Showing papers on "Molecular breeding published in 2007"

Genome Mapping and Molecular Breeding of Tomato

Abstract: The cultivated tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum, is the second most consumed vegetable worldwide and a well-studied crop species in terms of genetics, genomics, and breeding. It is one of the earliest crop plants for which a genetic linkage map was constructed, and currently there are several molecular maps based on crosses between the cultivated and various wild species of tomato. The high-density molecular map, developed based on an L. esculentum x L. pennellii cross, includes more than 2200 markers with an average marker distance of less than 1 cM and an average of 750 kbp per cM. Different types of molecular markers such as RFLPs, AFLPs, SSRs, CAPS, RGAs, ESTs, and COSs have been developed and mapped onto the 12 tomato chromosomes. Markers have been used extensively for identification and mapping of genes and QTLs for many biologically and agriculturally important traits and occasionally for germplasm screening, fingerprinting, and marker-assisted breeding. The utility of MAS in tomato breeding has been restricted largely due to limited marker polymorphism within the cultivated species and economical reasons. Also, when used, MAS has been employed mainly for improving simply-inherited traits and not much for improving complex traits. The latter has been due to unavailability of reliable PCR-based markers and problems with linkage drag. Efforts are being made to develop high-throughput markers with greater resolution, including SNPs. The expanding tomato EST database, which currently includes approximately 214 000 sequences, the new microarray DNA chips, and the ongoing sequencing project are expected to aid development of more practical markers. Several BAC libraries have been developed that facilitate map-based cloning of genes and QTLs. Sequencing of the euchromatic portions of the tomato genome is paving the way for comparative and functional analysis of important genes and QTLs.

Advances in molecular breeding toward drought and salt tolerant crops

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Allelopathy in crop/weed interactions--an update.

Abstract: Since varietal differences in allelopathy of crops against weeds were discovered in the 1970s, much research has documented the potential that allelopathic crops offer for integrated weed management with substantially reduced herbicide rates. Research groups worldwide have identified several crop species possessing potent allelopathic interference mediated by root exudation of allelochemicals. Rice, wheat, barley and sorghum have attracted most attention. Past research focused on germplasm screening for elite allelopathic cultivars and the identification of the allelochemicals involved. Based on this, traditional breeding efforts were initiated in rice and wheat to breed agronomically acceptable, weed-suppressive cultivars with improved allelopathic interference. Promising suppressive crosses are under investigation. Molecular approaches have elucidated the genetics of allelopathy by QTL mapping which associated the trait in rice and wheat with several chromosomes and suggested the involvement of several allelochemicals. Potentially important compounds that are constitutively secreted from roots have been identified in all crop species under investigation. Biosynthesis and exudation of these metabolites follow a distinct temporal pattern and can be induced by biotic and abiotic factors. The current state of knowledge suggests that allelopathy involves fluctuating mixtures of allelochemicals and their metabolites as regulated by genotype and developmental stage of the producing plant, environment, cultivation and signalling effects, as well as the chemical or microbial turnover of compounds in the rhizosphere. Functional genomics is being applied to identify genes involved in biosynthesis of several identified allelochemicals, providing the potential to improve allelopathy by molecular breeding. The dynamics of crop allelopathy, inducible processes and plant signalling is gaining growing attention; however, future research should also consider allelochemical release mechanisms, persistence, selectivity and modes of action, as well as consequences of improved crop allelopathy on plant physiology, the environment and management strategies. Creation of weed-suppressive cultivars with improved allelopathic interference is still a challenge, but traditional breeding or biotechnology should pave the way.

