Showing papers on "Morality published in 1989"

Rediscovering Institutions: The Organizational Basis of Politics

Abstract: The state has lost its position of centrality in contemporary political theory ideas of moral individualism and an emphasis on bargaining among conflicting interest have usurped ideas that embedded morality in institutions, such as the legal system and the corporation, as foundations for political identity. The authors propose a new theory of political behavior that re-invigorates the role of institutions - from laws and bureaucracy to rituals, symbols and ceremonies - as essential to understanding the modern political and economic systems that guide contemporary life.

Moral Realism and the Foundations of Ethics

Abstract: This book is a systematic and constructive treatment of a number of traditional issues at the foundation of ethics, the possibility and nature of moral knowledge, the relationship between the moral point of view and a scientific or naturalistic world view, the nature of moral value and obligation, and the role of morality in a person's rational life plan. In striking contrast to many traditional authors and to other recent writers in the field, David Brink offers an integrated defense of the objectivity of ethics.

The limits of morality

Abstract: Against ordinary morality the structure of ordinary morality doing harm intending harm without constraints avoiding the appeal the appeal to cost the negative argument the positive argument extraordinary morality.

The Call of Stories: Teaching and the Moral Imagination

Abstract: the call of stories teaching and moral imagination are a good way to achieve details about operating certainproducts. Many products that you buy can be obtained using instruction manuals. These user guides are clearlybuilt to give step-by-step information about how you ought to go ahead in operating certain equipments. Ahandbook is really a user's guide to operating the equipments. Should you loose your best guide or even the productwould not provide an instructions, you can easily obtain one on the net. You can search for the manual of yourchoice online. Here, it is possible to work with google to browse through the available user guide and find the mainone you'll need. On the net, you'll be able to discover the manual that you might want with great ease andsimplicity

Theory of Religion

Abstract: Part 1 The basic data: animality humanity and the development of the profane world sacrifice, the festival, and the principles of the sacred world. Part 2 Religion within the limits of reason: the military order dualism and morality mediation the rise of industry to whom .....

Introduction: money and the morality of exchange

Abstract: This collection is concerned with the symbolic representation of money in a range of different societies, and more specifically with the moral evaluation of monetary and commercial exchanges. It focuses on the different cultural meanings surrounding monetary transactions, emphasizing the enormous cultural variation in the way money is symbolized and how this symbolism relates to culturally constructed notions of production, consumption, circulation, and exchange.

Business Ethics: A Kantian Perspective

Abstract: Introduction.1. The Self-Defeating Nature of Immoral Business Practice.Introduction Immoral Actions Are Based on Self-Defeating Maxims Inconsistency and Immorality Applications to BusinessIt Seems Right in Theory But Does It Work in Practice?Objections to the Application of Kantian Ethics to BusinessExtending the Reach of Categorical Imperatives: Pragmatically Inconsistent MaximsWhy Neither Being Trustworthy nor Not Trusting in Business Involves a Pragmatic Contradiction.Transition to Chapter 22. Treating the Humanity of Stakeholders as Ends rather than as Means Merely.IntroductionThe Respect for Persons PrincipleNot Using Employees: Neither Coercion nor DeceitBusiness Practices That Reduce or Remove Coercion and DeceptionAn Objection and RepliesPositive Freedom ad Meaningful Work: Respecting the Humanity in a PersonKant's Reflection s on WorkMeaningful Work and Contemporary Business3. The Firm as a Moral Community.IntroductionViewing Organizations and Human NatureCreating the Kantian Moral Firm: The Kingdom of Ends Formulation of the Categorical ImperativeThe Principles of a Moral FirmImplications for Organizational Studies4. Acting from Duty: How Pure a Motive.IntroductionKant's Position on the Purity of Moral MotivesStrategic Payoffs and Moral MotivesReasons and Emotions: A Brief AsideMultiple Moral Motives5. The Cosmopolitan Perspective.IntroductionThe Morality of the MarketInternational Business Can Contribute to World Peace, Universal Rights, and DemocracyObjections and RepliesConclusionBibliographyFurther ReadingIndex

