Topic
Modernization theory
About: Modernization theory is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 14641 publications have been published within this topic receiving 232469 citations.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the rapidity of educational expansion across states was unanticipated, its speed catching by surprise both theorists and practitioners alike, since educational expansion has spanned state boundaries despite great variations in productive capacity and social mobilization.
Abstract: Since the end of the Second World War, the growth of education is notable for several reasons. First, the institutions of mass education have spread to virtually all countries despite vast differences in political, economic, social, and cultural organization. Second, rates of enrollment around the world are high and represent enormous financial investments by many impoverished states and economies.' And, third, the rapidity of educational expansion across states was unanticipated, its speed catching by surprise both theorists and practitioners alike. Functional theories of the right or the left that stress national factors have conspicuously failed, since educational expansion has spanned state boundaries despite great variations in productive capacity and social mobilization. The functionalist view has generally been replaced by "conjuncturalist" or historicist arguments that local combinations and conflicts of interest and status groups produced expansion.2 However, historicism, with a focus on local factors, does not explain well a social change that is worldwide.
70 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors discussed public management reform in Denmark and characterized the reforms as a mixture of strategies for modernization and marketization, but with most emphasis on the former rather than the latter.
Abstract: This article discusses public management reform in Denmark. First, the institutional features of the Danish public sector are introduced. Danish ministries enjoy a considerable amount of autonomy that makes central co-ordinated public management reform challenging. The second part of the article outlines the contents of public management reform and provides an overview of the major reform initiatives of the last three governments. Denmark's reforms are characterized as a mixture of strategies for modernization and marketization, but with most emphasis on the former rather than the latter. Together with successive governments, the Danish Ministry of Finance has argued strongly for efficiency, economy and effectiveness as key values and they have been institutionalized in modernization efforts. Denmark should now be considered a country where NPM reforms have taken a firm hold.
70 citations
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23 Aug 1990
70 citations
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TL;DR: In the early 1970s, there was considerable consensus among many Marxist and non-Marxist scholars that ethnicity reflected the conditions of traditional society, in which people lived in small communities isolated from one another and in which mass communications and transportation were limited as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Race and ethnicity provide the most striking example of a general failure among experts to anticipate social developments in varying types of societies. Until recently, there was considerable consensus among many Marxist and non-Marxist scholars that ethnicity reflected the conditions of traditional society, in which people lived in small communities isolated from one another and in which mass communications and transportation were limited. Many expected that industrialization, urbanization, and the spread of education would reduce ethnic consciousness, and that universalism would replace particularism. Marxists were certain that socialism would mean the end of the ethnic tension and consciousness that existed in pre-socialist societies. Non-Marxists sociologists in western countries assumed that industialization and modernization would do the same. Assimilation of minorities into a large integrated whole was viewed as the inevitable future.
70 citations