Morpholine

About: Morpholine is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5411 publications have been published within this topic receiving 51063 citations. The topic is also known as: diethylene imidoxide & diethylene oximide.

Nucleophilic attacks on carbon–carbon double bonds. Part XXII. Base catalysis, leaving group effects, and solvent effects in several nucleophilic vinylic substitutions by amines

Abstract: Displacements of the leaving groups X from 1-X-2,2-bisethoxycarbonyl-1-p-nitrophenylethylenes [6; X = Cl, OSO2Me(OMs), OSO2C6H4Me-p(OTs), OSO2C6H4Br-p(OBs)] by piperidine and morpholine in MeCN, tetrahydrofuran (THF), and EtOH and by benzenethiolate ions in EtOH are of the second order (rate constant kobs). Reactions of anilines with 1-chloro-(and 1-bromo-)2,2-dicyano-1-p-nitrophenylethylenes (7) show very mild catalysis by the amine, while the reactions of 1-chloro-(and 1-bromo-)2-cyano-2-methoxycarbonylethylenes (9) with p-cyanoaniline, and of other electrophilic olefins with piperidine and morpholine show no catalysis. The reactivity ratios of the leaving groups in system (6) are: kOMs/kCl= 10·4–59·7; kOTs/kCl= 10·6–29·9; kOBs/KOTs= 1·56–2·85, and for systems (7) and (9)kBr/kCl= 0·67–1·32. For most systems the solvent effect on the reactivity is MeCN > Thf > EtOH. It is suggested that a zwitterion is formed by the nucleophilic attack (k1) of the amine on the electrophilic olefin. This is followed either by a reversal of this step (k–1), or by expulsion of X–(k2), or by deprotonation of the zwitterion by another amine molecule (k3). In the catalysed reaction of system (7)k3/k2= 0·69–6·55, for system (9)k1 is rate determining, while for system (6)kobs=k1k2k–1. The leaving group effect is mainly attributed to k2 and an early transition state is suggested for this step. The solvent effect is due to the change of the dielectric constant and to the formation of intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonds.

Recovery of ammonia or amine from a cation exchange resin

Abstract: Ammonia or an amine such as morpholine is recovered from a resin bed comprising an alkali metal, e.g., sodium, and ammonium or amine salts of a strong acid cation exchange resin by contacting the cation resin with an aqueous solution of an alkaline earth metal hydroxide, e.g., calcium hydroxide, thereby exchanging the alkali metal and ammonium or amine cations with alkaline earth metal cations. The aqueous liquid containing the alkali metal and ammonia or amine is subsequently passed through a cation exchange resin which removes the alkali metal from the liquid. The recovery of ammonia or the amine by such method is particularly useful in condensate purification system associated with a power production facility wherein the recovered ammonia or amine can be employed to reduce corrosion in the power production facility and the strong acid resin, upon regeneration, can be used to remove alkali metal ions, particularly sodium, from the facility.

Triethylenediamine synthesis with base-treated zeolites as catalysts

Abstract: A process for preparing triethylenediamine by passing an ethanolamine, ethyleneamine, piperaziHe or morpholine over a pentasil-type zeolite at elevated temperature characterized by employing a ZSM-5 zeolite in the hydrogen or ammonium form which has been pretreated with an aqueous caustic solution.

Design, synthesis, bioactivity, and computational studies of some morpholine-clubbed coumarinyl acetamide and cinnamide derivatives

Abstract: The novel derivatives of morpholine-clubbed 3-substituted coumarinyl acetamide and cinnamide derivatives 5a–5j and 6a–6j have been synthesized via various 2-chloro-N-phenyl acetamide and cinnamoyl chloride derivatives, respectively. The required motif has been generated through Vilsmeier–Haack reaction on 4-hydroxycoumarin annelation of morpholine followed by imine formation and subsequently condensation with various 2-chloro-N-phenylacetamide and cinnamoyl chloride to furnish the desired molecule. The synthesized molecules were characterized by various spectroscopic methods viz IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR. Their antimicrobial activities against various strains of bacteria and fungi have been evaluated, and computational studies have also been performed for all the newly synthesized analogs.