Showing papers on "Mutation breeding published in 2010"

Studies on Biological Effects of Ion Beams on Lethality, Molecular Nature of Mutation, Mutation Rate, and Spectrum of Mutation Phenotype for Mutation Breeding in Higher Plants

Abstract: Recently, heavy ions or ion beams have been used to generate new mutants or varieties, especially in higher plants. It has been found that ion beams show high relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of growth inhibition, lethality, and so on, but the characteristics of ion beams on mutation have not been clearly elucidated. To understand the effect of ion beams on mutation induction, mutation rates were investigated using visible known Arabidopsis mutant phenotypes, indicating that mutation frequencies induced by carbon ions were 20-fold higher than by electrons. In chrysanthemum and carnation, flower-color and flower-form mutants, which are hardly produced by gamma rays or X rays, were induced by ion beams. Novel mutants and their responsible genes, such as UV-B resistant, serrated petals and sepals, anthocyaninless, etc. were induced by ion beams. These results indicated that the characteristics of ion beams for mutation induction are high mutation frequency and broad mutation spectrum and therefore, efficient induction of novel mutants. On the other hand, PCR and sequencing analyses showed that half of all mutants induced by ion beams possessed large DNA alterations, while the rest had point-like mutations. Both mutations induced by ion beams had a common feature that deletion of several bases were predominantly induced. It is plausible that ion beams induce a limited amount of large and irreparable DNA damage, resulting in production of a null mutation that shows a new mutant phenotype.

Development of new vegetable soybean (Glycine max L. Merill) mutants with high protein and less fibre content.

Abstract: Soybean (Glycine max L. Merill) tops the world production of oil seeds. Mutation breeding is the most useful and vital technology for soybean. Selection of effective and efficient mutagens are very essential to recover high frequency of desirable mutants. The seed material of vegetable soybean cultivars viz., Himso 1563 and TS 82 were used for study. Gamma rays and EMS are the two mutagens selected for mutagenesis. Mutated population had manifested a reduced expression than the untreated population for all biometrical traits. Reduction in phenotypic expression is linear with the dose or concentration of the mutagens in the M1 generation. Higher the dose or concentration more reduction in the expressivity of the traits. Viable mutants were observed in the M2 generation. Induced mutations delivered fairly good amount of genotypic coefficient of variation, the heritability and GA as per cent of mean with respect to all the biometrical observations. High protein content (Himso 1563–37.73 and TS 82–39.49 percent) and low fibre content (Himso 1563-7.27 and TS 82–10.55 percent) mutants identified in M2 generation.

Induced mutations in horsegram: mutagenic efficiency and effectiveness.

Abstract: Mutation breeding is one of the most reliable techniques in improving crop plants Physical and chemical mutagens are used to bring the variability Among chemical mutagens, to identify the efficient mutagen that can bring broad spectrum of variability, it is therefore necessary to study the efficiency and effectiveness of various mutagens In present study, two varieties of horsegram, viz, SINA (K-42) and KS-2 were treated with three concentrations of ethyl methane sulphonate (EMS), N- nitroso N- ethyl urea (NEU) and sodium azide (SA) Identification of effective mutagen could be possible by studying different parameters In M2 generation studies were made o n the mutagenic efficiency, mutagenic effectiveness and mutagenic rate In the present study, the results revealed that efficiency of mutagens was variable, sodium azide was most effective mutagen and showed highest mutagenic rate Keywords : Sodium azide, Mutation, Efficiency, Effectiveness, Mutagenic rate

Induction of a Novel, High Yielding Mutant of Pigeon Pea

Abstract: Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp) is one of the major pulse crop of Maharashtra grown in Kharif season. It is cultivated in 35.54 lakh hectares in Maharashtra. In spite of its demand the yield of the pulse is low. In the present investigation an effort was made to improve the yield of the crop by mutation breeding. Germplasms of authentic sample of Pigeonpea (Var. ICPL-87) were procured from 'Pulses Improvement Division' of Mahatma Phule Agricultural University (M.P.K.V.), Rahuri, and District: Ahmednagar (Maharashtra). Seeds, presoaked in water for 12 hrs.,were treated with different concentrations (10, 20, 30 and 40mM), of the chemical Mutagen, Ethyl Methyl Sulphonate (EMS) for 6 hrs., at 25 ± 2 C, followed by through washing under tap water. Presoaked seeds, untreated with EMS served as control. Both Control and EMS treated seeds were sown in the field to raise M progeny. M seeds, along with their controls were sown in next Kharif season to raise M progeny. M progeny plants were screened for Yield contributing traits like, Plant Height, Number of Branches per plant, Number of pods per plant, Pod length, Number of Seeds per Plant, 100 seed weight and Yield per Plant. M Progeny were also screened for useful mutants.Results indicated that genetic variability in Yield contributing Traits, and viable mutants could be observed only at M generation. The M progeny raised from seeds treated with 40 mM concentration of EMS produced novel mutants showing two fold increases in number of branches per plant, number of Pods per plant and Yield per plant. This Mutant was named as High yielding (Robust) mutant. Differences observed between the High yielding (Robust) mutant and corresponding control plants and correlation between the parameters were discussed in the text. The High yielding (Robust) mutant seems to be very promising and can be release as variety after appropriate field tests. : Mutation Breeding, Pigeon Pea, Cajanus cajan 0

Mutation breeding with ion beams and gamma rays.

