Showing papers on "Modernization theory published in 1996"

Politics, Media, and Modern Democracy: An International Study of Innovations in Electoral Campaigning and Their Consequences

Abstract: Tables Series Foreword Politics, Media and Modern Democracy: Introduction by Paolo Mancini and David L. Swanson Campaign Innovations in Established Democracies with Stable Political Cultures Politics, Media and Modern Democracy: The United States by Dan Nimmo Modern Communications vs. Traditional Politics in Britain: Unstable Marriage of Convenience by Jay G. Blumler, Dennis Kavanagh, and T. J. Nossiter The Modernization of Swedish Campaigns: Individualization, Professionalization and Medialization by Kent Asp and Peter Esaiasson The "Americanization" of German Election Campaigns: Any Impact on the Voters? by Klaus Schoenbach Campaign Innovations in New and Restored Democracies Television, Campaigning and Elections in the Soviet Union and Post-Soviet Russia by Ellen Mickiewicz and Andrei Richter Television and Elections in Post-1989 Poland: How Powerful Is the Medium? by Karol Jakubowicz Political Communication and Electoral Campaigns in the Young Spanish Democracy by Juan I. Rospir Campaign Innovations in Democracies Facing Potentially Destabilizing Pressures American-Style Electioneering in Israel: Americanization versus Modernization by Dan Caspi Patterns and Effects of Recent Changes in Electoral Campaigning in Italy by Gianpietro Mazzoleni Secular Politics: The Modernization of Argentine Electioneering by Silvio R. Waisbord Politics, Media and Modern Democracy: The Case of Venezuela by Jose Antonio Mayobre Patterns of Modern Electoral Campaigning and Their Consequences by David L. Swanson and Paolo Mancini Selected Bibliography Index

Religion in the Modern World: From Cathedrals To Cults

Abstract: The people of the Middle Ages did what the Church told them God required. The sovereign consumers of the modern world pick and mix' their own religions, Starting with the Reformation and ending with New Age spirituality, this book offers a comprehensive sociological description and explanation of the changes in the religious life of Western society that have accompanied modernization. This major new book from a leading sociologist of religion tracks the Church's changing role from monolith to Sect, to Denomination, and at the end of the twentieth century, to the Cult. What were the forces that brought about this change? What is the real role for the Church in the modern world? Professor Steve Bruce answers these questions in a clearly argued and accessible way. Including substantial chapters on religion in the USA, religion and ethnicity, and the New Age, Religion in the Modern World is an invaluable resource for students of sociology, religion or history and anyone with a real interest in looking behind the headlines for the place of religion in today's society

The West: Unique, Not Universal

Abstract: In recent years Westerners have reassured themselves and irritated others by expounding the notion that the culture of the West is and ought to be the culture of the world. This conceit takes two forms. One is the Coca-colonization thesis. Its proponents claim that Western, and more specifically American, popular culture is enveloping the world: American food, clothing, pop music, movies, and consumer goods are more and more enthusiastically embraced by people on every continent. The other has to do with modernization. It claims not only that the West has led the world to modern society, but that as people in other civilizations modernize they also westernize, aban doning their traditional values, institutions, and customs and adopt ing those that prevail in the West. Both theses project the image of an emerging homogeneous, universally Western world?and both are to varying degrees misguided, arrogant, false, and dangerous. Advocates of the Coca-colonization thesis identify culture with the consumption of material goods. The heart of a culture, however, involves language, religion, values, traditions, and customs. Drinking Coca-Cola does not make Russians think like Americans any more

The Bamboo Network: How Expatriate Chinese Entrepreneurs Are Creating a New Economic Superpower in Asia

Abstract: This work shows how a remarkable group of ethnic Chinese families is transforming Mainland China. These enterprising leaders fled the mainland after the communist take-over and built extensive business empires throughout Southeast Asia. Thanks to the powerful ties of language and culture, these entrepreneurs are often seen as the most desirable partners for joint ventures in China, and they are responsible for much of the industrialization and modernization of Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore, Hong Kong, and the booming costal zone of China. In the process, they are creating the fastest-growing and most competitive economy in the world, a region that will soon rival the United States and Western Europe as an economic power and compete with Japan for the number two slot in the world economy. Despite the serious domestic problems likely to arise in one or more countries within the region, overseas Chinese business families will continue to take advantage of changing threats and opportunities. Whether as friends or rivals of the bamboo network, it will be wise for businesses throughout the world to learn more about this exotic sector of the global marketplace.

