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Showing papers on "Molecular breeding published in 2002"


BookDOI
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: This work focuses on the development and application of molecular markers in conifers, and the engineering of the cloroplast genome to confer stress tolerance and production of pharmaceutical proteins.
Abstract: Preface. 1. Molecular markers: principles and methodology P.K. Gupta, et al. 2. Microsatellites and molecular breeding: exploitation of microsatellite variability for the analysis of a monotonous genome P. Winter, et al. 3. Development and application of molecular markers in conifers R. Schubert, et al. 4. Molecular markers and heterosis P.K. Ranjekar, et al. 5. Molecular markers and abiotic stresses I. Winicov. 6. Molecular markers for flowering time genes in crop species D.A. Laurie, S. Griffiths. 7. Molecular markers for the genetic analysis of apomixis M.J. Asins, et al. 8. Use of molecular markers for fruit crop improvement A.R. McCaskill, J.J. Giovannoni. 9. In situ hybridization in plants- methods and application, J. Maluszynska. 10. Molecular tools for improving coffee (Coffea arabica L.) resistance to parasites D. Fernandez, P. Lashermes. 11. Construction and use of genetic maps in cereals M. Motto, P.A. Marsan. 12. Gene expression under environmental stresses-molecular marker analysis M. Brosche, et al. 13. Random insertional mutagenesis in Arabidopsis T. Ito, K. Shinozaki. 14. Engineering the cloroplast genome to confer stress tolerance and production of pharmaceutical proteins H. Daniell. 15. Identification of strawberry flavour related genes by the use of DNA microarrays A. Aharoni, A.P. O'Connell. 16. Gene targeting in plants S. Kumar, M. Fladung. 17. Plant DNA methylation and gene expression M. Bellucci, et al. 18. QTL mapping in crop plants S.B. Andersen, A.M. Torp. 19. QTLs for root growth and drought resistance in rice A. Price. 20. QTL mapping for forage traits Th. Lubberstedt. 21. QTLs in bread making quality a review G. Charmet, C. Groos.

149 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This is the first report documenting the stacking of two major genes (Piz-5 + Xa21) in rice using molecular breeding through MAS and transformation and the endogenous presence of the Xa4 gene, which may show an increased level of resistance to the BB pathogen along with the transformed Xa 21 gene.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to improve IR50, an elite Indica rice line, by molecular breeding approach involving marker-aided selection (MAS) and genetic transformation for resistance against blast (BL) and bacterial blight (BB). On the basis of BL pathogen population dynamics and lineage exclusion assays in southern India, the major BL resistance gene Piz-5 can exclude most Pyricularia grisea Sacc. {= P. oryzae Cavara [teleomorph: Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) Barr]} lineages. Resistant C039 near-isogenic line (NIL) C101A51 carrying Piz-5 was used as the donor parent and IR50 as the recurrent parent in backcrossing up to four generations. BC4F1 plants were finally selfed to produce BC4F2 seeds. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based sequence-tagged site (STS) marker RG64 was used to identify Piz-5 in the segregating population and the resultant resistant progenies were obtained through phenotypic assays and MAS. To have further resistance to bacterial blight in this cultivar, these blast-resistant isolines were transformed with Xa21, which is known to confer resistance to all races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae [= X. campestris pv. Oryza (Ishiyama 1922) Dye 1978] (Xoo). Stable integration and inheritance of the Xa21 gene were demonstrated by PCR and Southern blot analysis from three independent transformants. Bioassay data showed that transgenic IR50 is resistant to pathogens, M. grisea and Xoo. Apart from that, pedigree analysis and phenotypic studies with IR50 revealed the endogenous presence of the Xa4 gene, which may show an increased level of resistance to the BB pathogen along with the transformed Xa21 gene. This is the first report documenting the stacking of two major genes (Piz-5 + Xa21) in rice using molecular breeding through MAS and transformation.