Meaning and Moral Order: Explorations in Cultural Analysis

Abstract: List of Tables Preface 1. A Puzzle: The Question of Religious Vitality 2. Contemporary Spirituality: Seeking the Sacred in an Era of Uncertainty 3. A Blending of Cultures: The Arts and Spirituality 4. Personal Spirituality: Art and the Practice of Spiritual Discipline 5. The Joy of Worship: Expression and Tradition in Congregational Life 6. Redeeming the Imagination: The Arts and Spiritual Virtue 7. The Morality Problem: Why Churches and Artists Disagree 8. The Artist in Everyone: Faithful Living in a Spiritual Democracy Appendix: Methodology Notes Index

A longitudinal study of moral reasoning.

Abstract: Several issues concerning Gilligan's model of moral orientations and Kohlberg's models of moral stages and moral orientations were examined in a longitudinal study with 233 subjects (from 78 families) who ranged in age from 5 to 63 years. They participated in 2 identical interviews separated by a 2-year interval. In each interview, they discussed hypothetical dilemmas and a personally generated real-life dilemma, which were scored for both moral stage and moral orientation (both Gilligan's and Kohlberg's typologies). Results revealed few violations of the stage sequence over the longitudinal interval, supporting Kohlberg's moral stage model. Sex differences were almost completely absent for both Gilligan's and Kohlberg's moral orientations, although there were clear developmental trends. Hypothetical and real-life dilemmas elicited different moral orientations, especially in terms of Kohlberg's typology. The interrelations between the 2 models of moral orientations were generally weak, indicating that they are not synonymous.

