Molecular breeding

About: Molecular breeding is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 2120 publications have been published within this topic receiving 56908 citations.

Recent advancements of molecular breeding and functional genomics for improving nitrogen-, phosphorus- and potassium-use efficiencies in wheat.

Abstract: Abstract This chapter discusses the importance and implications of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium as essential nutrients and the application of molecular breeding and functional genomics for improving nutrient-use efficiency in wheat are presented. Improvement of nutrient-use efficiency through genetic modification and impact of climate change on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium management were also discussed.

Cherry Breeding: Sweet Cherry ( Prunus avium L.) and Sour Cherry ( Prunus cerasus L.)

Abstract: This chapter describes the cherry’s origins, botanical classification (taxonomy) and domestication of the only two species cultivated for food and industrial processing: sweet and sour cherry. Cherry breeding programs worldwide have focused on trees, fruit quality traits and resistance to biotic and abiotic factors as well as on specific local characteristics. A detailed discussion of breeding techniques (crossbreeding, early selection, seedling screening and field assessment, embryo culture and mutagenesis) follows. A section is dedicated to sour cherry breeding, whose problems differ from those of the sweet cherry. We underline the importance of the knowledge and conservation of genetic resources for their use in genomic approaches. Then, discuss breeding strategies and the new traits that have been introduced in new genotypes through genomics. Germplasm biodiversity is analyzed in its phylogenetic context. Then, the molecular breeding approaches are extensively described with particular attention for gene mapping and the development of marker linked to monogenic and polygenic traits. A section is dedicated to the gametophytic incompatibility of the sweet cherry, with an updated summary of the research conducted to identify the 57 incompatibility groups (the cultivars for each of these are reported). Finally, we take into account other aspects related to breeding in respect to how functional genes affect some fruit characteristics, the strategies used after the cherry genome was sequenced and the potential of genetic engineering. The Appendix provides pomological profiles of 44 of the most important innovative cultivars, according to the descriptive standard of the Brooks and Olmo official lists with each accompanied by original photos to aid in their identification.

Development and use of molecular markers for wheat genomics and breeding

Abstract: Calli were induced from scutellum-supported embryos of immature seeds in three lines of T. turgidum subsp. dicoccum, two cultivars of T. aestivum subsp. aestivum, and two experimental stocks with the sphaerococcum trait. Differences in growth rates of the calli from different cultivars were observed. Calli from experimental stocks carrying the sphaerococcum trait were smaller than the rest. Calli obtained from the scutellum-supported embryos of mature seeds in four cultivars of T. aestivum subsp. aestivum and the two experimental stocks showed that the growth rate of the calli from experimental stocks carrying sphaerococcum trait were significantly lower.

Microsatellites and Molecular Breeding: Exploitation of Microsatellite Variability for the Analysis of a Monotonous Genome

Abstract: Molecular markers and especially those based on selectively neutral DNA sequence polymorphisms have revolutionized the old art of plant breeding, They facilitate the reliable identification of clones, breeding lines, hybrids and cultivars, allow the monitoring of introgression of alien DNA into cultivated germplasm, and the estimation of genetic diversity in germplasm collections, Further, for nearly every important crop, advanced high-density DNA marker maps are now available that provide a basis for marker-assisted selection of agronomically useful traits, pyramiding of resistance genes, and the isolation of these and other important genes by map-based cloning, In future, molecular marker techniques clearly will gain more and more influence on plant breeding, and will speed up breeding processes considerably (see reviews by Tanksley et al, 1995, Winter and Kahl 1995).