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Showing papers on "Morality published in 2009"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Across 4 studies using multiple methods, liberals consistently showed greater endorsement and use of the Harm/care and Fairness/reciprocity foundations compared to the other 3 foundations, whereas conservatives endorsed and used the 5 foundations more equally.
Abstract: How and why do moral judgments vary across the political spectrum? To test moral foundations theory (J. Haidt & J. Graham, 2007; J. Haidt & C. Joseph, 2004), the authors developed several ways to measure people's use of 5 sets of moral intuitions: Harm/care, Fairness/reciprocity, Ingroup/loyalty, Authority/respect, and Purity/sanctity. Across 4 studies using multiple methods, liberals consistently showed greater endorsement and use of the Harm/care and Fairness/reciprocity foundations compared to the other 3 foundations, whereas conservatives endorsed and used the 5 foundations more equally. This difference was observed in abstract assessments of the moral relevance of foundation-related concerns such as violence or loyalty (Study 1), moral judgments of statements and scenarios (Study 2), "sacredness" reactions to taboo trade-offs (Study 3), and use of foundation-related words in the moral texts of religious sermons (Study 4). These findings help to illuminate the nature and intractability of moral disagreements in the American "culture war."

2,990 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: To stimulate a critical examination of moral injury, a working conceptual framework and a set of intervention strategies designed to repair moral injury are offered.

1,446 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Ethics of Care as mentioned in this paper is a moral theory that is relevant to global and political matters as well as to the personal relations that can most clearly exemplify care, focusing on caring relations rather than simply on the virtues of individuals.
Abstract: Virginia Held assesses the ethics of care as a promising alternative to the familiar moral theories that serve so inadequately to guide our lives. The ethics of care is only a few decades old, yet it is by now a distinct moral theory or normative approach to the problems we face. It is relevant to global and political matters as well as to the personal relations that can most clearly exemplify care. This book clarifies just what the ethics of care is: what its characteristics are, what it holds, and what it enables us to do. It discusses the feminist roots of this moral approach and why the ethics of care can be a morality with universal appeal. Held examines what we mean by "care," and what a caring person is like. Where other moral theories demand impartiality above all, the ethics of care understands the moral import of our ties to our families and groups. It evaluates such ties, focusing on caring relations rather than simply on the virtues of individuals. The book proposes how such values as justice, equality, and individual rights can "fit together" with such values as care, trust, mutual consideration, and solidarity. In the second part of the book, Held examines the potential of the ethics of care for dealing with social issues. She shows how the ethics of care is more promising than Kantian moral theory and utilitarianism for advice on how expansive, or not, markets should be, and on when other values than market ones should prevail. She connects the ethics of care with the rising interest in civil society, and considers the limits appropriate for the language of rights. Finally, she shows the promise of the ethics of care for dealing with global problems and seeing anew the outlines of international civility.