109 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this review, conventional white clover breeding strategies relevant to the Australian dryland target population environments are considered and computer modelling of breeding programs is discussed as a useful integrative tool for the joint evaluation of conventional and molecular breeding strategies and optimisation of resource use in breeding programs.
Abstract: A major challenge faced by today's white clover breeder is how to manage resources within a breeding program. It is essential to utilise these resources with sufficient flexibility to build on past progress from conventional breeding strategies, but also take advantage of emerging opportunities from molecular breeding tools such as molecular markers and transformation. It is timely to review white clover breeding strategies. This background can then be used as a foundation for considering how to continue conventional plant improvement activities and complement them with molecular breeding opportunities. In this review, conventional white clover breeding strategies relevant to the Australian dryland target population environments are considered. Attention is given to: (i) availability of genetic variation, (ii) characterisation of germplasm collections, (iii) quantitative models for estimation of heritability, (iv) the role of multi-environment trials to accommodate genotype-by-environment interactions, (v) interdisciplinary research to understand adaptation to dryland environments, (vi) breeding and selection strategies, and (vii) cultivar structure. Current achievements in biotechnology with specific reference to white clover breeding in Australia are considered, and computer modelling of breeding programs is discussed as a useful integrative tool for the joint evaluation of conventional and molecular breeding strategies and optimisation of resource use in breeding programs. Four areas are identified as future research priorities: (i) capturing the potential genetic diversity among introduced accessions and ecotypes that are adapted to key constraints such as summer moisture stress and the use of molecular markers to assess the genetic diversity, (ii) understanding the underlying physiological/morphological root and shoot mechanisms involved in water use efficiency of white clover, with the objective of identifying appropriate selection criteria, (iii) estimation of quantitative genetic parameters of important morphological/physiological attributes to enable prediction of response to selection in target environments, and (iv) modelling white clover breeding strategies to evaluate the opportunities for integration of molecular breeding strategies with conventional breeding programs.

52 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Concepts of MAP breeding and the type and characteristics of DNA markers is presented so that choice of the marker(s) can be made rational and for the defined purposes and student and researchers can build their understanding of plant molecular breeding and application of DNA based markers for the genetic dissection of qualitative and quantitative traits.
Abstract: Plant breeding is a combination of principles and methods of changing the genetic constitution of a plant to make it more suitable for human needs. Conventional plant breeding has evolved with the passage of time from simple seed saving of the best harvest to the selection of seeds according to the laws of Mendel. With the advent of morphological and biochemical markers, the selection process has hastened and the scope of conventional plant breeding increased many folds during the recent years. However, the process that actually revolutionized the plant breeding in the 20 century was the realization that th there exist a widespread polymorphism in natural populations, the degree of which can be assessed by sequencing or making restriction maps: an application of new tools of molecular biology. The first and the foremost molecular markers system i.e., restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was developed in early 1980. These are co-dominant markers and are available in unlimited number. Another breakthrough was the emergence of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 1990. With this technology, a new generation of DNA markers such as randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs), sequence characterized amplified regions (SCARs), sequence tagged sites (STS), single polymorphic amplification test (SPLAT), variable number of tendom repeats (VNTRs), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), DNA amplification fingerprinting (DFA), single strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP), single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs), micro-satellites or short tandem repeats (STRs), cDNA, DNA micro arrays and rDNA-ITS were introduced into the modern plant breeding systems. The concept of DNA based markers has increased our ability many folds, to follow minute regions of chromosome through opportunities such as map based cloning and Marker-assisted Plant (MAP) Breeding. In MAP breeding, the new ideas and concepts have been introduced which need to be understood thoroughly, before applying these ideas in practical breeding programmes particular in country like Pakistan where application of molecular biological approaches are still in its infancy. In order to achieve this objective, efforts were made to write a series of review articles in which concept of MAP breeding is being described thoroughly yet in a simple way so that student and researchers can build their understanding of plant molecular breeding and application of DNA based markers for the genetic dissection of qualitative and quantitative traits. In the present paper, concepts of MAP breeding and the type and characteristics of DNA markers is presented so that choice of the marker(s) can be made rational and for the defined purposes.

51 citations



Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: In this chapter on ornamental plant breeding, only floriculture crops are addressed, and quite a number of them have been improved by selection after hybridization and/or polyploidization.
Abstract: In a broad sense, the term “ornamental plants” covers all kinds of plants used for one ornamental purpose or another in homes, gardens and parks. Ornamental plant breeding, therefore, covers the breeding of all ornamental plants in the broad sense. On the other hand, floriculture includes mostly herbaceous ornamental plant species, i.e., bedding plants, cut flowers, pot plants (annuals, biennials, herbaceous perennials) which, during their production period in nurseries, are kept in greenhouses or under temporary protection. In this chapter on ornamental plant breeding, only floriculture crops are addressed. Ornamental shrubs and trees are not considered, though quite a number of them have been improved by selection after hybridization and/or polyploidization. Ornamental plant production has developed rapidly, and still has a high growth potential for future expansion. In view of the worldwide rising economic importance of ornamental horticulture, ornamental plant breeding has a promising future.