The Indonesian Economy since 1966: Southeast Asia's Emerging Giant

Abstract: 1 Introduction 2 An overview of economic development since 1966 3 Money and finance 4 Fiscal policy 5 International dimensions 6 The state and public policy: ideology and intervention 7 Agricultural modernisation 8 Industrial transformation 9 The services revolution 10 Poverty, inequality and social progress 11 The regional dimension 12 Conclusion: looking to the future

Stagnation without equity: patterns of growth and inequality in China's rural economy

Abstract: When China's leaders launched rural reforms in the late 1970s, they acknowledged the nation's need to modify its commitment to egalitarianism.1 Slogans such as Tt is glorious to be rich!' and 'Some areas will lead; others will follow!' signalled this fundamental shift in ideology. Leaders backed up these exhortations with a series of concrete policy actions ? establishing the Special Economic Zones and implementing the East Coast-first policy, introducing financial reforms, and initiating the rural industrialization movement. In China's version of the 'trickle down' theory, certain core areas were to take the lead in the modernization process and provide models for other areas to later emulate. Adopting strategies that had been employed

The New Rich in Asia: Mobile Phones, McDonald's and Middle Class Revolution

Abstract: This is the first volume in the The New Rich in Asia series which examines the economic, social and political construction of the 'new rich' in the countries and territories of East and South East Asia, as well as their impact internationally. From a western perspective the rise of the emergent business and professional class may seem very familiar. However, it is far from clear that those newly enriched by the processes of modernization in East and South East Asia are readily comparable with the middle classes of the West. For example, civil and human rights seem to play a different role in social, political and economic change, and the State is clearly more central as an agent of economic development. This volume is the essential introduction to the series, and identifies the 'new rich' phenomenon in Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Korea, China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. The contributors demonstrate that the key to understanding the 'new rich' is to realise that they are neither a single category or class, but in each setting a series of different socio-political groups who have a common inheritance from the process of rapid economic growth.

Development Theory: An Introduction

Abstract: List of Figures. Abbreviations and Acronyms. Preface. Acknowledgements. Part I: The Nature of Social Theorising:. 1. Arguments and Actions in Social Theorising. Part II: Classical Social Theory:. 2. The Rise of a Social Science of Humankind. 3. Adam Smith and the Spontaneous Order of the Marketplace. 4. Karl Marx and the Dialectics of Historical Change. 5. Emile Durkheim and the Evolution of the Division of Labour. 6. The Transitional Work of Max Weber. 7. The Divisions of Intellectual Labour of the Short Twentieth Century, 1914--1991. Part III: Contemporary Theories of Development:. 8. The Legacies of the Colonial Era: Structures, Institutions and Images. 9. Decolonization, Cold War and the Construction of Modernization Theory. 10. The Development Experience of Latin America: Structuralism and Dependency Theory. 11. The Pursuit of Effective Nationstatehood: The Work of the Institutionalist Development Theorists. 12. The Critical Work of Marxist Development Theory. 13. The Assertion of Third World Solidarity: Global Development Approaches. 14. The Affirmation of the Role of the Market: Metropolitan Neo Liberalism in the 1980s. Part IV: New Analyses of Complex Change:. 15. Global System Interdependence: The New Structural Analyses of the Dynamics of Industrial--Capitalism. 16. Agent Centered Analyses and the Acknowledgment of the Diversity of Forms--of--life. 17. The Formal Character of a New General Approach to Development. 18. A New Substantive Focus: From Theorising the Development of the Third World to Elucidating the Dynamics of Complex Change in the Tripolar Global Industrial--Capitalist system. Bibliography. Index.