Participatory plant breeding in water-limited environments

Abstract: Drought is one of the major factors limiting crop production worldwide. Dry areas are a much less homogeneous population of target environments than areas with high and reliable rainfall. In this paper we argue that a decentralized participatory plant breeding programme can address the complexity of dry areas, characterized by high and repeatable genotype × locations and genotype × years within locations interactions, more efficiently and effectively than a centralized non-participatory plant breeding programme. This is because varieties can be tailored not only to the multitude of target environments typical of dry areas, but also to diverse clients needs. In addition, varieties can be delivered in a shorter time and with a higher probability of adoption. Decentralized participatory plant breeding also has beneficial effects on biodiversity because selection is for specific adaptation rather than for broad spatial adaptation. The paper gives examples of methodological aspects including the modes of farmer selection, the precision of the trials, the efficiency of selection, the response to selection, the role of the type of germplasm and the role of molecular breeding in a participatory breeding programme. The paper gives the example of drought-resistant barley lines identified through extensive field testing and selection in a decentralized participatory breeding programme, and concludes that this type of plant breeding may be better targeted, more relevant and more appropriate for poor farmers in marginal areas.

Wheat breeding assisted by markers: CIMMYT's experience

Abstract: Significant progress has been made in the characterization of loci controlling traits of importance using molecular markers. A number of markers are currently available in wheat for genes of interest to the breeders. Markers can be used to better characterize parental material, thereby improving the efficiency and effectiveness of parental selection for crossing and to track genes in segregating progenies through the selection process. Although a number of breeding programs are using molecular markers at modest levels, the costs associated with marker assisted selection (MAS) are frequently cited as the main constraint to their wide-spread use by plant breeders. However, this is likely to change when user-friendly, high-throughput, automated marker technologies based on single nucleotide polymorphisms become available. These evolving technologies will increase the number of available markers, and will improve the efficiency, throughput, and cost effectiveness of MAS, thereby making it more attractive and affordable to many breeding programs. This article examines the extent to which molecular markers have been used at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) in applied wheat breeding and reviews the limited publicly available information on MAS from other wheat breeding programs. As markers are currently available for relatively few traits, we believe that MAS must be integrated with ongoing conventional breeding to maximize its impact. When used in tandem with phenotypic selection, MAS will improve response to selection for certain traits, thereby increasing rates of genetic progress.

Genetic improvement and breeding of tea plant (Camellia sinensis) in China: from individual selection to hybridization and molecular breeding

Abstract: Tea is an important revenue source for the tea producing countries in the world, including China. China is the place of origin of tea plants, it has the broadest genetic variations in the world. It also has bred more than 200 improved cultivars. The improved cultivars have made important contribution in the tea industry. In this paper the achievements of tea genetic improvement and breeding, the current situation of collection, conservation, appraisal and evaluation of tea germplasms, the establishment and development of tea breeding system were reviewed. The main research emphases for the genetics and breeding of tea plant in the near future in China are proposed.

Molecular markers: actual and potential contributions to wheat genome characterization and breeding

Abstract: The demands for increasing global crop production have prompted the development of new approaches relying on molecular marker technologies to investigate and improve the plant genome. The merits of molecular markers make them valuable tools in a range of research areas. This review describes novel approaches based on modern molecular marker technologies for characterization and utilization of genetic variation for wheat improvement. Large-scale genome characterization by DNA-fingerprinting has revealed no declining trends in the molecular genetic diversity in wheat as a consequence of modern intensive breeding thus opposing the genetic ‘erosion’ hypothesis. A great number of important major genes and quantitative trait loci have been mapped with molecular markers. Marker-assisted selection based on a tight linkage between a marker allele and a gene(s) governing a qualitative or quantitative trait is gaining considerable importance as it facilitates and accelerates cultivar improvement through precise transfer of chromosome regions carrying the gene of interest. The implementations of molecular markers in wheat genotyping, mapping and breeding complemented by specific approaches associated with the complex polyploid nature of common wheat are analyzed and presented.