28 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: The considerations that will need to be addressed in the generation of a new breeding paradigm to take advantage of the genomics revolution are discussed.
Abstract: We briefly review the limited application of marker assisted selection in past wheat breeding programmes, and contrast the current situation, where increasingly it has become feasible to tag almost any gene with a microsatellite assay. Although this capability is having an impact on the conduct of large breeding programmes, a much more profound change in breeding strategy will become possible when SNP technology has matured sufficiently so that the throughput of molecular marker-based genotyping will be able to keep pace with the numbers of plants that breeders can handle in the field. We discuss the considerations that will need to be addressed in the generation of a new breeding paradigm to take advantage of the genomics revolution.

27 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: The use of markers in analysing the inheritance of traits in crop plants and understanding genome structure and organization is now well established as discussed by the authors, and their applications in genome analysis and molecular breeding of cereals species are discussed.
Abstract: Great advances have been made in recent years in marker detection systems and in the techniques used to identify markers linked to useful traits. While RFLP markers have been the basis for most work in crop plants, useful markers have been generated using RAPD and AFLP methods. More recently, microsatellite or simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers have been developed for major crop plants and this marker system is predicted to lead to even more rapid advances in both marker development and implementation in breeding programs. Identification of markers linked to useful traits has been based on complete linkage maps and bulked segregant analysis. However, alternative methods, such as the construction of partial maps and combination of pedigree and marker information, have also proved useful in identifying marker/trait associations. The value of markers in analysing the inheritance of traits in crop plants and understanding genome structure and organization is now well established. The different properties of markers systems and their applications in genome analysis and molecular breeding of cereals species are discussed.

25 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
Willem P. C. Stemmer1
TL;DR: Molecular breeding is a classic mutagenesis process that simply creates new combinations of a large number of DNA sequence polymorphisms that pre-exist in the population, thus allowing the evolutionary optimization of very complex genomes as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Classical breeding is a gentle mutagenesis process that simply creates new combinations of a large number of DNA sequence polymorphisms that pre-exist in the population, thus allowing the evolutionary optimization of very complex genomes. We have developed and applied a wide variety of derivative processes called ‘molecular breeding’ to breed single genes, contiguous pathways, distributed pathways, and even whole microbial genomes. Libraries of clones that are created by breeding are phenotypically diverse because clones tend to differ by many amino acids due to the exchange of sequence blocks, yet an exceptionally high fraction of the library is functional because the natural sequence polymorphisms were preselected for compatibility with function. A wide variety of formats and applications of molecular breeding is described.

19 citations


01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: The ability to produce a bull that is desired by the dairy farmers is imperative for the survival of breeding companies and selection has been based solely on phenotypic information analysed with sophisticated statistical models.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION Each year over 7000 bulls are progeny tested throughout the world. At an approximate cost of US$30,000 per bull this amounts to an overall cost of approximately US$200 million per year. With this amount of expenditure the ability to produce a bull that is desired by the dairy farmers is imperative for the survival of breeding companies. Traditionally selection has been based solely on phenotypic information analysed with sophisticated statistical models. In recent years the phenotypic information has been complemented, to a small degree, by molecular information.


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: Molecular markers and especially those based on selectively neutral DNA sequence polymorphisms have revolutionized the old art of plant breeding and will speed up breeding processes considerably in future.
Abstract: Molecular markers and especially those based on selectively neutral DNA sequence polymorphisms have revolutionized the old art of plant breeding, They facilitate the reliable identification of clones, breeding lines, hybrids and cultivars, allow the monitoring of introgression of alien DNA into cultivated germplasm, and the estimation of genetic diversity in germplasm collections, Further, for nearly every important crop, advanced high-density DNA marker maps are now available that provide a basis for marker-assisted selection of agronomically useful traits, pyramiding of resistance genes, and the isolation of these and other important genes by map-based cloning, In future, molecular marker techniques clearly will gain more and more influence on plant breeding, and will speed up breeding processes considerably (see reviews by Tanksley et al, 1995, Winter and Kahl 1995).

01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: An important aspect of this component is the development of models that are realistic and yet lend themselves to statistical methods of prediction that are computationally feasible.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION Even with the tremendous advances that have been made in molecular genetics, it is still not possible to directly observe breeding values. Thus, observable information must be used to statistically predict breeding values. One of the components of this prediction problem is the use of genetic and statistical models to relate observable information to unobservable breeding values. An important aspect of this component is the development of models that are realistic and yet lend themselves to statistical methods of prediction that are computationally feasible.




