20 percent of Africans who seek medical care first consult traditional healers. Patients tend to consult modern health care services for infectious or acute diseases, or those for which modern health care has been shown to be highly effective. But patients tend to consult traditional practitioners for chronic diseases, for diseases related to psychological or social disruption or to reproductive systems, for diseases that are slow to respond to treatment or deemed to be"magical"in origin. The prestige and credibility of traditional healers have been waning in the face of modernization and an increasingly educated public. Even so many highly educated people consult traditional practitioners. A survey in Ibadan of two groups - one educated elite, the other a traditional, less privileged group - found that roughly 70percent of both groups used traditional health care, particularly traditional drugs. The author shows that traditional medicine is an important source of health care for significant number of Africans and that traditional healers, particularly those who wield authority within their communities, are an important human resource for health care.

Are the costs of cleaning up eastern europe exaggerated? economic reform and the environment

Abstract: Widespread concern has been expressed that the costs of reducing environmental pollution in Eastern Europe will divert substantial investment resources from the pool available for industrial modernization. In fact, apart from a number of severely damaged areas, the general level of exposure to major pollutants in Eastern Europe is not high by comparison with the OECD countries. Even without specific environmental policies the process of general economic reform combined with energy conservation induced by higher energy prices will reduce emissions by nearly 50 percent. A modest fraction of general investment in industrial modernization will deal with the remaining problems of current emissions provided that sensible systems of environmental charges are enforced. The countries will then be faced with the problem of cleaning up the debris of past industrial activity which can be tackled over an extended period of years as in other industrial economies. Copyright 1991 by Oxford University Press.

Anthropology and the Global Factory: Studies of the New Industrialization in the Late Twentieth Century

Abstract: Introduction: The Emerging Global Factory and Anthropology by Michael L. Blim Global Production and the Mobility of Capital and Labor What Happens to the Past? Return Industrial Migrants in Latin America by Frances Abrahamer Rothstein Capitalist Production in a Socialist Society: The Transfer of Manufacturing from Hong Kong to China by Alan Smart and Josephine Smart Nonresident-Indian Investment and India's Drive for Industrial Modernization by Johanna Lessinger The New Industrial Diversity Small-Scale Industrialization in a Rapidly Changing World Market by Michael L. Blim Spanish Galician Industrialization and the Europe of 1992: A Contextual Analysis by Hans C. Buechler and Judith-Maria Buechler The Unexpected Entrepreneurs: Small High-Technology Firms, Technology Transfer, and Regional Development in Wales and Northeast England by Douglas Caulkins Rural Industrial Enterprise and "Socialism with Chinese Characteristics" by Eugene Cooper and Xiong Pan Informal Sectorization of Egyptian Petty Commodity Production by Kristin Koptiuch Industrial Decentralization and Women's Employment in South Africa: A Case Study by Georgina Jaffee Worker Struggles and Survival in the New Industrial World Labor-Managed Systems and Industrial Redevelopment: Lessons from the Fagor Cooperative Group of Mondragon by Davydd J. Greenwood Tobacco, Textiles, and Toyota: Working for Multinational Corporations in Rural Kentucky by Ann E. Kingsolver Women as Political Actors in Rural Puerto Rico: Continuity and Change by Ida Susser Women Workers and the Labor Movement in South Korea by Seung-kyung Kim Conclusion: New Waves and Old--Industrialization, Labor, and the Struggle for a New World Order by Frances Abrahamer Rothstein Bibliography Index

Autocracy, Modernization, and Revolution in Russia and Iran

Abstract: What did the Russian revolution of 1917 and the Iranian revolution of 1978-1979 share besides their drama? How can we compare a revolution led by Lenin with one inspired by Khomeini? How is a revolution based primarily on the urban working class similar to one founded to a significant degree on traditional groups like the bazaaris, small craftsmen, and religious students and preachers? Identifying a distinctive route to modernity--autocratic modernization--Tim McDaniel explores the dilemmas inherent in the efforts of autocratic monarchies in Russia and Iran to transform their countries into modern industrial societies.What did the Russian revolution of 1917 and the Iranian revolution of 1978-1979 share besides their drama? How can we compare a revolution led by Lenin with one inspired by Khomeini? How is a revolution based primarily on the urban working class similar to one founded to a significant degree on traditional groups like the bazaaris, small craftsmen, and religious students and preachers? Identifying a distinctive route to modernity--autocratic modernization--Tim McDaniel explores the dilemmas inherent in the efforts of autocratic monarchies in Russia and Iran to transform their countries into modern industrial societies.

Sports Diffusion: A Response to Maguire and the Americanization Commentaries

Abstract: In response to the recent collection of articles on sports diffusion, some generalizations are in order. While a number of factors determine the processes of ludic diffusion, the most important of them is the relative political, economic, and culture power of the nations involved. The power vectors are usually, but not always, aligned. Cultural imperialism is a useful term to apply to these processes if one remembers that politically and economically dominated nations sometimes influence the sports of dominant nations. Modernization is on the whole a more precise term than Americanization to describe these processes. Traditional sports are certain to survive into the next century, but their formal-structural characteristics are likely to undergo changes that make them increasingly modem.

Trust between Nations: Primordial Ties, Societal Learning and Economic Development

Abstract: Though widely criticized in recent years, the concept of political culture is useful in understanding the nature and sociopolitical impact of interpersonal trust. For trust — both in others of one’s own nationality, and toward other nationalities — seems to be an enduring characteristic of given cultures that can, partly, be traced to long-term societal learning. Trust is also strongly related to a given society’s level of economic development. Primordial ties, such as race, religion or geographic proximity, have surprisingly little impact on trust, when we control for the effects of economic development and shared historical experiences. Trust ratings of seventeen nationalities, made by ten Western publics, show a remarkable cross-cultural consensus that certain nationalities can be trusted more than others. The evidence suggests that economic development is conducive to trust — but that inter-personal trust may also be a prerequisite for economic and social modernization.