The Modernization of Fatherhood: A Social and Political History

Abstract: Prologue: 1932 1: The Modernization of Fatherhood 2: The Historical Roots of Standard North American Fatherhood 3: Fatherhood and the Baby Doctors 4: Men and Infants 5: Fathercraft 6: Fatherhood and the Popular Press 7: "Dear Mr. Patri" 8: "Honor Thy Father" 9: Conclusion Acknowledgments Notes Index

The rise & fall of development theory

Abstract: The rise and fall of development theory Samuel Huntington and the end of classical modernization theory underdevelopment and dependency conflict and convergence in development theory African economic development in theory and practice the state and the crisis of simple commodity production in Africa the Kenya debate the Kenya debate ten years on from Ghana to Namibia - the meaning of African independence.

The “Americanization” of Political Communication A Critique

Abstract: This article examines the notion of the “Americanization” of political and campaign communication. Beginning with the literature on the evolution of political communication practices in the United States and their adoption in other political systems, We explore the significance of the seeming convergence of practices and the implications for future patterns of political communication and sociopolitical development. Finally, we seek to link the notion of the Americanization of politics with a discussion of the “modernization” of societies.

The local and the global: globalization in the sociology of sport

Abstract: This article sets the stage for this Journal of Sport & Social Issues special issue on sport and globalism. As a preface to the more detailed treatments that follow, the author considers the development of inquiry on sport and globalization in the social sciences. Key definitional terms such as modernization, cultural imperialism, and cultural hegemony are framed in the context of debates over Americanization and globalization. Refinements in recent scholarly developments in sport and globalization are linked to the collected efforts found on the pages that follow in this issue.

Last Past the Post: Comparative education, modernity and perhaps post-modernity

Abstract: Comparative education, as a university field of study, has been late in addressing issues of post-modernity. The first argument, through an analysis of the history of comparative education, indicates why this is so. The second argument, construed through ideal-typical models of 'modern' and 'late-modern' educational systems, suggests one way to think about changing patterns of formal education in a globalising world. The third argument, notably through a stress on 'transitology', identifies some difficulties in such an ideal-typical approach. The conclusion suggests that we should recover some of our less publicised ways of thinking comparatively and sketches a contemporary research agenda that might assist both specialists and non-specialists to work together on a 'new' comparative education.

Living In A Learning Society: Life-Histories, Identities And Education

Abstract: How to study people's lives the meaning of education biographical method education in the life-course of three generations cultural construction of educational identity significant experiences and empowerment conclusion - modernization and education future prospects - toward the global learning society?

Restructuring Patriarchy: The Modernization of Gender Inequality in Brazil, 1914-1940

Abstract: Susan K. Besse broadens our understanding of the political by establishing the relevance of gender for the construction of state hegemony in Brazil after World War I. Restructuring Patriarchy demonstrates that the consolidation and legitimization of power by President Getulio Vargas's Estado Novo depended to a large extent on the reorganization of social relations in the private sphere. New expectations and patterns of behavior for women emerged in postwar Brazil from heated debates between men and women, housewives and career women, feminists and antifeminists, reformist professionals and conservative clerics, and industrialists and bureaucrats. But as urban middle- and upper-class women challenged patriarchal authority at home and assumed new roles in public, prominent intellectuals, professionals, and politicians defined and imposed new 'hygienic,' rational, and scientific gender norms. Thus, modernization of the gender system within Brazil's rising urban-industrial society accommodated new necessities and opportunities for women without fundamentally changing the gender inequality that underlay the larger structure of social inequality in Brazil.