01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: It is already possible to use molecular diagnostic tests to detect animals that possess favourable genes not observable on the phenotype, and a new approach is currently being developed to be applicable to a greater number of characters.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION Horses were domesticated approximately 3500 AC most probably in the steppes of the Moldavo-Ukrainian Eurasian area. Although the exact origins of the domestic horse are unclear, it seems accepted that domestication occurred on the wild types like the extinct Tarpan or the still living Przewalski horses. A comparison between the morphology of such horses and those of the present warm-blooded horses discloses the evolution imposed by human beings during centuries of selection. Nowadays, great differences are still observable between breeds according to their origins and utilisation. The evolution of selection practices is quite remarkable. Empirical knowledge of breeders was progressively replaced by a more systematic evaluation system of notation such as conformation and gait trials, and more recently by a scientific quantitative genetic approach based on earnings, timing and ranking. An additional step is being introduced with the inclusion of early criteria estimated on the phenotype and hopefully on the genotype. In fact, recent developments in molecular tools have given access to DNA information and thus directly to the genotype assuming that the genes acting on the traits are known. Thus, it is already possible to use molecular diagnostic tests to detect animals that possess favourable genes not observable on the phenotype. This new approach is currently being developed to be applicable to a greater number of characters.

01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: The objective of this paper is to review the impact of reproductive technology on genetic gain and inbreeding and to identify possible applications and to illustrate these with examples.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION Breeding programs in livestock species exploit between and within breed genetic diversity. The desired direction of change of a particular population, which is summarised in the socalled breeding goal, might differ between regions and change over time. The application of reproductive techniques has had a major impact on structure of breeding programs, the rate of genetic gain and the dissemination of genetic gain in livestock production and aquaculture. In essence, the most basic effect of reproductive technologies is to increase fecundity. This means that fewer parents are needed to produce a given number of offspring. Research on application of reproductive technologies has initially focused on genetic gain while little attention was paid to inbreeding. However, it is now well accepted that an evaluation of alternative breeding schemes should be based on genetic gain while constraining inbreeding. The objective of this paper is to review the impact of reproductive technology on genetic gain and inbreeding. The underlying principles will be described and illustrated. It is not attempted to give a complete overview of all applications for all species but rather to identify possible applications and to illustrate these with examples.

01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: The principal areas of molecular genetic research include genetic mapping, sequencing, QTL analysis, and studies of transgenics.
Abstract: Molecular genetic studies relevant to fish and shellfish breeding have advanced significantly in recent years. This has been true both because of the applied interest in aquaculture for a number of these species and the use of a few aquatic species to address fundamental questions in genome structure, development and other basic research areas. The principal areas of molecular genetic research include genetic mapping, sequencing, QTL analysis, and studies of transgenics.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: こ れまでに開発されてい る育種技術の素材探索の遺伝 資源評価を行った.
Abstract: 熱帯および亜熱帯の乾燥 ・半乾燥地帯でオオムギ は重要な食用作物の1つ であるが,気 候の年次変動 が大きく生産量が安定していない.こ のような環境 ストレスを強く受ける地域に位置する途上国では, 増え続ける人口を養うための耕地面積の増大は将来 期待出来ない.し たがって収量性の向上はオオムギ の大きな育種目標である.こ れまでに開発されてい る育種技術のうち一代雑種育種法は多収性を目標と した育種に有効である.そ の理由として,雑 種強勢 により収量やス トレス耐性などにおいて雑種第1代 がいずれの親系統よりも優れるからである.一 代雑 種育種法は他殖性作物で実用化されているが,オ オ ムギは自殖性作物でありその適用は困難と考えられ てきた.し かし,近 年育種に利用可能な遺伝子雄性 不稔系統が育成されたため一代雑種育種法が適用で きる可能性が高まった.そ こで,1.遺 伝子雄性不 稔系統を用いた一代雑種オオムギ作出のために生起 する問題点の検討,お よび,2.半 乾燥地における 育種素材探索のためにチュニジア産オオムギの遺伝 資源評価を行った.

Journal Article
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper evaluated Qinchuan cattle again and its breeding and selection history, the direction of selection and breeding put forward, according to the comparison of the advantage and disadvantage of Qichuan cattle with foreign beef breeds, main aims of selection, breeding, and selection system, the technical measures, including establishment of core population and breeding and selecting system, foundation of the breeding cooperation groups and united breeding measures and application of modern molecular breeding technology in Chinese beef breeding are also presented.
Abstract: In last few years, beef production in China has been developing quickly, but beef production level and beef percentage per cattle are still very low, one of the main reasons is that no special beef breed has been bred in China beef industry by now. In order to develop beef industry rapidly, besides we can utilize foreign beef breeds to improve our indigenous yellow cattle, we must breed our own beef breeds. In this contribution, based on the development of China economy and society, the changing of living conditions of Chinese people and the market needs, Qinchuan cattle is evaluated again and its breeding and selection history are introduced, the direction of selection and breeding put forward. According to the comparison of the advantage and disadvantage of Qinchuan cattle with foreign beef breeds, main aims of selection and breeding of Qinchuan cattle and the technical measures, including establishment of core population and breeding and selection system, the foundation of the breeding cooperation groups and united breeding measures and application of modern molecular breeding technology in Chinese beef breeding are also presented, which will help to breed a new Qinchuan beef line as soon as possible and finally meet the need of our beef industrialization and economy development, all of them will bring some far reaching effects on optimization of rural industry structure, economy and society development and farmer affluence.\;