925 citations


Book
30 Jul 2009
TL;DR: From Bounded Being to Relational Being: From Bounded being Self as Abuse Fundamental Isolation Unrelenting Evaluation The Search for Self-Esteem Self and Other Distrust and Derogation Relationships as Artifi ce The culture of bounded being The Costs of Calculation Public Morality as Nuisance Transforming Tradition Chapter 2 - In the Beginning Is the Relationship Co-Action and Creation The Co-Creation of Everything Co-action and Constraint Multiplicity and Malleability Relational Flow: Failing and Flourishing From Causality to
Abstract: Prologue: Toward a New Enlightenment Part I: From Bounded to Relational Being Chapter 1 - Bounded Being Self as Abuse Fundamental Isolation Unrelenting Evaluation The Search for Self-Esteem Self and Other Distrust and Derogation Relationships as Artifi ce The Culture of Bounded Being The Costs of Calculation Public Morality as Nuisance Transforming Tradition Chapter 2 - In the Beginning Is the Relationship Co-Action and Creation The Co-Creation of Everything Co-Action and Constraint Multiplicity and Malleability Relational Flow: Failing and Flourishing From Causality to Confl uence Chapter 3 - The Relational Self Being Unbound The Very Idea of Self-Knowledge Call in the Experts From Mind to Relationship Mind as Action in Relationship Reason as Relationship Agency: Intention as Action Experience and Memory: Not Mine but Ours Creativity as Relational Achievement Chapter 4 - The Body as Relationship: Emotion, Pleasure, and Pain The Emotions in History and Culture The Dance of the Emotions Relational Scenarios Disrupting Dangerous Dances Aren't the Emotions Biological? Bodily Pleasure: The Gift of Co-Action Pain: The Final Challenge Part II: Relational Being in Everyday Life Chapter 5 - Multi-Being and the Adventures of Everyday Life Multi-Being Early Precursors: Depth Psychology Contemporary Precursors: Living with Others Critique and Coherence Picturing Multi-Being Coordination: The Challenge of Flight Meeting and Mutuality Sustenance and Suppression Everyday Perils: Relations Among Relations Counter-Logics and Relational Deterioration The Arts of Coordination Understanding: Synchrony in Action Affirmation: The Birth and Restoration of Collaboration Appreciative Exploration Chapter 6 - Bonds, Barricades, and Beyond The Thrust Toward Bonding Cementing Bonds Negotiating the Real and the Good Narrative: From Self to Relationship The Enchanting of "We" Bonding and Boundaries Relational Severing Erosion of the Interior: United We Fall The Tyranny of Truth From Erosion to Annihilation Beyond the Barricades Hot Confl ict and Transformative Dialogue The Public Conversations Project Narrative Mediation Restorative Justice Part III Relational Being in Professional Practice Chapter 7 - Knowledge as Co-Creation Knowledge as Communal Construction Disturbing Disciplines Pervasive Antagonism Discipline and Debilitation The Elegant Suffi ciency of Ignorance Knowledge: For Whose Benefit? Toward Transcending Disciplines Interweaving Disciplines The Emerging Hybrids The Return of the Public Intellectual Writing as Relationship Writing in the Service of Relationship Writing as a Full Self Scholarship as Performance Research as Relationship Relational Alternatives in Human Research Narrative Inquiry: Entry into Otherness Action Research: Knowing With Chapter 8 - Education in a Relational Key Aims of Education Revisited Circles of Participation Relational Pedagogy in Action Circle 1: Teacher and Student Circle 2: Relations Among Students Collaborative Classrooms Collaborative Writing Circle 3: Classroom and Community Community Collaboration Cooperative Education Service Learning Circle 4: The Classroom and the World Circles Unceasing Chapter 9 - Therapy as Relational Recovery Therapy in Relational Context The Social Genesis of " The Origins of Therapeutic Solutions Relational Consequences of Therapy A Contemporary Case: Mind and Meds Therapy: The Power of Coordinated Action Rejection and Affi rmation Suspending Realities Realities Replaced Expanding the Therapeutic Repertoire From Fixed Reality to Relational Flow Beyond Language: The Challenge of Effective Action Chapter 10 - Organizing: The Precarious Balance Organizing: Life Through Affi rmation Beware the Organization Suppression of Voices The Organization Against Itself Separation from Cultural Context Decision-Making as Relational Coordination Polyphonic Process: Lifting Every Voice Decision-Making Through Appreciative Inquiry From Leadership to Relational Leading From Evaluation to Valuation The Organization-in-the-World Part IV From the Moral to the Sacred Chapter 11- Morality: From Relativism to Relational Responsibility The Challenge of Moral Conduct Immorality Is Not the Problem Moralities Are the Problem Toward Second-Order Morality Relational Responsibility in Action From Co-Existence to Community Beyond the Beginning Chapter 12 - Approaching the Sacred Metaphors of the Relational The Procreative Act Systems Theory Actor Networks Distributed Cognition Biological Interdependence Process Philosophy The Buddha Dharma: Inter-Being The Sacred Potential of Relational Being Toward Sacred Practice Epilogue: The Coming of Relational Consciousness

870 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A social-cognitive framework for examining the joint influence of situational factors and the centrality of moral identity on moral intentions and behaviors and results provide strong support for the proposed framework.
Abstract: This article proposes and tests a social-cognitive framework for examining the joint influence of situational factors and the centrality of moral identity on moral intentions and behaviors. The authors hypothesized that if a situational factor increases the current accessibility of moral identity within the working self-concept, then it strengthens the motivation to act morally. In contrast, if a situational factor decreases the current accessibility of moral identity, then it weakens the motivation to act morally. The authors also expected the influence of situational factors to vary depending on the extent to which moral identity was central to a person's overall self-conception. Hypotheses derived from the framework were tested in 4 studies. The studies used recalling and reading a list of the Ten Commandments (Study 1), writing a story using morally laden terms (Study 4), and the presence of performance-based financial incentives (Studies 2 and 3) as situational factors. Participants' willingness to initiate a cause-related marketing program (Study 1), lie to a job candidate during a salary negotiation (Studies 2 and 3), and contribute to a public good (Study 4) were examined. Results provide strong support for the proposed framework.