Molecular Breeding Using a Major QTL for Fusarium Head Blight Resistance in Wheat

Abstract: The difficulties of breeding for Fusarium head blight (caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe [teleomorph: Gibberella zeae]) resistance, a quantitatively inherited fungal disease, caused us to initiate a marker-assisted selection (MAS) approach to accelerate our gains from selection. Although MAS for simply inherited traits has become commonplate in many plant breeding programs, there are few examples of its application with quantitatively inherited traits. Several barriers to MAS for a quantitative trait locus (QTL) must be addressed before it can be integrated into a breeding program, including (i) its efficiency or gain compared to phenotypic selection; (ii) the usefulness of markers in breeding-relevant populations; and (iii) the cost, throughput, and expertise required. We identified a major QTL, Fhb1, for Fusarium head blight resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and validated its effect in an additional mapping population and near-isogenic lines developed from segregating lines in our breeding program. The effect of this QTL was large and consistent enough to justify complementing our extensive phenotypic screening efforts for this disease with MAS for this major QTL. Fhb1 is located in a highly polymorphic region, and we developed highly diagnostic markers while fine mapping this QTL. The establishment of the USDA-ARS Regional Small Grains Genotyping Centers has dramatically increased our capabilities to apply MAS by providing access to high-throughput DNA extraction and genotyping equipment. Because a limited number of induvidual can be can be subjected to MAS, we use a process of retrospective breeding to identify those populations that are most likely to produce cultivar candidates. More efficient DNA extraction technologies and marker platforms will allow us to fully implement MAS in breeding programs.

Recent Advances in Breeding For Drought and Salt Stress Tolerance in Soybean

Abstract: Drought and salinity are two important abiotic factors limiting soybean production worldwide and drought alone accounts for about 40% crop loss. Irrigation and soil reclamation are not economically viable options for soybean production under drought and salinity. Hence, genetic improvement for drought and salt tolerance are cost effective. Conventional breeding has made a significant contribution to soybean improvement in the last 50 years. Through conventional breeding, it is easy to manipulate simply inherited qualitative traits which are less sensitive to environmental variation, but quantitative traits like yield or tolerance to abiotic stress are significantly influenced by environment. Most agronomically important traits are quantitatively inherited and are difficult to improve through conventional breeding. Molecular marker technologies can dissect quantitative traits into individual components, known as quantitative trait loci enabling marker assisted selection of desired traits in much shorter time avoiding labor intensive, conventional, phenotypic selection. A molecular breeding approach can supplement the conventional breeding system. Well developed molecular genetic maps, functional genomic resources, and other molecular tools are available for soybean. Effective use of these resources will allow a greater understanding of basic mechanisms of tolerance to abiotic stress. Integration of these genomic tools coupled with well-designed breeding strategies will help to develop soybean varieties with higher tolerance to drought and salt

Application of genomics to molecular breeding of wheat and barley.

Abstract: In wheat and barley, several generations of selectable molecular markers have been included in the genetic maps; and a large number of qualitative and quantitative traits were located in the genomes, some of which are being routinely selected in marker-assisted breeding programs. In recent years, a large number of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) have been generated for wheat and barley that have been used for development of functional molecular markers, preparation of transcript maps, and construction of cDNA arrays. These functional genomic resources combined together with new approaches such as expression genetics, association mapping, allele mining, and informatics (bioinformatic tools) possess potential to identify genes responsible for a trait and their deployment in practical plant breeding. High costs currently limit the implementation of functional genomics in breeding programs. The potential applications together with some examples as well as challenges for applying genomics research in breeding activities are discussed. Genomics research will continue to enhance the efficiency and precision for crop improvement but will not replace conventional breeding and evaluation methods.