The Agony of the Russian Idea

Abstract: Acknowledgments Ch. 1 The Russian Idea Ch. 2 The Dilemmas of Tsarist Modernization Ch. 3 The Logic of Soviet Communism Ch. 4 A Viable Form of Modern Society? Ch. 5 The Failure of Yeltsin's Reforms Notes Select Bibliography Index

Affluence, Poverty and the Idea of a Post‐Scarcity Society

Abstract: The ‘end of nature’ and the attenuation of tradition, associated with accelerated modernization on a global scale, increase the need for conscious reflection on many aspects of life formerly considered to be givens. Thus in developed and developing countries alike, new questions of personal choice and ethics form the basis for a kind of life politics which is different from — and supplements, but does not replace — the longer-established practice of emancipatory politics, concerned above all with issues of social justice. This essay invites us to consider how life politics can generate new strategies to reduce inequality and alleviate poverty.

China in the Information Age: Telecommunications and the Dilemmas of Reform

Abstract: From the Publisher: China's economic and social progress toward modernization is one of the defining features of the last quarter of the 20th century. The emergence of China coincides with another development of equally important international implications--the revolution in information and telecommunication technology. But how compatible are the new China and the information age? The Chinese Communist Party intends to embrace market-oriented economic development while maintaining centralized control over politics, culture, and public discourse. The contradictions and tensions of this goal are especially acute in telecommunication and information technology markets, where the rest of the world is moving rapidly toward liberalization and globalization. Will China's economic reforms allow it to join the information revolution, or will its unique political structure keep it insulated from the main currents of global economic development? This volume is the first detailed examination of how China's reform process is playing out in the realm of information and telecommunications.

Megatrends Asia : the eight Asian megatrends that are changing the world

Abstract: While the attention of the West has been fixed on the USSR and Eastern Europe, a quieter, cumulative revolution has been taking place in Asia which may have even more profound consequences for world history. As we move towards 2000, Asia will become the dominant region of the world: economically, politically and culturally. Up until the 1990s, the West set the rules. Now, Asians are creating their own rules and will soon determine the game as well. Even Japan will be left behind as the countries of South East Asia, led by the Overseas Chinese and China, increasingly hold economic sway. In the Asian Renaissance, a new network of nations based on economic symbiosis and the enterprise of the Overseas Chinese is emerging in a global shift of the world's centre of economic and political gravity. The Asian continent, from India to Japan, from below the old Soviet Union down to Indonesia, now accounts for more than half of the world's population. And as many as half a billion will be what the West consider middle class. That market is roughly the size of the United States and Europe combined. This is a consumer miracle holding vast economic consequences. Furthermore, a huge urban shift is moving Asia to the information age as it rushes towards computers and telecommunications. There is an unprecedented increase in women entrepreneurs. Asians believe that not only is the cost of the welfare state a heavy burden on competitiveness, but it is also socially destructive; in Asia, families take care of themselves above all else. This raises central questions for the West, especially for the USA and Europe. The modernization of Asia is best understood not as Westernization, but as the Asianization of Asia as the global axis of influence shifts from West to East. The eight Asian megatrends that are changing the world are: from nation states to networks; from export-led to consumer-driven; from Western influence to the Asian way; from government-controlled to market-driven; from villages to supercities; from labour-intensive to high technology; from male dominance to the emergence of women; and from West to East. John Naisbitt is the author of "Megatrends" and "Global Paradox".