709 citations


Book
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: Sandel's "Justice" as mentioned in this paper explores the role of justice in our society and our lives, and reveals how an understanding of philosophy can help to make sense of politics, religion, morality and our own convictions.
Abstract: Is killing sometimes morally required? Is the free market fair? It is sometimes wrong to tell the truth? What is justice, and what does it mean? These and other questions are at the heart of Michael Sandel's "Justice". Considering the role of justice in our society and our lives, he reveals how an understanding of philosophy can help to make sense of politics, religion, morality - and our own convictions. Breaking down hotly contested issues, from abortion, euthanasia and same-sex marriage, to patriotism, dissent and affirmative action, Sandel shows how the biggest questions in our civil life can be broken down and illuminated through reasoned debate. "Justice" promises to take readers - of all ages and political persuasions - on an exhilarating journey to confront controversies in a fresh and enlightening way.

616 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that affirming a moral identity leads people to feel licensed to act immorally, however, when moral identity is threatened, moral behavior is a means to regain some lost self-worth.
Abstract: The question of why people are motivated to act altruistically has been an important one for centuries, and across various disciplines. Drawing on previous research on moral regulation, we propose a framework suggesting that moral (or immoral) behavior can result from an internal balancing of moral self-worth and the cost inherent in altruistic behavior. In Experiment 1, participants were asked to write a self-relevant story containing words referring to either positive or negative traits. Participants who wrote a story referring to the positive traits donated one fifth as much as those who wrote a story referring to the negative traits. In Experiment 2, we showed that this effect was due specifically to a change in the self-concept. In Experiment 3, we replicated these findings and extended them to cooperative behavior in environmental decision making. We suggest that affirming a moral identity leads people to feel licensed to act immorally. However, when moral identity is threatened, moral behavior is a means to regain some lost self-worth.

608 citations


Book
30 May 2009
TL;DR: The first comprehensive account of the evolutionary origins of art and storytelling can be found in this paper, where Boyd examines Homer's "Odyssey" and Dr. Seuss' "Horton Hears a Who!" demonstrating how an evolutionary lens can offer new understanding and appreciation of specific works.
Abstract: A century and a half after the publication of "Origin of Species", evolutionary thinking has expanded beyond the field of biology to include virtually all human-related subjects - anthropology, archeology, psychology, economics, religion, morality, politics, culture, and art. Now a distinguished scholar offers the first comprehensive account of the evolutionary origins of art and storytelling. Brian Boyd explains why we tell stories, how our minds are shaped to understand them, and what difference an evolutionary understanding of human nature makes to stories we love. Art is a specifically human adaptation, Boyd argues. It offers tangible advantages for human survival, and it derives from play, itself an adaptation widespread among more intelligent animals. More particularly, our fondness for storytelling has sharpened social cognition, encouraged cooperation, and fostered creativity. After considering art as adaptation, Boyd examines Homer's "Odyssey" and Dr. Seuss' "Horton Hears a Who!" demonstrating how an evolutionary lens can offer new understanding and appreciation of specific works. What triggers our emotional engagement with these works? What patterns facilitate our responses? The need to hold an audience's attention, Boyd underscores, is the fundamental problem facing all storytellers. Enduring artists arrive at solutions that appeal to cognitive universals: an insight out of step with contemporary criticism, which obscures both the individual and universal. Published for the bicentenary of Darwin's birth and the 150th anniversary of the publication of "Origin of Species", Boyd's study embraces a Darwinian view of human nature and art, and offers a credo for a new humanism.