Molecular genetics and breeding of grain legume crops for the semi-arid tropics

Abstract: Grain legumes are important crops for providing key components in the diets of resource-poor people of the semi-arid tropic (SAT) regions of the world. Although there are several grain legume crops grown in SAT, the present chapter deals with three important legumes i.e. groundnut or peanut (Arachis hypogaea), chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan). Production of these legume crops are challenged by serious abiotic stresses e.g. drought, salinity as well as several fungal, viral and nematode diseases. To tackle these constraints through molecular breeding, some efforts have been initiated to develop genomic resources e.g. molecular markers, molecular genetic maps, expressed sequence tags (ESTs), macro-/micro- arrays, bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), etc. These genomic resources together with recently developed genetic and genomics strategies e.g. functional molecular markers, linkage-disequilibrium (LD) based association mapping, functional and comparative genomics offer the possibility of accelerating molecular breeding for abiotic and biotic stress tolerances in the legume crops. However, low level of polymorphism present in the cultivated genepools of these legume crops, imprecise phenotyping of the germplasm and the higher costs of development and application of genomic tools are critical factors in utilizing genomics in breeding of these legume crops.

Pulses, sugar and tuber crops.

Abstract: Common Bean.- Pea.- Cowpea.- Mungbean.- Lentil.- Chickpea.- Genome Mapping and Molecular Breeding in Lathyrus.- Pigeonpea.- Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa).- Bambara Groundnut.- Sugarcane.- Potato.- Sweetpotato.- Cassava.- Yams.

Recent Advances in Molecular Breeding of Cassava For Improved Drought Stress Tolerance

Abstract: Cassava is an important tropical starchy root crop that is used extensively in drought prone tropical regions. It responds to water deficit with a dehydration avoidance and growth arrest syndrome. Carbohydrate is supplied from stems via remobilization. It is very limited in its use of osmotic adjustment, compatible solute synthesis, dehydrin accumulation and other tolerance mechanisms for low water potential. Given the difficulties of conventional breeding of cassava due to its long breeding cycle, heterozygousity, and difficulties in producing seed, an important recent development is the use of molecular markers and marker assisted selection (MAS). MAS is also contributing to the introgression of traits from wild relatives

Application of new knowledge, technologies, and strategies to wheat improvement

Abstract: There have been many changes impacting wheat improvement since the 1996 International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center Wheat Yield Symposium. This review highlights a few of the technological advances and impacts of new knowledge on wheat improvement that have occurred in the past 10 years as well as on-going challenges. One of the most dramatic discoveries has been the revelation that the genomes of graminaceous crops are complex, rapidly evolving, and heterogeneous, even within species. The use of marker-assisted selection for improving complex traits is one of the challenges facing wheat breeders. Integration of association analysis into conventional breeding programs is proposed as a crop improvement strategy that has the potential to improve the efficiency of molecular breeding.

Automation of DNA marker analysis for molecular breeding in crops: practical experience of a plant breeding company

Abstract: In modern plant breeding, DNA marker analyses are of increasing importance and, as the methods become more widely adopted, the capacity for high-throughput analyses at low cost is crucial for its practical use. Automation of the analysis processes is a way to meet these requirements. In order to achieve this, while keeping adequate flexibility in the analysis processes, Svalof Weibull AB (SW) has developed a fully automated polymerase chain reaction system. It has been evaluated on barley and canola lines and is capable of analysing up to 2200 samples per day at a cost of 0,24 ? per analysis for marker-assisted selection and quality control of genetically modified organisms. A detailed description of this system is given, and improvements to the throughput and applications are discussed.

