Molecular breeding

About: Molecular breeding is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 2120 publications have been published within this topic receiving 56908 citations.

Induced Mutations for Developing New Ornamental Varieties

Abstract: The ornamental plant industry is a dynamic and diverse sector worldwide. Plant breeders develop a great number of new cultivars each year to increase production and supply market demands of the ornamental plants. Mutation breeding is a highly effective method for creating genetic variability in ornamental plants with desirable characters expected within a given species’ genetic scope. A mutation creation is called induced mutagenesis of which results are varied according to mutagens and the type of the technique and it is a random process. The target-selected mutagenesis including the random mutagenesis and selection of mutants at a selected locus belongs to this category. By the present, mutations were induced by treatments with physical and chemical mutagens and sometimes their combination. However, biotechnological approaches such as transposable elements, disrupting the gene through the insertion of a DNA fragment and using molecular techniques to create a mutation at a defined site in a DNA molecule have been used to obtain mutations since the development of recombinant DNA technology. There are about 720 ornamental mutant cultivars developed by mutation breeding studies that have been accelerated with tissue culture techniques since the 1970s. In vitro mutagenesis provides for the isolation of chimeric tissues and the propagation of irradiated tissues in mainly vegetatively propagated plants. In addition, in vitro techniques can be supported to the breeding program before, after, and during the mutagen treatments, allowing the scientist to perform the studies timeless and independently of environmental conditions. In vitro techniques have been commonly used in mutation breeding since in vitro technologies were extensively developed. This chapter presents a brief history of mutation breeding in ornamentals and in vitro mutagenesis strategies in ornamental plants.

Crop Improvement Through Induced Genetic Diversity and Mutation Breeding: Challenges and Opportunities

Abstract: Spontaneous and induced mutations form the bases for genetic diversity and evolution. Induced mutations in plants have been successfully used for the improvement of crop species over the last several decades and remain an important component of crop-improvement programs in Asia, and increasingly in Africa and Latin America. Induced mutations create rapid genetic diversity, which when combined with present-day genomics and speed-breeding technologies such as doubled haploidy, pave the way for accelerated genetic gain in crop plants. The FAO/IAEA Mutant Variety Database currently holds records of over 3200 mutant crop varieties released for cultivation across 220 plant species, the majority being in rice. Close to 2000 of these have been released in Asia. In the genomic era, the molecular bases of the phenotypes of mutants can be more easily elucidated than ever before with cost- and time-efficient sequencing technologies combined with precision phenotyping and bioinformatics. Beyond routine crop improvement, the combination of induced mutations and current omics technologies constitute a powerful functional genomics platform that identifies molecular markers for forward breeding and also candidate genes and sequences for gene editing.

Molecular Breeding for Developing A New Upland Rice Variety ‘Bio Patenggang Agritan’

Abstract: Situ Patenggang is an elite upland rice variety well-accepted by farmers, but recently this variety started to be attacked by blast disease (Pyricularia grisea) that causes yield loss up to 50%. To overcome this problem, Bio Patenggang variety has been developed through molecular breeding using blast-resistant monogenic lines as donor parents. The aim of this research was to present molecular breeding approach of Bio Patenggang development, including steps from the phenotypic selection on candidate lines to the genotypic analysis assisted by molecular markers. The phenotypic performances were assessed using Distinctness, Uniformity, and Stability (DUS) testing by following the standard method stated in the rice test guidelines. The genotypic analyses were performed using foreground and background markers. Four BC3F7 lines were selected as the candidates of the Situ Patenggang-derived variety. Based on ANOVA and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), phenotypic performances of the four lines demonstrated no significant differences with that of Situ Patenggang. The selected lines have also passed the foreground analysis confirming that the lines contained Pita, Pii, Pik-p, and Pia last resistance genes. Background analysis showed that the selected lines demonstrated agronomic perfomances very similar to that of Situ Patenggang. Association analyses showed that 14 markers were associated with the target traits and 10 out of the 14 markers were identified as co-segregation markers. The four selected lines, therefore, were proposed to be released as Situ Patenggang-derived variety. One of the lines (Sta-8-S15-TB16) has been approved to be released as a new variety, namely ‘Bio Patenggang Agritan’.

Gene for promotion of cruciferous plant heat resistance and application thereof

Abstract: The present invention relates to a gene for promotion of cruciferous plant heat resistance and application thereof. The present invention discloses a heat resistance gene which can significantly improve plant heat resistance, and the heat resistance gene can be applied to heat resistance molecular breeding, and can improve the plant heat resistance, and plants of improved varieties can be obtained.