543 citations


Book
01 Jan 2009
TL;DR: The Morality of Participation in an Unjust War as discussed by the authors argues for the moral equality of combatants and the limits of self-defense, and argues for individual immunity and civilian liability.
Abstract: 1. The Morality of Participation in an Unjust War 2. Arguments for the Moral Equality of Combatants 3. Excuses 4. Liability and the Limits of Self-Defense 5. Civilian Immunity and Civilian Liability

513 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Seven studies profile these two faces of morality, support their distinct motivational underpinnings, and provide evidence of moral asymmetry; implications for broader social regulation, including cross-cultural differences and political orientation, are discussed.
Abstract: A distinction is made between two forms of morality on the basis of approach-avoidance differences in self-regulation. Prescriptive morality is sensitive to positive outcomes, activation-based, and focused on what we should do. Proscriptive morality is sensitive to negative outcomes, inhibition-based, and focused on what we should not do. Seven studies profile these two faces of morality, support their distinct motivational underpinnings, and provide evidence of moral asymmetry. Both are well-represented in individuals' moral repertoire and equivalent in terms of moral weight, but proscriptive morality is condemnatory and strict, whereas prescriptive morality is commendatory and not strict. More specifically, in these studies proscriptive morality was perceived as concrete, mandatory, and duty-based, whereas prescriptive morality was perceived as more abstract, discretionary, and based in duty or desire; proscriptive immorality resulted in greater blame, whereas prescriptive morality resulted in greater moral credit. Implications for broader social regulation, including cross-cultural differences and political orientation, are discussed.

345 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine whether and to what extent Confucianism as a resilient Chinese cultural tradition can be used as a sound basis of business practice and management model for Chinese corporations in the twenty-first century.
Abstract: This article examines whether and to what extent Confucianism as a resilient Chinese cultural tradition can be used as a sound basis of business practice and management model for Chinese corporations in the twenty-first century. Using the core elements of Confucianism, the article constructs a notion of a Confucian Firm with its concepts of the moral person (Junzi), core human morality (ren, yi, li) and relationships (guanxi), as well as benign social structure (harmony), articulated in corporate and organizational terms. The basic character of the Confucian Firm is described, and its philosophical and cultural foundation is critically assessed with respect to its moral legitimacy and relevant to today’s China. China’s recent Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) development is a high profile response to global business ethics concerns. Efforts have been made to emulate and develop good business practice fashioned in CSR norms and visions. The so-called “human-based” and “virtue-based” business practices rooted in local cultural heritage have been touted as a Chinese response to this problem. This investigation is particularly relevant in the context of the increasingly prominence of the Chinese corporations (China Inc.) in the wake of the rise of China as a global power. How relevant is Confucianism to the building of a modern Chinese corporation that is willing and able to practice reasonable norms of business ethics? The findings of this discussion, which include the organizational implications of the Confucian familial collectivism, have implications for other Chinese communities (Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore) where Confucian tradition is endorsed and practiced.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is argued that the current neurological, behavioral, developmental and evolutionary evidence is insufficient to demonstrate that emotion is necessary for making moral judgments, and suggests instead that the source of moral judgments lies in the authors' causal-intentional psychology.

Book
05 May 2009
TL;DR: The idea of "critique" in the Frankfurt School of Critical Social Theory is discussed in this paper, where a Genealogical Proviso is used to define a social pathology of reason, and a Physiognomy of the Capitalist Form of Life.
Abstract: Preface1. The Irreducibility of Progress: Kant's Account of the Relationship Between Morality and History2. A Social Pathology of Reason: On the Intellectual Legacy of Critical Theory3. Reconstructive Social Criticism with a Genealogical Proviso: On the Idea of "Critique" in the Frankfurt School4. A Physiognomy of the Capitalist Form of Life: A Sketch of Adorno's Social Theory5. Performing Justice: Adorno's Introduction to Negative Dialectics6. Saving the Sacred with a Philosophy of History: On Benjamin's "Critique of Violence"7. Appropriating Freedom: Freud's Conception of Individual Self-Relation8. "Anxiety and Politics": The Strengths and Weaknesses of Franz Neumann's Diagnosis of a Social Pathology9. Democracy and Inner Freedom: Alexander Mitscherlich's Contribution to Critical Social Theory10. Dissonances of Communicative Reason: Albrecht Wellmer and Critical TheoryAppendix: Idiosyncrasy as a Tool of Knowledge: Social Criticism in the Age of the Normalized IntellectualNotesBibliography