26 Mar 2002
TL;DR: Potential utility, implementation, and limitations of MAS in poultry breeding are examined, including sex limited traits which can only be measured in one sex, and traits which cannot be measured on either sex, such as disease resistance or meat quality.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION Poultry breeding prior to this decade was based mainly on what could be observed or measured at the phenotypic level such as egg number, body weight, and egg weight. Unfortunately those types of traits are also influenced by random environmental factors such as feed quality, peck order, temperature, and disease. Clearly random environmental factors are a hindrance to breeding superior genetic stock. However, even greater problems are sex limited traits which can only be measured in one sex, such as egg production, and traits which cannot be measured on either sex, such as disease resistance or meat quality. In those cases the breeder must rely entirely on information from relatives to make selection decisions. The desire of poultry breeders has always been to get directly at the underlying genetic worth of the bird, free from environmental effects, and on all animals regardless of sex or ability to measure the phenotype. Now biochemical techniques allow scientists to probe directly into the genetic code of life. These advances would seem to provide the answer to selecting superior animals without complications of environmental effects, but as Bulfield (1998) questions, will these advances cause animal breeding to become a biotechnology or will it just be a passing fad ? The question most breeders are asking is how important are these advances to breeding and at what cost. In the following I will examine potential utility, implementation, and limitations of MAS in poultry breeding.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Plant molecular breeding represents a new technology that adds to, rather than substitutes for, traditional breeding practice, and shares with it the same long-standing objectives: higher yield, better products, better adapted plants as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Plant molecular breeding represents a new technology that adds to, rather than substitutes for, traditional breeding practice, and shares with it the same long-standing objectives: higher yield, better products, better-adapted plants. Additionally, it allows the consideration of completely new applications: pharmaceuticals, industrial products and bioremediation processes. Safety issues and the socio-economic prospects of this new technology are discussed.

12 Mar 2002
TL;DR: It is described how the technology of marker-assisted selection (MAS) can be used to assist in the breeding of drought tolerance in upland rice.
Abstract: Participatory plant breeding (PPB), like conventional breeding, is predicted to give a low response to selection for traits with low heritability. These include many traits that farmers consider desirable, such as drought resistance. The technology of marker-assisted selection (MAS) can be used to make selection for traits with low heritability more effective. We describe how MAS can be used to assist in the breeding of drought tolerance in upland rice. Abstract

01 Jan 2002
TL;DR: This research devotes efforts to developing new populations to expand the base of useful genetics in tomato breeding and genetics in the Mid-West and Mid-Atlantic states.
Abstract: Introduction The Ohio State University/OARDC tomato breeding and genetics research program is focused on variety and breeding line development for the processing industry in the Mid-West and Mid-Atlantic states. The long-term sustainability of plant breeding efforts requires the identification of new sources of genetic variation and new traits. My research therefore devotes efforts to developing new populations to expand our base of useful genetics. Developmental research has centered on structuring populations for simultaneous trait identification, genetic mapping, and breeding.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The aim of plant molecular breeding is shifting from introducing agronomic traitssuch as herbicide and insect resistance to introducing quality traits such as healthful oils and proteins, which will lead to improved and nutritional food and feed products.
Abstract: Biotechnology in the 21st century will be driven by three emerging technologies: genomics, high-throughput biology, and bioinformatics. These technologies are complementary to one another. A large number of economically important crops are currently subjected to whole genome sequencing. Functional genomics for determining the functions of the genes comprising the given plant genome is under progress by using various means including phenotyping data from transgenic mutants, gene expression profiling data from DNA microarrays, and metabolic profiling data from LC/mass analysis. The aim of plant molecular breeding is shifting from introducing agronomic traits such as herbicide and insect resistance to introducing quality traits such as healthful oils and proteins, which will lead to improved and nutritional food and feed products. Plant molecular breeding is also expected to aim to develop crops for producing human therapeutic and industrial proteins.