Genomics applications in crops

Abstract: Contents: 1. Microsatellite and SNP markers in wheat breeding M W Ganal, M S Roeder.- 2. Molecular markers and QTL analysis for grain quality improvement in wheat D Lafiandra, M C Sanguineti, M Maccaferri, E Deambrogio.- 3. Molecular approaches and breeding strategies for drought tolerance in barley M Baum, M van Korff, P Guo, B Lakew, S M Udupa, H Sayed, W Choumane, S Grando, S Ceccarelli.- 4. Molecular markers for gene pyramiding and disease resistance breeding in barley W Friedt, F Ordon.- 5. Cloning genes and QTLs for disease resistance in cereals B Keller, S Bieri, E Bossolini, N Yahiaoui.- 6. Maize breeding and genomics M Lee.- 7. Molecular markers and marker-assisted selection in rice D J Mackill.- 8. Application of genomics for molecular breeding in rice N K Singh, T Mohapatra.- 9. Marker-assisted selection in sorghum G Ejeta, J E Knoll.- 10. Molecular genetics and breeding of grain legume crops for the semi-arid tropics R K Varshney, D A Hoisington, H D Upadhyaya, P M Gaur, S N Nigam, K Saxena, V Vadez, N K Sethy, S Bhatia, R Aruna, M V C Gowda, N K Singh.- 11. Genomics approaches to soybean improvement T D Vuong, X Wu, M S Pathan, B Valliyodan, H T Nguyen.- 12. Application of genomics to forage crop breeding for quality traits T Lubberstedt.- 13. Molecular mapping, marker-assisted selection and map-based cloning in tomato M R Foolad.- 14. Genomics for improvement of Rosaceae temperate tree fruit P Arus, S Gardiner.- 15. DNA markers: development and application for genetic improvement of coffee P S Hendre, R K Aggarwal.- 16. Genomics of root nodulation in soybean K Van, M Y Kim, S-H Lee.- 17. Genomics of wheat domestication C Pozzi, F Salamini.- 18. Transcriptome analysis of the sugarcane genome for crop improvement P Arruda, T Rezende e Silva

Functional genomics in chickpea: an emerging frontier for molecular-assisted breeding.

Abstract: Chickpea is a valuable and important agricultural crop, but yield potential is limited by a series of biotic and abiotic stresses, including Ascochyta blight, Fusarium wilt, drought, cold and salinity. To accelerate molecular breeding efforts for the discovery and introgression of stress tolerance genes into cultivated chickpea, functional genomics approaches are rapidly growing. Recently a series of genetic tools for chickpea have become available that have allowed high-powered functional genomics studies to proceed, including a dense genetic map, large insert genome libraries, expressed sequence tag libraries, microarrays, serial analysis of gene expression, transgenics and reverse genetics. This review summarises the development of these genomic tools and the achievements made in initial and emerging functional genomics studies. Much of the initial research focused on Ascochyta blight resistance, and a resistance model has been synthesised based on the results of various studies. Use of the rich comparative genomics resources from the model legumes Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus is also discussed. Finally, perspectives on the future directions for chickpea functional genomics, with the goal of developing elite chickpea cultivars, are discussed.

Recent Advances And Future Prospective in Molecular Breeding of Cotton For Drought and Salinity Stress Tolerance

Abstract: Fiber from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum and G. barbadense) is a major product in the world economy. It is a botanically unique plant as it is a perennial allotetraploid derived from diploid Gossypium species, one of which does not produce lint, which is grown as an annual row crop. Cotton is an especially appropriate system for research into the molecular basis of plant response to water deficit and salinity, as it originates from wild perennial plants adapted to semi-arid, sub-tropical environments which experienced periodic drought and temperature extremes that are associated with soils with high salt content. The current primary molecular breeding approaches include transgenic modification and quantitative trait mapping with marker-assisted selection. The preliminary work in QTL mapping for drought response and the relationships of the QTLs with the drought-associated measurements is developing a foundation for understanding and using the molecular basis of drought tolerance. QTL mapping for salt tolerance is not moving apace. Using and/or regulating transgene effects on the plant responses to drought and salinity has shown success and will continue to increase our understanding of the complexity of plant’s physiological pathways. Improvements in all areas of molecular breeding are almost certain, but the most effective improvements will come from exploiting our improved understanding of the genetic architecture

Recent advances in genetic engineering of potato crops for drought and saline stress tolerance