Book
30 May 2009
TL;DR: It is revealed that animals exhibit a broad repertoire of moral behaviors, including fairness, empathy, trust, and reciprocity, and there is no moral gap between humans and other species.
Abstract: Scientists have long counseled against interpreting animal behavior in terms of human emotions, warning that such anthropomorphizing limits our ability to understand animals as they really are. With "Wild Justice", Marc Bekoff and Jessica Pierce unequivocally challenge this long-held view. Marrying years of behavioral and cognitive research with compelling and moving anecdotes, Bekoff and Pierce reveal that animals exhibit a broad repertoire of moral behaviors, including fairness, empathy, trust, and reciprocity. Animals, in short, are incredibly adept social beings, relying on rules of conduct to navigate intricate social networks that are essential to their survival. Ultimately, Bekoff and Pierce draw the astonishing conclusion that there is no moral gap between humans and other species: morality is an evolved trait that we unquestionably share with other social mammals.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors found that higher perceptions of social dangers and greater emphases on the binding moral foundations (relative to the individualizing foundations) were associated with explicitly and implicitly measured conservatism, and there was evidence that a "conservative pattern" of moral attitudes mediates the relationship between perceived social danger and political conservatism.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The strategic interactions among actors, victims, and third-parties are considered to help illuminate condemnation and it is argued that basic differences between the adaptive problems faced by actors andThird-party parties indicate that actor conscience and third -party condemnation are likely performed by different cognitive mechanisms.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found that the extent to which innocent intentions are taken to mitigate blame for accidental harms is correlated with activation in a specific brain region during moral judgment, the right temporo-parietal junction.