Business Ethics: Readings and Cases in Corporate Morality

Abstract: * indicates new reading General Introduction: Ethical Frameworks for Application in Business PART 1: ETHICS AND BUSINESS: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE (1) Theories of Economic Justice John Rawls, Justice as Fairness Robert Nozick, Distributive Justice *J.J.C. Smart, Distributive Justice and Utilitarianism *James Q. Wilson, Capitalism and Morality Kai Neilsen, A Moral Case for Socialism (2) Ethics and Business Decision Making Michael Josephson, Teaching Ethical Decision Making and Principled Reasoning Craig Dreilinger and Dan Rice, Ethical Decision Making in Business James A. Waters and Frederick Bird, Attending to Ethics in Management Steve Kelman, Cost Benefit Analysis: An Ethical Critique Herman B. Leonard and Richard J. Zeckhauser, Cost-Benefit Analysis Defended MINI-CASES FOR PART 1 *Parable of the Sadhu, by Bowen H. McCoy Dorrence Corporation Trade-Offs, by Hans A. Wolf. A Diaglogue Between a Socialist and a Capitalist, by Robert E. Frederick *Framework for Ethical Decision-Making, by Coopers & Lybrand L.L.P. *Why Should My Conscience Bother Me?, by Kermit Vandiver Less Cost, More Risk, by Michael Kinsley PART 2: THE NATURE OF THE CORPORATION (3) Agency, Legitimacy, and Responsibility *Kenneth E. Goodpaster, and John B. Matthews, Jr. Can a Corporation Have a Conscience? Milton Friedman, The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase Its Profits Christopher D. Stone, Why Shouldn't Corporations be Socially Responsible? William M. Evan and R. Edward Freeman, A Stakeholder Theory of the Modern Corporation: Kantian Capitalism George G. Brenkert, Private Corporations and Public Welfare *Norman Bowie, New Directions in Corporate Social Responsibility (4) Governance and Self-Regulation Ralph Nader, Mark Green, and Joel Seligman, Who Rules the Corporation? Irving S. Shapiro, Power and Accountability: The Changing Role of the Corporate Board of Directors Henry Mintzberg, Who Should Control the Corporation? *Mark S. Schwartz, Dove Izraeli, and Joseph Murphy, What Can We Learn from the U.S. Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizational Ethics? MINI-CASES FOR PART 2 *Not a Fool, Not a Saint, by Thomas Teal Tennessee Coal and Iron, by John B. Matthews, Jr. *Report of the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors, from General Electric Company *Words of Warning: Ruling Makes Directors Accountable for Compliance, by Dominic Bencivenga PART 3: WORK IN THE CORPORATION (5) Employee Rights and Duties *Ronald Duska, Employee Rights *Tibor R. Machan, Human Rights, Workers' Rights, and the 'Right'to Occupational Safety *Laura Pincus Hartman, The Rights and Wrongs of Workplace Snooping Joseph R. Des Jardins and Ronald Duska, Drug Testing in Employment Michael Waldholz, Drug Testing in the Workplace: Whose Rights Take Precedence? *Richard T. DeGeorge, Whistle Blowing *Gene G. James, Whistle Blowing: Its Moral Justification (6) The Modern Workplace: Transition to Equality and Diversity Louis P. Pojman, The Moral Status of Affirmative Action Edwin C. Hettinger, What is Wrong With Reverse Discrimination? Ellen Bravo and Ellen Cassedy, Sexual Harassment in the Workplace *Domenec Mele, Organization of Work in the Company and Family Rights of the Employees *Al Gini, Women in the Workplace MINI-CASES FOR PART 3 *BankBoston's Layoffs Program: 'Death with Dignity,' from Ethikos Lanscape by Ernest Kallman and John Grillo *United States v. General Electric, from United States District Court, Ohio *Texaco: The Jelly Bean Diversity Fiasco, by Marianne M. Jennings The Case of the Mismanaged Ms., by Sally Seymour PART 4: THE CORPORATION IN SOCIETY (7) The Consumer John Kenneth Galbraith, The Dependence Effect F.A. von Hayek, The Non Sequitur of the 'Dependence Effect' *George Brenkert, Marketing to Inner-City Blacks: PowerMaster and Moral Responsibility David M. Holley, A Moral Evaluation of Sales Practices *Manuel Velasquez, The Ethics of Consumer Production and Marketing (8) The Environment. Norman Bowie, Morality, Money, and Motor Cars W. Michael Hoffman, Business and Environmental Ethics Larry E. Ruff, The Economic Common Sense of Pollution Karen Blumenfeld, Dilemmas of Disclosure: Ethical Issues in Environmental Auditing (9) INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS Richard T. DeGeorge, Ethical Dilemmas for Multinational Enterprise: A Philosophical Overview Manuel Velasquez, International Business, Morality, and The Common Good Thomas Donaldson, Values in Tension: Ethics Away from Home Scott Turow, What's Wrong with Bribery *S. Prakash Sethi, Codes of Conduct for Global Business: Prospects and Challenges of Implementation MINI-CASES FOR PART 4 The Ford Pinto, by W. Michael Hoffman *The Ethics of Marketing: Nestle's Infant Formula, by James E. Post *Toy Wars, by Manuel Velasquez Forests of the North Coast: The Owls, the Trees, and the Conflicts, by Lisa Newton and Catherine Dillingham U.S. And Mexico Confront Toxic Legacy, by Colum Lynch The Project at Moza Island, by John A. Seeger and Balachandran Manyadath PART 5: THE FUTURE CORPORATE ETHOS *(10) Emerging Ethical Issues *Robert E. Frederick and W. Michael Hoffman, The Individual Investor in Securities Markets: An Ethical Analysis *Carol J. Loomis, Lies, Damned Lies, and Managed Earnings *Leonard H. Friedman and Grant t. Savage, Can Ethical Management and Managed Care Coexist? *Richard T. DeGeorge, Business Ethics and the Information Age *Lynn Sharp Paine, Corporate Policy and Ethics of Competitor Intelligence Gathering (11) Reflections on the Moral Corporation *Dawn-Marie Driscoll and W. Michael Hoffman, Gaining the Ethical Edge: Procedures for Delivering Values-driven Management Andrew W. Singer, Can A Company Be Too Ethical? *Jon Entine, Rainforest Chic *Joanne B. Ciulla, The Importance of Leadership in Shaping Business Values MINI-CASES FOR PART 5 From Volumes to Three Words: Texas Instruments, by Dawn-Marie Driscoll and W. Michael Hoffman *Levi Strauss & Co. and China, by Timothy Perkins, Colleen O'Connelll, Carin Orosco, Mark Rickey, and Matthew Scoble *The Fun of Being a Multinational, by The Economist *The Case of the Contested Firearms, by George Brenkert Bibliography