Abstract: Defense systems are triggered when plants encounter environmental stresses such as high salinity or drought. Many studies have shown that these defense systems depend on protective mechanisms created by altering the expression levels of stress genes. The agricultural species Solanum tuberosum is an autotetraploid with a highly complicated, quantitative inheritance pattern. Thus, breeding new potato cultivars that are tolerant of saline and drought stress by conventional methods is tedious, difficult and time-consuming, and generally requires between 10 and 15 years. Genetic engineering techniques represent a faster and more reliable way to improve potato cultivars. As a first step towards developing drought- and saline-tolerant potato plants by molecular breeding methods, numerous potato stress genes, including those that code for functional and regulatory proteins, have been isolated and characterized by homologue gene screening, differential screening, microarray analysis and proteome analysis. There have been many attempts around the world to create drought- and saline-tolerant potato plants by introducing abiotic stress genes for functional proteins, such as proline synthesis protein, osmotin-like protein, GPD, trehalose synthesis protein, and regulatory proteins such as StEREBP, CBF and StRD22

Converting genomic discoveries into genetic solutions for dairy pastures – an overview

Abstract: A range of molecular breeding technologies have been developed for forage plant species including both transgenic and non-transgenic methodologies. The application of these technologies has the potential to greatly increase the range of genetic variation that is available for incorporation into breeding programs and its subsequent delivery to producers in the form of improved germplasm. Further developments in plant functional genomics and in detailing the phenotypic effect of genes and alleles both through research in target species and through inference from results from model species will further refine the delivery of new forage cultivars.

Wheat production in stressed environments : proceedings of the 7th International Wheat Conference, 27 November - 2 December 2005, Mar del Plata, Argentina