DatasetDOI
TL;DR: This article found evidence suggesting participants believe that the moral principles they are endorsing are general in nature: when presented sequentially with both versions of the scenario, liberals again showed a bias in their judgments to the initial scenario, but demonstrated consistency thereafter.
Abstract: Five studies demonstrated that people selectively use general moral principles to rationalize preferred moral conclusions. In Studies 1a and 1b, college students and community respondents were presented with variations on a traditional moral scenario that asked whether it was permissible to sacrifice one innocent man in order to save a greater number of people. Political liberals, but not relatively more conservative participants, were more likely to endorse consequentialism when the victim had a stereotypically White American name than when the victim had a stereotypically Black American name. Study 2 found evidence suggesting participants believe that the moral principles they are endorsing are general in nature: when presented sequentially with both versions of the scenario, liberals again showed a bias in their judgments to the initial scenario, but demonstrated consistency thereafter. Study 3 found conservatives were more likely to endorse the unintended killing of innocent civilians when Iraqis civilians were killed than when Americans civilians were killed, while liberals showed no significant effect. In Study 4, participants primed with patriotism were more likely to endorse consequentialism when Iraqi civilians were killed by American forces than were participants primed with multiculturalism. However, this was not the case when American civilians were killed by Iraqi forces. Implications for the role of reason in moral judgment are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
27 Feb 2009-Science
TL;DR: The system used in the present study is a prototypical Kondo system—a single magnetic impurity in a sea of electrons—and one should be able to obtain deeper insights into electron scattering above and below its characteristic magnetic transition temperature.
Abstract: bulk of the sample is not visible in most STM images and is thus typically neglected in the analysis of STM experiments. The situation changes dramatically when a point defect is incorporated under the surface. Such a defect can scatter the electron waves emanating from the tunneling tip. The reflected wave can interfere with the incoming wave, giving rise to a standing-wave pattern that can be seen at the surface. For the case of a spherical Fermi surface, the amplitude of the scattered electron wave decays rapidly, and only a very weak interference pattern can be expected on the surface (see the figure, panel D). Weismann et al. see a dramatic increase of this interference pattern at the surface for Co atoms buried several layers underneath (see the figure, panel E), and argue that this can be understood from the shape of the Fermi surface: Along certain spatial directions, the amplitude of the scattered wave decays very slowly (arrows in panel B; see supplementary movies S1 and S2). In essence, the electrons are scattered along beams of electron waves, a phenomenon referred to as electron focusing. When these beams intersect the surface of the material, a strong and characteristically shaped interference pattern is observed. This interference pattern reflects information about the propagation of electrons through the bulk of the material—and hence on the shape of the Fermi surface—and the strength and type of scattering potential below the surface. Weismann et al. show that these interference patterns can be accurately calculated by incorporating a very large number of atoms in the sample. The observation of electron interference patterns on surfaces with STM goes back to the beautiful standing-wave patterns of electrons confined to the inside of a quantum corral on copper (4). More recently, the wave nature of electrons in two-dimensional electron gases at surfaces has been used to perform electron holography (5) and to study the electron propagation in high-temperature superconductors (6). In the latter case, one can deduce a plethora of spatially resolved information on the electron behavior in such partially disordered systems with complex electron-electron interactions. Weismann et al. also use their calculational approach to highlight a wide range of exciting future experiments. They discuss the fact that electrons of different spin character in magnetic materials generally have differing Fermi surfaces. This should enable the observation of separate interference patterns for injecting minority spin versus majority spin electrons (see the figure, panel F). The technique may also be used to study buried interfaces with high spatial resolution. The system used in the present study is a prototypical Kondo system—a single magnetic impurity in a sea of electrons—and one should be able to obtain deeper insights into electron scattering above and below its characteristic magnetic transition temperature. Interpreted correctly, one can therefore judge a book by its cover.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The moderation of the moral Stroop effect by individual differences in concerns about personal cleanliness suggests that ideas about purity and pollution are central to seeing morality in black and white.
Abstract: Three studies examined automatic associations between words with moral and immoral meanings and the colors black and white. The speed of color naming in a Stroop task was faster when words in black concerned immorality (e.g., greed), rather than morality, and when words in white concerned morality (e.g., honesty), rather than immorality. In addition, priming immorality by having participants hand-copy an unethical statement speeded identification of words in the black font. Making immorality salient in this way also increased the moral Stroop effect among participants who had not previously shown it. In the final study, participants also rated consumer products. Moral meanings interfered with color naming most strongly among those participants who rated personal cleaning products as especially desirable. The moderation of the moral Stroop effect by individual differences in concerns about personal cleanliness suggests that ideas about purity and pollution are central to seeing morality in black and white.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jun 2009
TL;DR: In this article, a social-psychological approach to the moral self complements these personological perspectives by taking into account the situational malleability of moral self-regard, or one's self-perceived moral standing at any given moment.
Abstract: When psychologists explore the role of the self in moral motivation and behavior, they typically take a personological approach. Some seek to describe a general personality structure shared by widely recognized moral exemplars, whereas others examine individual differences in the centrality of mortality to one's personal goals. A social-psychological approach to the moral self complements these personological perspectives by taking into account the situational malleability of moral self-regard, or one's self-perceived moral standing at any given moment. Recent research reviewed in this chapter demonstrates the value added by this perspective: First, when people are made secure about their morality, they sometimes act less morally (moral credentials); second, moral exemplars are disliked rather than admired when their behavior is seen as an indictment of people's own choices (moral resentment); and third, people sometimes boost their moral self-regard to compensate for failures in other domains (moral compensation). These phenomena underscore the importance of understanding moral self-regard as just one aspect of a highly dynamic self-concept. THE SELF IN MORAL PSYCHOLOGY For decades, moral psychology mostly left the self out of its analyses. It focused instead on moral reasoning and on the cognitive underpinnings of decisions about right and wrong (Kohlberg, 1969). The neglect of the self and emphasis on the mechanics of moral reasoning was a reaction against the perceived murkiness of psychodynamic theories influential at the time, and the dearth of empirical support for concepts such as “superego strength” to explain moral learning (see Kohlberg, 1963).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Within a broad sample of participants, it is found that scores on a measure of psychopathy predicted sharply lower scores on the harm and fairness subscales of a measureof moral concern, but showed no relationship with authority, and very small relationships with in group and purity.
Abstract: A long-standing puzzle for moral philosophers and psychologists alike is the concept of psychopathy, a personality disorder marked by tendencies to defy moral norms despite cognitive knowledge about right and wrong. Previously, discussions of the moral deficits of psychopathy have focused on willingness to harm and cheat others as well as reasoning about rule-based transgressions. Yet recent research in moral psychology has begun to more clearly define the domains of morality, encompassing issues of harm, fairness, loyalty, authority, and spiritual purity. Clinical descriptions and theories of psychopathy suggest that deficits may exist primarily in the areas of harm and fairness, although quantitative evidence is scarce. Within a broad sample of participants, we found that scores on a measure of psychopathy predicted sharply lower scores on the harm and fairness subscales of a measure of moral concern, but showed no relationship with authority, and very small relationships with ingroup and purity. On a measure of willingness to violate moral standards for money, psychopathy scores predicted greater willingness to violate moral concerns of any type. Results are further explored via potential mediators and analyses of the two factors of psychopathy.

