Showing papers on "Mutation breeding published in 1988"

Applied Mutation Breeding for Vegetatively Propagated Crops

Abstract: List of tables. List of colour plates. List of figures. Preface. 1. General introduction. 2. Mutagenic treatments. Introduction. Chemical mutagens. Physical mutagens. References. 3. Other sources of genetic variation. Introduction. Ploidy mutations. Somaclonal variations. References. 4. Shoot apices: Organization and post-irradiation behaviour. Introduction. Structure and functioning of shoot apices. Behaviour of axillary and adventitious buds. The position of a mutated cell within a plant chimerism. Rearrangements of cell layers. Shoot apices after irradiation. Patterns of radiation-induced morphological/histological damage and recovery. The fate of a mutated apical cell diplontic selection. References. 5. Adventitious bud techniques and other in vivo or in vitro methods of asexual propagation of relevance to mutation breeding. Introduction. In vivo techniques. In vitro techniques. 6. Root and tuber crops. General. Cassava. Garlic and shallots. Jerusalem artichoke. Potato. Sweet potato. Yams and various other (tropical) root and tuber crops. 7. Ornamental crops. General. Tuber and bulb crops. Flowering pot plants. Foliage pot plants. Cut flowers. Garden plants. Woody plants. 8. Woody perennials and forest trees. General. Broad-leaved trees. Coniferous trees. Trees used in sericulture (Morus). 9. Fruit crops. Temperate fruit crops. Tree fruits. Small fruits. Grapevine. Tropical fruit crops. 10. Other crops. Essential oil crops. Fiber crops. Rubber. Hops. Sugarcane. Tea. Grasses. Index of references. Index of plant names.

Efficiency of Early Generation Selection for Induced Polygenic Mutations in Lentil (Lens Culinaris Medik.)

Abstract: The mutagenized populations exhibited increased variability over the control in M2 and M3 generations for flowering duration, primary branches/plant, peduncles/plant, pods/plant, seeds/pod, 1000-seed weight, and seed yield/plant. The interfamily analysis revealed a great deal of heterogeneity among M2 families in each treated population with respect to character means. Using CV and mean as parameters, promising M2 families were identified for multiple characters. The frequency of such promising families with different mutagens was in the following order: NEU≥EMS≥SA≥gamma rays. Most of the M, families (75.0–85.7%) confirmed as promising for multiple characters were already identified in M2, and some (4.6–7.2%) were isolated from the unselected group of M2 generation. Although the contribution of the unselected M2 progenies to the total promising M3 families was greater (51.3–65.2%) than those obtained from the M2 selected group (34.7–48.6%), the selection efficiency (proportion of desirable mutations selected), nevertheless, was higher in M2 than in M3 generation. About 75–85% selected M2 plants from various treatments bred true in M3 for the characters studied. The selection, started in early generation (M2), can greatly increase the efficiency of mutation breeding for quantitatively inherited traits, such as, yield and maturity.

Protein quality of normal barley cultivars and their proanthocyanidin-free mutants

Abstract: Proanthocyanidins have the potential to be antinutrients. Proanthocyanidin-free barleys have been cultivated and these, barleys may have an improved nutritional value over their parent barleys. Six pairs of normal and proanthocyanidin-free barley mutants were compared for their chemical composition, physical measurements and in biological trials with rats and chicks. Triumph and Galant (ANT-148) were compared in biological trials with pigs. Normal and proanthocyanidin-free cultivars included in this study were: Triumph, Galant; Moravian III, ANT-605; Andre, ANT-587; Robust, ANT-625; Advance, ANT-537; Karla and ANT-504, respectively. Clark was used as a control barley in chemical comparison and in the rat trials. The chemical composition was similar for all barleys, except for protein and starch. Protein ranged from 11.2% to 14.7%, with a mean of 13.8%. Starch content ranged from 50.9% to 59.4%,with a mean of 56.2%. Physical measurements showed only slight differences between the normal and mutant barleys. A chick growth trial, using 1-day-old broiler chicks, showed no differences in weight gains (P>0.6) , feed/gain ratios (P>0.6). or feed consumption (P>0.1) between the six barley pairs. In a chick taste preference trial, using 1-day-old broiler chicks, there were no differences in preference for parent or mutant barleys as measured by the chick's feed consumption, except for the barley pair, Karla and ANT-504, where the consumption of diet prepared from Karla was higher than that of the mutant. A rat nitrogen balance trial, using male weanling rats, showed differences between the barley cultivars for true digestible protein (TDP) (P<.03), biological value (BV) (P<.003) and net protein utilization (NPU) (P<.007). Comparison between the parent and mutant barleys showed that the average TDP was higher in the latter, although not significantly. BV and NPU were lower (P<.01) in the mutants; however, a significant interaction occurred (P<.03) between parent and ANT-barley for all measurements. There were no significant differences i,n weight gains (P>0.3), feed/gain ratios (P>0.9) or feed consumption (P>0.5) of pigs fed diets prepared with either Triumph or Galant barley from 3-weeks of age to approximately 85 kg. It is concluded that the proanthocyanidins have a negative influence on protein digestibility; however, the nutritional quality of these barleys was not affected by the presence of proanthocyanidins as measured by BV and NPU. Other constituents including beta-glucans, starch and total fiber will also have the potential of influencing animal and poultry performance. PROTEIN QUALITY OF NORMAL BARLEY CULTIVARS AND THEIR PROANTHOCYANIDIN-FREE MUTANTS by Margareth gfverland A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of ,the requirements for the degree • of Master of Science in Animal Science MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY Bozeman, Montana August 1988