An empirical study of moral reasoning among managers

Abstract: Current research in moral development suggests that there are two distinct modes of moral reasoning, one based on a morality of justice, the other based on a morality of care. The research presented here examines the kinds of moral reasoning used by managers in work-related conflicts. Twenty men and twenty women were randomly selected from the population of first level managers in a Fortune 100 industrial corporation. In open-ended interviews each participant was asked to describe a situation of moral conflict in her or his work life. The results indicated a clearly preferred mode of moral reasoning among the participants who described moral conflicts. Nearly all of these predominated with a justice orientation. These findings suggest that a correlation between gender and preferred mode may be context specific.

Responsibility and atonement

Abstract: Preface Introduction PART I: Responsibility: Moral goodness Moral responsibility and weakness of will The relevance of free will Merit and reward Guilt, atonement, and forgiveness Punishment Man's moral condition PART II: Its Theological Consequences: Morality under God Sin and original sin Redemption Sanctification and corruption Heaven and hell Additional notes

Foucault live : (interviews, 1966-84)

Abstract: Madness only exists in society -- Andre Breton : a literature of knowledge -- The order of things -- The discourse of history -- History, discourse and discontinuity -- Foucault responds to Sartre -- The archeology of knowledge -- The birth of a world -- Rituals of exclusion -- Intellectuals and power -- Confining societies -- An historian of culture -- Equipments of power -- On Attica -- Film and popular memory -- Talk show -- From torture to cellblock -- On literature -- Schizo-culture : infantile sexuality -- Schizo-culture : on prison and psychiatry -- Paul's story -- Sade : sargeant of sex -- The politics of Soviet crime -- The social extension of the norm -- Sorcery and madness -- I, Pierre Riviere -- Power affects the body -- The end of the monarchy of sex -- The eye of power -- The anxiety of judging -- Clarifications on the question of power -- The danger of child sexuality -- The impossible prison -- White magic and black gown -- "Paris-Berlin" -- The simplest of pleasures -- Truth is in the future -- The masked philosopher -- Friendship as a way of life -- Passion according to Werner Schroeter -- Sexual choice, sexual act -- Space, knowledge and power -- How much does it cost for reason to tell the truth? -- History and homosexuality -- An ethics of pleasure -- Sex, power and the politics of identity -- The cultural insularity of contemporary music -- Archeology of a passion -- What our present is -- Problematics -- What calls for punishment? -- The ethics of the concern for self -- An aesthetics of existence -- The concern for truth -- The return of morality.

Immanuel Kant's Moral Theory

Abstract: 1. Introduction 2. The context for Kant's moral philosophy Part I. The Nature of Morality: 3. The nature of human action 4. Prudence: taking care of our own interests 5. Morality: living autonomously 6. Morally obligatory ends 7. The defense of morality 8. The primacy of morality Part II. The Moral Norm for Persons: 9. Moral character: part I 10. Moral character: part II Part III. The Norm for Moral Judgment: 11. The categorical imperative 12. The formula of autonomy or of universal law: part I 13. The formula of autonomy or of universal law: part II 14. The formula of respect for the dignity of persons 15. The formula of legislation for a moral community Part IV. Kant on History, Politics, and Religion: 16. Autonomy and the state 17. Civil justice and republicanism 18. Kant's philosophy of religion Appendixes: 1. Kant's two-viewpoints doctrine 2. Kant's philosophy of moral education.