Abstract: The Global Need for a Sustainable Agricultural Model.- The Economics of Wheat.- The Fusarium Head Blight Pathosystem.- The Status of Resistance to Bacterial Diseases of Wheat.- Spread of a Highly Virulent Race of Puccinia graminis tritici in Eastern Africa.- Inheritance of Adult Plant Resistance Genes and Associated Markers from a Durable Resistant Cultivar to Leaf Rust.- Characterization of Genes for Durable Resistance to Leaf Rust and Yellow Rust in Cimmyt Spring Wheats.- Epidemiology of Puccinia Triticina in Gangetic Plain and planned containment of crop losses.- Stripe Rust Resistance in Chinese Bread Wheat Cultivars and Lines.- Introgression of Leaf Rust and Stripe Rust Resistance Genes from Aegilops Umbellulata to Hexaploid wheat Through Induced Homoeologous Pairing.- Enhancement of Fusarium Head Blight Resistance in Bread Wheat and Durum by Means of Wide Crosses.- Leaf Rust Resistance Gene LR34 is Involved in Powdery Mildew Resistance of Cimmyt Bread Wheat Line Saar.- Strategies of the European Initiative for Resistance Breeding Against Fusarium Head Blight.- Genetic Analysis of Septoria Tritici Blotch to Improve Resistance in European Wheat Breeding Programmes.- Inheritance And Allelic Relationship Of Resistance Genes To Spot Blotch Of Wheat Caused By Bipolaris Sorokiniana.- Resistance to Magnaporthe Grisea Among Brazilian Wheat Genotypes.- The International Breeding Strategy for the Incorporation of Resistance in Bread Wheat Against the Soil Borne Pathogens (Dryland Root Rot and Cyst and Lesion Cereal Nematodes) Using Conventional and Molecular Tools.- Genetic Resistance to Greenbug is Expressed with Higher Contents of Proteins and Non-Structural Carbohydrates in Wheat Substitution Lines.- Utilization and Performance in Wheat of Yellow Dwarf Virus Resistance Transferred From Thinopyrum Intermedium.- A Systemic Approach to Germplasm Development Shows Promise.- Breeding Hard Red Spring Wheat for Fusarium Head Blight Resistance.- Advances in Nitrogen Handling Strategies to Increase the Productivity of Wheat.- Tillage Intensity, Crop Rotation, and Fertilizer Technology for Sustainable Wheat Production North American Experience.- Comparative Effectiveness of Urea and Calcium Ammonium Nitrate for Wheat Fertilization in South-Western Buenos Aires (Argentina).- Dynamics of Root Development of Spring Wheat Genotypes Varying in Nitrogen Use Efficiency.- Site-Specific Quality Management in Wheat Results from the 2003 Field Trials in Argentina.- Corn and Soybean Residue Covers Effects on Wheat Productivity Under No-Tillage Practices.- Genetic Assessment of the Role of Breeding Wheat for Organic Systems.- A Novel Variety Management Strategy for Precision Farming.- Yield Performances of Cereal Varieties in Various Crop Rotations Under Mediterranean Dryland Areas.- Herbicide Tolerance in Imidazolinone-Resistant Wheat for Weed Management in the Pacific Northwest U.S.A..- Investment Rate of Return in Wheat Research in Iran.- Web-Based System to True-Forecast Disease Epidemics.- Impact of Crop Management Systems on Diseases of Spring Wheat on the Canadian Prairies.- Effect of Potash Deficiency on Host Susceptibility to Cochliobolus sativus Causing Spot Blotch on Wheat.- Implications for Fusarium Head Blight Control from Study of Factors Determining Pathogen and Don Content in Grain of Wheat Cultivars.- Drought Resistance: Genetic approaches for improving productivity under stress.- Progress in Breeding Wheat with Tolerance to Low Temperature in Different Phenological Developmental Stages.- Identification of Wheat Genotypes Adapted to Mediterranean Rainfed Condition with Responsiveness to Supplementary Irrigation.- Genetic Achievements under Rainfed Conditions.- Quantifying Potential Genetic Gains in Wheat Yield Using a Conceptual Model of Drought Adaptation.- Changes in the Abiotic Stress Tolerance of Wheat as a Result of an Increased Atmospheric CO2Concentration.- Genetic Control of Water-Soluble Carbohydrate Reserves in Bread Wheat.- Variation for Staygreen Trait and its Association with Canopy Temperature Depression and Yield Traits Under Terminal Heat Stress in Wheat.- Influence of Heat Stress on Wheat Grain Characteristics and Protein Molecular Weight Distribution.- Expression Quantitative Trait Loci Mapping Heat Tolerance During Reproductive Development in Wheat (Triticum Aestivum).- Molecular Breeding for Salt Tolerance, Pre-Harvest Sprouting Resistance and Disease Resistance Using Synthetic Hexaploid Wheats, Genetic Transformation, and Associated Molecular Markers.- Wheat Breeding for Soil Acidity and Aluminum Toxicity.- Genetic Variation for Subsoil Toxicities in High pH Soils.- Determining the Salt Tolerance of Triticale Disomic Addition (Thinopyrum additions) Lines.- Current and Future Trends of Wheat Quality Needs.- Mitigating the Damaging Effects of Growth and Storage Conditions on Grain Quality.- Molecular and Biochemical Characterization of Puroindoline A and B Alleles in Chinese Improved Cultivars And Landraces.- Of D-Genome Related Gluten Proteins Into Durum Wheat.