Book
12 Feb 2009
TL;DR: Hume's theory of space and time in its sceptical context is discussed in this article, where it is shown that the problem of personal identity can be expressed as a moral problem.
Abstract: 1. An introduction to Hume's thought 2. Hume's new science of the mind 3. Hume and the mechanics of mind: impressions, ideas, and association 4. Hume's theory of space and time in its sceptical context 5. Hume on causation 6. Hume and the problem of personal identity 7. Hume's scepticism 8. Hume's moral psychology 9. The foundations of morality in Hume's Treatise 10. Hume's later moral philosophy 11. The structure of Hume's political theory 12. David Hume: principles of political economy 13. Hume on the arts and 'The Standard of Taste': texts and contexts 14. David Hume: 'the Historian' 15. Hume on religion.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, membership categorization analysis (MCA) is used to examine the extent to which MCA can inform an understanding of reasoning within the public domain where morality, policy and cultural politics are visible.
Abstract: In this article, we examine the extent to which membership categorization analysis (MCA) can inform an understanding of reasoning within the public domain where morality, policy and cultural politics are visible (Smith and Tatalovich, 2003). Through the examination of three examples, we demonstrate how specific types of category device(s) are a ubiquitous feature of accountable practice in the public domain where morality matters and public policy intersect. Furthermore, we argue that MCA provides a method for analysing the mundane mechanics associated with everyday cultural politics and democratic accountability assembled and presented within news media and broadcast settings.

Journal ArticleDOI
Chas Critcher1
TL;DR: In this article, three dimensions of discursive construction are identified for differentiating between issues of moral regulation: as threats to the moral order, as being amenable to social control measures, and as involving ethical self-regulation.
Abstract: Moral panic analysis needs reconnecting to mainstream sociological theory. A potential connection is via moral regulation. The origins and development of moral regulation, and its application to moral panics, are traced through the work of Corrigan and Sayer, Hunt and Hier. While it appears highly beneficial to locate moral panics as an extreme form of more routine processes of moral regulation, better specification is required of the scope of moral regulation and its boundary with moral panics. Three dimensions of discursive construction are identified for differentiating between issues of moral regulation: as threats to the moral order, as being amenable to social control measures, and as involving ethical self-regulation. Clarity is also needed about the political project of moral regulation analysis. Language: en

Book
01 Apr 2009
TL;DR: In How We Get Along, Velleman compares our social interactions to the interactions among improvisational actors on stage and argues that we play ourselves authentically by doing what would make sense coming from us as we really are as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In How We Get Along, philosopher David Velleman compares our social interactions to the interactions among improvisational actors on stage. He argues that we play ourselves - not artificially but authentically, by doing what would make sense coming from us as we really are. And, like improvisational actors, we deal with one another in dual capacities: both as characters within the social drama and as players contributing to the shared performance. In this conception of social intercourse, Velleman finds rational grounds for morality, though not a rational guarantee. He maps a middle course between skepticism and rationalism, arguing that practical reasoning is 'pro-moral' without requiring moral action. The result is what he calls a 'Kinda Kantian metaethics'. How We Get Along is the summation of Velleman's thinking to date, incorporating and unifying previous work on agency, the self, the emotions, narrative and Kantian moral theory.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the moral and ethical questions are articulated through notions of space and time, using case study material from the chicken and sugar industries, and the way that ethical and moral issues are expressed through the dimensions of time and space (via notions of remembering and forgetting) and space, connecting and disconnecting) and via notions of visibility and invisibility.
Abstract: This paper uses the concept of ‘moral economy’ to challenge the conventional view that defines morality and the market as oppositional terms. Drawing on evidence from life history interviews with key actors in the British food industry, the paper outlines how moral and ethical questions are articulated through notions of space and time. Using case study material from the chicken and sugar industries, the paper examines the way that ethical and moral issues are expressed through the dimensions of time (via notions of remembering and forgetting) and space (via notions of connecting and disconnecting) and via notions of visibility and invisibility. The paper concludes by examining how our understanding of the moral economies of food can be advanced through the adoption of a relational view of geographical scale and temporal connection, contrasting the attribution of individual blame with a politics of collective responsibility.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors defend a virtue-based account of entrepreneurship in which certain instances of rule breaking, even if morally wrong, are nevertheless ethically acceptable and part of the creative destruction that entrepreneurs bring not only to the economy but also to morality.