The Peasant in Economic Modernization

Abstract: Peasants-self-employed tillers of soil, whose farm production is based mainly on family labor as an integral part of household activities-have been for thousands of years and still are today the majority of mankind. Their production mode represents a sharp contrast with the large, internal organization of modern corporate firms characterized by a hierarchy of employees. An apparently archaic style of peasant farming, relative to modern corporate activities, has often led to a presumption that the peasantry is a remnant of feudal society and bound to disappear as modernization proceeds. As a corollary it has been argued that consolidation of peasants into large farm enterprises is desirable or necessary for promoting agricultural productivity growth consistent with modern economic development. This perspective has been waning recently, partly because of the disastrous experience of collective farming in former socialist economies, as well as repeated failures in the attempt to develop large farms as both state and private enterprises in developing economies (Eicher and Baker, Johnson and Ruttan). Concurrently, the high potential of peasants to achieve productivity growth has been recognized with the successful diffusion of modern high-yielding varieties and related inputs-the so-called Green Revolution in Asia. Yet, pessimism about peasant agriculture persists and tends to distort the development strategy of the Third World toward favoring large farm estates (Binswanger, Deininger, and Feder; Eicher and Rukuni). More ambiguous is the role of peasants in industrial and commercial development. The traditional view from Karl Marx to W. Arthur

Women in Argentina During the 1960s

Abstract: The 1960s represented a particular moment of social, cultural, and political unrest in the midst of which the contours of a "modern" Argentina-consumerism, secularization, the realignment of political forces, changes in daily life, the transformation of gender relationships-began to emerge. It is striking, however, that despite the recent historical recovery of this period and the revolution in women's history, women's voices are absent or at best relegated to a few footnotes. A gender perspective-one that incorporates the relationships between men and women, the impact of social changes in the family, gender roles, the "private" dimensions of life, etc., and their effects on social and psychological formations-is also lacking (Kelly-Gadol, 1984). For the women, now between 40 and 50, who began to participate in the public sphere during this period, these reconstructions not only call into question their own memories but also puzzle them when contrasted with the experiences of participants in the student movement, politics, and "street battles," among others. As many writers have pointed out, the 1960s were a period of various cleavages worldwide. In the core countries, the emergence of student movements symbolized by the French May 1968 implied a broad questioning of the consumer society. In Latin America, Africa, and Asia, anticolonial, national-liberation, and socialist movements were consolidated, and in the East movements in opposition to the system gathered strength. In Argentina the 1960s were years of modernization and secularization in the sociological

Contemporary Poland: Space And Society

Abstract: Part 1 Introduction: Poland in a European context ideology and social and economic structure towards transformation - the decline and rejection of the communist system. Part 2 The regional differentiation and post-communist transformation: regional and spatial structure population urban Poland the ecological consequences of industrialization and urbanization. Part 3 The post-communist challenge: the social consequences of transformation the new political structure the emergence of new regional differentiation the security and modernization challenges.

The Concepts of Science in Japanese and Western Education

Abstract: Using structural linguistics, the present article offers an impartial frame of reference to analyze science education in the non-Western world. In Japan, science education has been free from epistemological reflection because Japan regards science only as effective technology for modernization. By not taking account of the world-view aspect of science, Japan can treat science as not self-referential. Issues of science education are then rather simple; they are only concerned with the question of ‘how to’, and answers to this question are judged according to the efficiency achieved for modernization.

Territorio y cultura

Abstract: Resumen en: On one hand, the author refutes the theories of modernization which deny any relevance nowadays to territory as far as cultural and social life is conc...

Corruption and the Transition from Socialism in China

Abstract: Corruption has been a long-standing if intermittent focus of concern in development circles for over three decades. There has been an enormous amount of empirical research and theorizing on the phenomenon which has produced a complex accumulation of alternative explanatory frameworks, typologies of different forms of corruption, and detailed contextual studies using a wide range of different disciplinary approaches ranging from macrosociological analyses of socio-cultural processes to dyadic game-theory modelling. While the results of this tradition are impressive, they have not as yet contributed to a common paradigm of analysis which is useful both for understanding and combating corruption. Indeed, the accumulation of research has tended to make the issue seem more and more complex and immune to comparative analysis while attempts to simplify (as, for example, through the use of rent-seeking and public choice theories) have proven too blunt an instrument to be intellectually cogent or practically useful. As the World Bank admits, the causes of corruption are rooted in the political and economic conditions of each country and 'as such, its causes are as complex as the types of corruption are varied'.' Why then raise the issue yet again as a subject for serious attention? First, contrary to the expectation of some modernization theorists, pervasive political corruption may well be an entrenched element of highly industrialized societies, not an unfortunate but ultimately escapable dimension of underdevelopment. Political and bureaucratic corruption is still stubbornly entrenched in the poor countries of sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, remains a consistent aspect of the developmentally successful East Asian NICS (with the exception of Singapore), and has reared its hydra-head in the post-communist 'transitional' societies of central and eastern Europe. Ariel Cohen states that 'a tidal wave of corruption is sweeping Eurasia, threatening to bury the fragile democratic institutions in Russia and other countries in the region', a tide which 'not only threatens Russia but the entire world'.2 In short, from the perspective of the 'donor' countries in the