- Natural Variation And Identification Of Microelements Content In Seeds Of Einkorn Wheat (Triticum Monococcum).- Molecular Weight Distribution of Gluten Proteins.- Glutenin and Gliadin Allelic Variation and their Relationship to Bread-Making Quality in Wheat Cultivars Grown in Germany.- Breeding for Breadmaking Quality Using Overexpressed HMW Glutenin Subunits in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).- Nutritional and Baking Quality of low Phytic Acid Wheat.- Long-Term Breeding for Bread Making Quality in Wheat.- The Genetics of Soft Wheat Quality: Improving Breeding Efficiency.- Wheat Microevolution under Intensive Breeding Process in the Northern Caucasian Region.- Genotypic Variability of Commercial Varieties of Bread Wheat for Parameters of Commercial and Industrial Quality.- NIR Spectroscopy as a Tool for Quality Screening.- Change in Grain Protein Composition of Winter Wheat Cultivars Under Different Levels of N and Water Stress.- The Influence of Dough Mixing Time on Wheat Protein Composition and Gluten Quality for Four Commercial Flour Mixtures.- Nitrogen-Sulphur Fertiliser Induced Changes in Storage Protein Composition in Durum Wheat.- Physiology of Determination of Major Wheat Yield Components.- Influence of Foliar Diseases and their Control by Fungicides on Grain Yield and Quality in Wheat.- Genetic Improvement of Wheat Yield Potential in North China.- Physiological Processes Associated with Winter Wheat Yield Potential Progress.- Variability on Photoperiod Responses in Argentinean Wheat Cultivars Differing in Length of Crop Cycle.- Acclimation of Photosynthesis and Stomatal Conductance to Elevated CO2 in Canopy Leaves of Wheat at Two Nitrogen Supplies.- Using Stomatal Aperture-Related Traits to Select for High Yield Potential in Bread Wheat.- Strategic Research to Enhance the Yield Potential Through Redesigning of Wheat Plant Architecture.- Effects of Abiotic Stress on Sink and Source Affecting Grain Yield and Quality of Durum Wheat: A Model Evaluation.- Effects of Some Management Practices and Weather Conditions on Triticum aEstivum Farinographic Stability in Miramar, Argentina.- Grain Weight and Grain Quality of Wheat in Response to Enhanced Ultra-Violet (UV-B) Radiation at Latter Stages of Crop Development.- Effect of Water Stress and Potassium Chloride on Biological and Grain Yield of Different Wheat Cultivars.- Regulation of Flowering Time in Wheat.- Molecular Breeding for Multiple Pest Resistance in Wheat.- Reflections and Opportunities: Gene Discovery in the Complex Wheat Genome.- In Vitro Starch Binding Experiments: Study of the Proteins Related to Grain Hardness of Wheat.- High Throughput Agrobacterium Transformation of Wheat: a Tool for Functional Genomics.- Accelerating the Transfer of Resistance to Fusarium Head Blight in Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.).- Production and Molecular Cytogenetic Identification of New Winter Wheat/Winter Barley Disomic Addition Lines.- Genetic Engineering of Russian Wheat Genotypes for Abiotic Stress Resistance.- Molecular Mapping of Durable Rust Resistance in Wheat and its Implication in Breeding.- Potential Uses of Microsatellites in Marker-Assisted Selection for Improved Grain Yield in Wheat.- Marker Implementation in the Department of Agriculture, Western Australia Wheat Breeding Program.- Efficient integration of molecular and conventional breeding methodologies.- Genetic Diversity in Turkish Durum Wheat Landraces.- Historical Cross-Site Association Based on Cultivar Performance in the Southern Cone.- Microsatellites as a Tool to Evaluate and Characterise Bread Wheat Core Collection.- Molecular Mapping of Leaf and Stripe Rust Resistance Genes In T. Monococcum and Their Transfer to Hexaploid Wheat.- Borlaug, Strampelli and the Worldwide Distribution of RHT8.- Wheat Breeding in Global Context.

Molecular Breeding: Maximizing the Exploitation of Genetic Diversity

Abstract: The use of molecular markers is gradually expanding from the field of scientific genetic analysis towards the implementation and application in breeding programs. Applications of DNA markers in breeding are based on the knowledge of the relation between genotypic and phenotypic variation. This overview of the field of molecular breeding describes current and future methods for establishing these relations through the combined use of modern DNA technologies and the laws of inheritance. The modern molecular breeder has the opportunity to control an increasing amount of traits in the breeding process through efficient application of DNA markers. Traits with different level of complexity require different approaches for discovery and molecular control. These approaches include control of genotypes and traits, at the level of linked markers, haplotypes, genes and gene alleles. In order to fully exploit the potential of molecular breeding as well as the potential of available germplasm resources, the selection methods in breeding will have to be adapted, towards the integrated use of genetic knowledge based on DNA markers.