Topic
Modernization theory
About: Modernization theory is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 14641 publications have been published within this topic receiving 232469 citations.
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01 Sep 1985
TL;DR: In the early 1970s, a new preoccupation with the ways in which the state apparatus might become a central instrument for both the repression of subordinate classes and the reorientation of the process of industrial development was expressed in the work of Guillermo O'Donnell as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Society-centered views of political and economic transformation have never held the unchallenged sway in Latin America that they have in North America. The prevalence of “organic statist” models of society that assume a central and relatively autonomous role for the state has affected both policy makers and social scientists. Beginning in the late 1960s, focus on the state became particularly intense. The erosion of the intellectual credibility of the society-centered “modernization” model of political and economic development coincided with the apparent exhaustion of both industrialization based on import substitution and the associated populist and parliamentary political regimes that were associated with it. The assumptions of modernization theory that liberal democratic regimes would be inexorably produced by the process of industrialization was replaced by a new preoccupation with the ways in which the state apparatus might become a central instrument for both the repression of subordinate classes and the reorientation of the process of industrial development. This new concern is perhaps best exemplified in the seminal work of Guillermo O'Donnell on bureaucratic authoritarian (BA) regimes. A BA regime was associated with (if not necessarily responsible for) an impressive episode of industrialization (in the Brazilian case). Such regimes also proved to be extremely effective at fragmenting, atomizing, and inhibiting potential oppositional collectivities. The initial period of the BA was one in which the civil society lost its capacity to generate new political and economic initiatives while the power of the state grew. Thus, analysis of the actions and initiatives of groups operating within the state apparatus became a central focus of social science research.
141 citations
TL;DR: The authors compare conceptions of "indigenous agriculture" and alternative agricultural development as used by academics with approaches to agricultural development taken by Indian federations and the NGOs and churches working with them in highland Ecuador.
Abstract: This paper compares conceptions of "indigenous agriculture' and alternative agricultural development as used by academics with approaches to agricultural development taken by Indian federations and the NGOs and churches working with them in highland Ecuador. There are significant differences between these conceptions. Moving away from traditional practices, the Indian federations have promoted the use of Green Revolution technologies as part of a strategy they still conceive as "indigenous'. The federations' approach points to a more profound conception of indigenous agricultural development as a strategy implemented and controlled by Indian organizations and oriented toward a refashioning of the cultural and political landscale of highland Ecuador. In this way, analysing grassroots concepts challenges our theoretical constructions. Nonetheless, popular concepts should not be taken at face value. We should understand farmers and their organizations as "situated' in socioeconomic, political, and cultural structures that both enable and constrain as they construct their resource management strategies. A viable indigenous agricultural development must address the social relationships underlying such structural constraints. -from Author
141 citations
Book•
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: Gert Spaargaren, Arthur P J Mol and Frederick H Buttel as discussed by the authors have discussed the role of modernity and the environment in the development of a globalizing world economy.
Abstract: Introduction - Gert Spaargaren, Arthur P J Mol and Frederick H Buttel Globalization, Modernity and the Environment Classical Theory and Contemporary Environmental Sociology - Frederick H Buttel Some Reflections on the Antecedents and Prospects for Reflexive Modernization Theories in the Study of Environment and Society Ecological Modernization Theory and the Changing Discourse on Environment and Modernity - Gert Spaargaren Modern Theories of Society and the Environment - Eugene A Rosa The Risk Society Social Constructions and Social Constrictions - William R Freudenburg Toward Analyzing the Social Construction of 'the Naturalized' as Well as 'the Natural' Globalization and Environment - Arthur P J Mol Between Apocalypse-Blindness and Ecological Modernization Environmental Social Theory for a Globalizing World Economy - Michael Redclift The Ideology of Ecological Modernization in 'Double-Risk' Societies - Leonardus Rinkevicius A Case Study of Lithuanian Environmental Policy Political Modernization Theory and Environmental Politics - Pieter Leroy and Jan van Tatenhove Ecological Modernization and Post-Ecologist Politics - Ingolfur Bl[um]uhdorn Self-Organizing Complexity, Conscious Purpose and 'Sustainable Development' - Ernest Garcia
140 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors proposed an integrated analytical model that considers both the motives and the opportunities of states and rebels to engage in violence, and found that violent conflicts are most likely in economies where inequality is high and wealth is mostly immobile, in societies where those worse off would benefit substantially from expropriating all assets.
Abstract: To explain the distribution of civil wars, guerrilla warfare, and revolutionary outbreaks, the literature on modern political violence has shifted, broadly speaking, from a modernization perspective that emphasized the role of material conflict and of grievances to a more recent research program that stresses the geographical and organizational opportunities that insurgents may have to engage in violence. Drawing on those lines of inquiry equally, this article offers an integrated analytical model that considers both the motives and the opportunities of states and rebels. Civil wars, guerrillas, and revolutionary outbreaks are seen as a result of the nature and distribution of wealth in each country. Systematic and organized violent conflicts are most likely in economies where inequality is high and wealth is mostly immobile, that is, in societies where those worse off would benefit substantially from expropriating all assets. Violence is conditional on the mobilizational and organizational capacity of challengers and on the state capacity to control its territory. The theory is tested on data on civil wars from 1850 to 1999 for the whole world and on data on guerrilla warfare and revolutionary episodes spanning the years from 1919 to 1997 across all countries.
139 citations
TL;DR: The Journal of Sport & Social Issues special issue on sport and globalism as mentioned in this paper sets the stage for this Journal of sport & social issues special issue, which considers sport and globalization in the social sciences.
Abstract: This article sets the stage for this Journal of Sport & Social Issues special issue on sport and globalism. As a preface to the more detailed treatments that follow, the author considers the development of inquiry on sport and globalization in the social sciences. Key definitional terms such as modernization, cultural imperialism, and cultural hegemony are framed in the context of debates over Americanization and globalization. Refinements in recent scholarly developments in sport and globalization are linked to the collected efforts found on the pages that follow in this issue.
139 citations