Abstract: Mutation breeding is a useful method for crop improvement. Its success, however, depends on the type of mutagenic treatment and the treatment methods used. Ion beams show promise as a new mutagen which induces mutations with high frequency and produces novel mutants, because ion beams have high linear energy transfer (LET) and thus have greater biological effects compared with low LET radiations such as gamma rays and X-rays. Therefore, the mutagenic characteristics of ion beams for mutation breeding were investigated. The practical use of ion beams requires information about effective and efficient doses. In gamma rays, there are no experiment-based reports on the optimum irradiation dose, although gamma rays have been commonly used. In addition, there are few data regarding the usefulness of the gamma ray irradiation with a low dose rate to prevent radiation damage. Therefore, optimum irradiation methods of ion beams and gamma rays for mutation breeding were investigated.

A New Improved Soybean Variety, ‘Josaengseori’ by Mutation Breeding

Abstract: ‘Seoritae’ is a very famous variety of black soybean for mixed cooking with rice in Korea. However, it has a couple of bad traits such as late flowering and maturity. To improve these characteristics, seeds of original ‘Seoritae’ were irradiated using a 250 Gy gamma ray in 1994. Some mutants were identified and finally a new soybean variety ‘Josaengseori’ was developed in 2005. This variety has a few distinguishable characteristics such as smaller grain size, early maturity and high yielding compared to the ‘Seoritae’. The flowering period of ‘Josaengseori’ is 57 days after seeding (DAS), which is 10 days earlier than that of ‘Seoritae’ (67 DAS). The maturation period of ‘Josaengseori’ is 130 DAS, which is 34 days earlier than ‘Seoritae’ (164 DAS). And the total yield of the new variety with 179 kg/10a is 2.4 times higher than that of ‘Seoritae’ with 74 kg/10a. 100 grain weight of ‘Josaengseori’ is 32.8 g, which is 20% lower than that of ‘Seoritae’ with 40.1 g.

Non-vacuum ion implantation mutation breeding method of germinating plant seeds

Abstract: The invention relates to a non-vacuum ion implantation mutation breeding method of germinating plant seeds, which changes the original method which needs dried plant seeds in ion implantation plant seed mutagenesis and carries out ion implantation in a vacuum chamber target tray As the life activity of the dried plant seeds is low, and the dried plant seeds are in a dormant state, the dried seeds have low mutagenesis efficiency after ion implantation The non-vacuum ion implantation mutation breeding method of the germinating plant seeds adopts ion beam stream led out by a high-energy ion implantation machine to bombard the germinating plant seeds in the atmospheric environment, so as to lead water and organic molecules inside the germinating seeds to generate free radical, genic mutation within the seeds and DNA molecular chain breaking recombination, wherein special ion implantation seeds selected by the non-vacuum ion implantation method take part in the seed DNA molecular chain breaking recombination The method can be used for culturing good strains of seeds with special mutation

High-efficiency nitrogen-fixing microorganism mutation breeding method

Abstract: The invention discloses a high-efficiency nitrogen-fixing microorganism mutation breeding method. In the method, nitrogen-fixing microorganism culture solution is irradiated by 2,400-2,500 MHz microwaves with the centre wavelength of 122mm. The microwaves with the specific wavelength can perform mutation on some specific DNA fragments of the nitrogen-fixing microorganisms so as to initiate hereditary variation of the nitrogen-fixing capacity of strains, and the radiation mutation treatment effect of 2,450 MHz microwaves is the best. By performing multi-generation directional selection on high-efficiency nitrogen-fixing mutant strains through nitrogen-free medium isolation and the testing of nitrogenase activity of the strains, stable and high-efficiency mutant strains with stronger nitrogen-fixing capacity than that of original strains are bred. Compared with ultraviolet mutation, high-energy particle beam mutation, chemical mutation, and other mutation modes, the high-efficiency nitrogen-fixing microorganism mutation breeding method has the characteristics of safety, cleanliness, simple equipment, low cost, high efficiency, and capacities of improving the breeding efficiency of high-efficiency nitrogen-fixing microorganisms and reducing the breeding cost.

‘Bantam’ and ‘Redspike’ Indiangrass

Abstract: Indiangrass was a key grass species of the tallgrass prairie ecosystem, and at the time of European settlement, it was native in over half of what is now the continental United States (Darke, 1999). Today, it is easily recognizable in prairie remnants, reconstructed prairies, and along roadsides by its inflorescences, which appear as tall, narrow spires from August through October. Despite its wide adaptability and landscape potential, few ornamental cultivars exist. ‘Sioux Blue’ and ‘Indian Steel’ make up a short list of the ornamental cultivars currently available commercially. ‘Sioux Blue’, a Longwood Gardens clonal cultivar with an upright habit (Darke, 1999), has been the standard ornamental cultivar for many years, but recently, it has been replaced by ‘Indian Steel’, a uniform seed-propagated cultivar introduced in 1995 by Jelitto Perennial Seeds (Anonymous, 2009). Because of the need for new cultivars, a mutation study was done to recover indiangrass mutants of ornamental value (Stephens, 2009). Two mutants from that study are being introduced as ‘Bantam’ (Fig. 1) and ‘Redspike’ (Fig. 2).

Research on Mutation Breeding of High-producing Strains from Streptomyces Avermitilis Irradiated by Ion Beam of ~(12)C~(6+)

Abstract: Mutagenic effect on avermectin B1a producing strains of ZJAV-A1 by ion beam of 12C6+ has been investigated.The experimental results indicated that the lethality was 97% and the highest rate of orthomutation was 34.2%,when ZJAV-A1 was irradiated by ion beam of 50 Gy 12C6+.After the mutagenesis processing by ion beam of 12C6+ and the screening of orthomutation strains by using plating mediums and slant cultures,the mutant ZJAV-Y1-203 was obtained with the avermectin B1a yield of 4588—4460 μg/ml.Compared with the original strain,the titer was improved 11.1%—14.7%.

Studies on protein content in prominent induced mutants of pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Abstract: Twenty mutants were selected from two varieties of pea for study on seed protein content. Induction of variability in pea is possible through mutation breeding, pertaining to seed proteins.