Emotions and Reasons: An Inquiry into Emotional Justification

Abstract: Part 1: Emotions as 'Extrajudgemental' Evaluations. 1. Reasons to Feel: Sketch of an Argument 2. Emotions without Essences: Varieties of Fear 3. Some Morally Significant Emotions: Rewards and Punishments 4. Perceptual Warrant: Suspicion Revisted 5. Rationally Appropriate Ambivalence: Contrary Emotions 6. Justifying Emotion: What One Ought to Feel

On war and morality

Abstract: The threat to the survival of humankind posed by nuclear weapons has been a frightening and essential focus of public debate for the last four decades and must continue to be so if we are to avoid destroying ourselves and the natural world around us. One unfortunate result of preoccupation with the nuclear threat, however, has been a new kind of "respectability" accorded to conventional war. In this radical and cogent argument for pacifism, Robert Holmes asserts that all war--not just nuclear war--has become morally impermissible in the modern world. Addressing a wide audience of informed and concerned readers, he raises dramatic questions about the concepts of "political realism" and nuclear deterrence, makes a number of persuasive suggestions for nonviolent alternatives to war, and presents a rich panorama of thinking about war from St. Augustine to Reinhold Niebuhr and Herman Kahn.Holmes's positions are compellingly presented and will provoke discussion both among convinced pacifists and among those whom he calls "militarists." "Militarists, " we realize after reading this book, include the majority of us who live a friendly and peaceful personal life while supporting a system which, if Holmes is correct, guarantees war and risks eventual human extinction.

Hypothetical versus real-life moral reasoning among psychopathic and delinquent youth

Abstract: Differences in moral reasoning concerning hypothetical versus real-life conflicts were examined with a sample of 44 youths (aged 15–18 years) who were classified as psychopathic, delinquent, or normal. All subjects were individually interviewed and assessed on (a) Hare's Psychopathy Checklist, (b) two of Kohlberg's hypothetical moral dilemmas, and (c) a subject-generated real-life moral dilemma. The results revealed that the normal youths attained a higher level of moral reasoning than either the delinquents or psychopaths. All groups scored lower on the real-life than the hypothetical dilemmas, indicating that hypothetical dilemmas may best elicit a person's level of moral reasoning competence, whereas real-life dilemmas may entail factors that lower the level of reasoning used in a situation of moral conflict. These two dilemma types also were found to elicit differing moral orientations. Finally, psychopaths were found to orient more to egoistic concerns than did delinquents when discussing real-life dilemmas.

managing the heart to brighten face and soul: emotions in Balinese morality and health care

Abstract: This article contests previous interpretations of Balinese ceremonious grace and enjoins attention to praxis to discover what meanings people themselves attribute to their acts. The theatrical imagery of “masks” and “faces” is judged to be an extraneous imposition, which conceals Balinese compelling concerns. Central, from their perspective, are notions of “managing one's heart” to “make one's face look bright and clear,” a shared testimony to what effort it takes to achieve poise and grace. I suggest that this effort derives its motivating force from fear of sorcery linked with notions of morality and health and invoke a Balinese “ethnotheory of emotion” to lay bare connections they emphasize between feeling, expression, vitality and interpersonal morality. Methodologically, I point to the importance of contextualizing interpretations and attending to everyday praxis.[Bali, ethnotheory of emotion, health care, vitality, sorcery]

Issues of Interpersonal Responsibility and Accountability: A Comparison of Indians' and Americans' Moral Judgments