Individualism in Individualized Society?: Results from the European Values Surveys

Abstract: 1. Introduction Individualization is regarded one of the most important processes which has changed society dramatically. It is widely acknowledged that society has experienced, and still encounters, a shift from central authority towards individual freedom and personal autonomy. Increasingly the individual is considered to be the "maker of the world we inhabit" (Heller and Wellbery, 1986: 1). The emphasis on the individual and personal autonomy occurs in all life spheres and individualism is regarded as the basic orientation underlying people's behaviours and opinions. As such it can be regarded the new ethos of modern, affluent, Western society. Individualism is considered the ideology of modern societies, ideology being defined as the "system of ideas and values" (Dumont, 1986: 9). It is the leading principle of human beings in all life spheres. The question is, however, whether the idea of individualism as a fundamental, underlying principle is realistic or not. In other words, the question is whether individualism is like an ethos in modern individualized society. This article elaborates on the concepts of individualization and individualism and it attempts to empirically asses individualism as an underlying attitude in modern Western society. Some empirical evidence of increasing individualization will be presented using the data from the European Values Surveys conducted in 1981 and 1990, followed by a description of the indicators used to measure individualism. Among others, Dumont argued that the individualistic ideology varied cross-nationally because countries vary in social conditions (Dumont, 1986: 14). These varieties will be explored, as well as the relationships between the various indicators of individualism and some of the indicators of individualization, particularly some religious and moral views, and political attitudes. 2. Individualization Individualization is considered one of the processes associated with what is called modernization. "Modernization" is both an expansive and contested term, but it generally embraces a variety of developments which have shaped the contours of contemporary modern society. In contrast to "modern society" pre-modern or "traditional orders" are typically characterized as agrarian, rural, stratified, undifferentiated and highly metaphysical. Modernization processes like rationalization, industrialization, urbanization, specialization and differentiation, have shaped the conditions for a gradual but irreversible transformation of traditional society into modern (affluent) society. The basic values in traditional, pre-modern order were primarily based in, and legitimized by tradition and institutional (Christian) religion, whereas in modern and post-modern affluent order they have become subject of individual freedom and personal autonomy. Increasingly the individual has become free and independent upon the traditional, social and religious institutions. The prescriptions by these institutions are no longer accepted and taken for granted. "The discourse of modernity rejects the imposition of a substantive notion of good and right, as ordained by a God" (Wagner, 1994: 8). Instead, the individual wants to decide for himself what is good and bad, what is beautiful and ugly, what is right and wrong. The "autonomy of choice and moral responsibility for self-initiated action replaced collectively defined status and social duty. Both moral and political authority were decollectivized and relocated in the personal projects of free individuals" (Heller and Wellbery, 1986: 5). Modern people are considered to be personally responsible for their behaviours and lifestyles. In their decisions and preferences people no longer are guided by tradition and religion; they have become liberated from such authorities. People's decisions and preferences are based primarily on the realization of personal interests. The individual's aim is "to fulfil private ends, largely through relationships seen as instrumental, and whose principal characteristic is the possession of individual rights that have priority over societal needs" (Crittenden, 1992: 3). …