Abstract: The present cross-cultural study examined cultural influences on the content conceptualized in moral terms and on judgments of moral accountability. The sample included 24 middle-class American adults, 24 middle-class Indian adults, and 16 lower-class Indian adults. Comparison was undertaken of subjects' evaluations and rule categorizations of 14 everyday incidents involving breaches of role-related interpersonal responsibilities or of justice. It was found that whereas Indians tended to categorize role-related interpersonal responsibilities as moral issues, Americans tended to regard them in personal terms. It was also observed that Indians displayed a significant tendency, not found among Americans, to absolve agents of accountability for justice breaches. No significant effects of sex or socioeconomic status occurred. Results were interpreted as demonstrating that moral reasoning may be based on role-based interpersonal responsibilities and not merely on justice considerations. The findings also implie...

The Common Good: Citizenship, Morality, and Self-Interest

Abstract: 1. Morality and Self-Interest 2. The New Orthodoxy's Good Society 3. Cooperation and Self-Interest 4. Exploitation and Domination 5. Citizenship and Social Morality 6. The Morality of Exclusion 7. The First Step Towards an Alternative 8. Consumption, Community and Social Relations 9. Family Life 10. Morality, Reason and Interest 11. Conclusion: the Good of Mankind.

The Kantian Sublime: From Morality to Art

Abstract: In recent years Kant's aesthetic theory has been the subject of a widespread revival of interest amongst English-speaking philosophers. This revival, however, has not so far encompassed Kant's aesthetic of the sublime. This neglect is unfortunate because, amongst Continental philosophers, the Kantian sublime is currently receiving widespread discussion in debates about the nature of postmodernism. Paul Crowther thus breaks new ground by providing what is probably the first monograph in any language to be devoted exclusively to Kant's theory of the sublime.

Adam Ferguson, Adam Smith, and the Problem of National Defense

Abstract: It has long been recognized that eighteenth-century Scotland gave birth to political economy as a sophisticated scholarly discipline. Hailing from a relatively impoverished nation that had joined its larger southern neighbor in 1707 to form a new "British" state, Adam Smith and other Scottish political economists were concerned not only with observing, describing, and explaining the realities of economic life as they saw them but also with leading Scotland toward material progress and wealth. It has also been recognized, however, that in Scotland political economy was a branch of a remarkably comprehensive academic discipline known as moral philosophy, and that Scottish moralists were acutely sensitive to the ambiguities and paradoxes inherent in economic growth. At times this sensitivity was expressed through the language of the civic humanist or classical republican tradition, which emphasized public virtue, a unified civic personality that joined the private individual with the public citizen, and economic independence based on land ownership, as opposed to the blatantly self-interested attitudes and activities associated with the accumulation of commercial wealth. This tension between modernization and morality, wealth and virtue, accounts for much of the recent interest in the social thought of the Scottish Enlightenment.1

Moral tradition and individuality

Abstract: In this study, John Kekes develops the view that good lives depend on maintaining a balance between one's moral tradition and individuality. Our moral tradition provides the forms of good lives and the permissible ways of trying to achieve them. But to do so, the author argues, we must grow in self-knowledge and self-control to make our characters suitable for realizing our aspirations. In addressing general readers as well as scholars, Kekes makes these philosophical views concrete by drawing on a rich variety of literary sources, including, among others, the works of Sophocles, Henry James, Tolstoy, and Edith Wharton. The first half of the work concentrates on social morality, establishing the conditions all good lives must meet. The second discusses personal morality, the sphere of individuality. Its development enables us to discover what is important to us and how we can fit our personal aspirations into the forms of life our moral tradition provides. Kekes's argument derives its inspiration from Aristotle's objectivism, Hume's emphasis on custom and feeling, and Mill's concentration on individuals and their experiments in living. This book is a nontechnical yet closely reasoned attempt to provide a contemporary answer to the age-old question of how to live well.

Gandhi’s Political Philosophy: A Critical Examination

Abstract: British rule and Indian responses critique of modern civilization Indian civilization and national regeneration metaphysics theory of morality Ahimsa Satyagraha theory of the state partition and the nationalist discourse a critical appreciation.

On Moral Personhood: Philosophy, Literature, Criticism, and Self-Understanding

Abstract: In this remarkable blend of sophisticated philosophical analysis and close reading of literary texts, Richard Eldridge presents a convincing argument that literature is the most important and richest source of insights in favor of a historicized Kantian moral philosophy. He effectively demonstrates that only through the interpretation of narratives can we test our capacities as persons for acknowledging the moral laws as a formula of value and for acting according to it. Eldridge presents an extensive new interpretation of Kantian ethics that is deeply informed by Kant's aesthetics. He defends a revised version of Kantian universalism and a Kantian conception of the "content" of morality. Eldridge then turns to literature armed not with any "a priori "theory but with an interpretive stance inspired by Hegel's phenomenology of self-understanding, more or less naturalized, and by Wittgenstein's work on self-understanding as ongoing narrative-interpretive activity, a stance that yields Kantian results about the universal demands our nature places on itself. Eldridge goes on to present readings of novels by Conrad and Austen and poetry by Wordsworth and Coleridge. In each text protagonists are seen to be struggling with moral conflicts and for self-understanding as moral persons. The route toward partial resolution of their conflicts is seen to involve multiple and ongoing activities of reading and interpreting. The result of this kind of interpretation is that such literature literature that portrays protagonists as themselves readers and interpreters of human capacities for morality is a primary source for the development of morally significant self-understanding. We see in the careers of these protagonists that there can be genuine and fruitful moral deliberation and valuable action, while also seeing how situated and partial any understanding and achievement of value must remain. "On Moral Personhood" at once delineates the moral nature of persons; shows various conditions of the ongoing, contextualized, partial acknowledgment of that nature and of the exercise of the capacities that define it; and enacts an important way of reading literature in relation to moral problems. Eldridge's work will be important reading for moral philosophers (especially those concerned with Kant, Hegel, and issues dividing moral particularists from moral universalists), literary theorists (especially those concerned with the value of literature and its relation to philosophy and to moral problems), and readers and critics of Conrad, Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Austen."

Political Animals in the Nicomachean Ethics

Abstract: Aristotle claimed that the happiest life for a human being is the life of moral virtue.' The life of courage, temperance, justice, and the other virtues of character is better for the person living that life than a life that lacks those virtues. Having the sort of character which leads in a predictable way to actions which are, on the whole, socially beneficial ones, is in the best interest of any individual. This is not, and indeed was not thought even by Aristotle to be, a claim so compellingly true that it commands the immediate assent of every human being. Nevertheless, he does not take it as a major task of his moral theory to reconcile private interest and the common good. What for us are familiar questions about the relation between egoism and altruism, and prudence and morality, are simply not questions for Aristotle.2 This is not because he had never met any selfish people, or persons who saw their own good as distinct from, and in conflict with, that of others. He does not, however, recognize the possibility of any genuine conflict between the rational pursuit of one's own happiness and the promotion of the happiness of others. Those who see a conflict are, in his eyes, simply mistaken about the nature of their own good. The attempt to reconcile the rational pursuit of one's own happiness with the equally rational pursuit of the happiness of others led the great modern moral philosophers Kant and Sidgwick to God and to despair, respectively. Aristotle confidently asserts their identity. This is deeply puzzling.

Ethics in Crime and Justice: Dilemmas and Decisions

Abstract: Morality, ethics and human behaviour determining moral behaviour developing moral and ethical behaviour justice and the law ethics and law enforcement ethics and the courts the ethics of punishment and correction policy, policy makers and management issues professionalism, pride and ethics for real people. Appendices: summary of and selections from the ABA Model Rules of Professional Responsibility summary of the ABA Standards for the Defense Function summary of the ABA Standards for the Prosecution Function.