Showing papers on "Mutation breeding published in 2016"

Role of Mutation Breeding in Crop Improvement- Past, Present and Future

Abstract: With the inevitable risk posed by global climate change to crop yield and ever increasing demands of agricultural production, crop improvement techniques have to be more precise in developing smart crop varieties. This review reviews the past, current progress and assesses the future directions in mutation breeding for crop improvement. It provides a background to plant mutation breeding strategies, basic and advanced techniques, and provides a critical review of this approach in comparison to other methods for the genetic improvement of crops. Mutation breeding is a fundamental and highly successful tool in the global efforts of agriculture to feed an ever increasing and nutritionally demanding human population. The physical and chemical mutagens, their effects and their utility are discussed. The induction of mutations has been used to enhance the yield, better nutritional quality and wider adaptability of world’s most important crops such as wheat, rice, pulses, millets and oilseeds. The total area covered by commercially released mutant cultivars clearly indicates that they have played a significant role in solving food and nutritional security problems in many countries. Of all the mutant varieties developed, majority of mutants were produced through direct mutagenesis of the plant propagules, and also Review Article Raina et al.; ARJA, 2(2): 1-13, 2016; Article no.ARJA.29334 2 there are several reports of mutants derived by irradiating rooted stem cuttings, which paves the way for in vitro mutagenesis. The production of mutants by irradiation of in vitro cultured tissues provides a means to treat large populations which would not have been possible before. The accessibility of genomics information in the public domain combined with the recent advances in molecular biology techniques have paved the way for transforming old mutation techniques into the state of art technology for crop improvement and basic genomic research. The molecular tagging and molecular marker based identification shall bring new dimensions in gene technology. These would finally lead to rapid enhancement of crops with improved yield, increased biotic and abiotic stress and reduced agronomic inputs. Thus mutation assisted plant breeding will play a crucial role in the generation of designer crop varieties to address the threats of global climate change and challenges of world food insecurity.

Selection of Novel Cowpea Genotypes Derived through Gamma Irradiation.

Abstract: Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) yields are considerably low in Namibia due to lack of improved varieties and biotic and abiotic stresses, notably, recurrent drought. Thus, genetic improvement in cowpea aims to develop cultivars with improved grain yield and tolerance to abiotic and biotic stress factors. The objective of this study was to identify agronomically desirable cowpea genotypes after mutagenesis using gamma irradiation. Seeds of three traditional cowpea varieties widely grown in Namibia including Nakare (IT81D-985), Shindimba (IT89KD-245-1) and Bira (IT87D-453-2) were gamma irradiated with varied doses and desirable mutants were selected from M2 through M6 generations. Substantial genetic variability was detected among cowpea genotypes after mutagenesis across generations including in flowering ability, maturity, flower and seed colours and grain yields. Ten phenotypically and agronomically stable novel mutants were isolated at the M6 each from the genetic background of the above three varieties. The selected promising mutants’ lines are recommended for adaptability and stability tests across representative agro-ecologies for large-scale production or breeding in Namibia or similar environments. The novel cowpea genotypes selected through the study are valuable genetic resources for genetic enhancement and breeding.

Frequency and type of inheritable mutations induced by γ rays in rice as revealed by whole genome sequencing

Abstract: Mutation breeding is based on the induction of genetic variations; hence knowledge of the frequency and type of induced mutations is of paramount importance for the design and implementation of a mutation breeding program. Although γ ray irradiation has been widely used since the 1960s in the breeding of about 200 economically important plant species, molecular elucidation of its genetic effects has so far been achieved largely by analysis of target genes or genomic regions. In the present study, the whole genomes of six γ-irradiated M2 rice plants were sequenced; a total of 144–188 million high-quality (Q>20) reads were generated for each M2 plant, resulting in genome coverage of >45 times for each plant. Single base substitution (SBS) and short insertion/deletion (Indel) mutations were detected at the average frequency of 7.5×10−6–9.8×10−6 in the six M2 rice plants (SBS being about 4 times more frequent than Indels). Structural and copy number variations, though less frequent than SBS and Indel, were also identified and validated. The mutations were scattered in all genomic regions across 12 rice chromosomes without apparent hotspots. The present study is the first genome-wide single-nucleotide resolution study on the feature and frequency of γ irradiation-induced mutations in a seed propagated crop; the findings are of practical importance for mutation breeding of rice and other crop species.

Construction of mutation populations by gamma-ray and carbon beam irradiation in chili pepper ( Capsicum annuum L.)

Abstract: Mutagenesis using ionizing radiation has been widely used for the development of genetic and breeding resources with novel characteristics. Although mutation breeding using X- and gamma-rays has been attempted in peppers, information on the effectiveness of other ionizing radiation and a comparative analysis of mutagenic effects of different forms of radiation is limited. Therefore, we investigated and compared the biological effectiveness and mutagenesis efficiency of gamma-rays and a carbon beam (a heavy ion beam) in a chili pepper landrace of Korea, ‘Yuwol-cho’. The survival and shoot growth rate obtained by irradiation at serial doses showed that the LD50 was about 140 and 35 Gy, and the RD50 was about 80 and 32 Gy for gamma rays and carbon beams, respectively. The optimal doses for mutation breeding for these forms of radiation were estimated to be 80-100 and 15-20 Gy for gamma rays and carbon beams, respectively. We also developed M2 populations consisting of 1,836 lines by gamma-ray irradiation (100 Gy) and 154 lines by carbon beam irradiation (20 Gy). The frequency of dwarf or male sterile individuals showed that the mutagenic effect of the carbon beam was higher than that of gamma-rays. We identified individuals in each population with various developmental mutations through phenotypic analysis and categorized the mutations into four groups (mutations in plant architecture and development, leaf, flower, or fruits). This study provides basic information for mutation breeding using ionizing radiation and useful materials for the identification of genes related to the diverse characteristics in chili pepper.

Mutagenic effects of carbon ion beam irradiations on dry Lotus japonicus seeds

Abstract: Carbon ion beam irradiation is a powerful method for creating mutants and has been used in crop breeding more and more. To investigate the effects of carbon ion beams on Lotus japonicus, dry seeds were irradiated by 80 MeV/u carbon ion beam at dosages of 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 Gy. The germination rate, survival rate and root length of M1 populations were explored and the dose of 400 Gy was selected as the median lethal dose (LD50) for a large-scale mutant screening. Among 2472 M2 plants, 127 morphological mutants including leaf, stem, flower and fruit phenotypic variation were found, and the mutation frequency was approximately 5.14%. Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) assays were utilized to investigate the DNA polymorphism between seven mutants and eight plants without phenotypic variation from M2 populations. No remarkable differences were detected between these two groups, and the total polymorphic rate was 0.567%.

Determination of LD50 of ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) for induction of mutations in rapeseed-mustard

Abstract: Mutation breeding is an effective way to enrich genetic variability in crop plants There are two basic means, physical and chemical mutagens for inducing mutations Among chemical mutagens, the alkylating agent, ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) is the most commonly used mutagen in plants as it causes a high frequency of nucleotide substitutions ie point mutations Hence, an optimum dose is highly desired to produce the high frequency of mutations with minimum killing of treated individuals Therefore, the present investigation was undertaken to determine the LD50 of EMS and effect of different dosages of EMS on seed germination of two Indian mustard varieties (viz RH-749 and NRCHB-101) and one of its important wild relative Sinapis alba Results revealed the significant effects of EMS dosages and treatment periods on seed germination The EMS doses (LD50) at 042%, 073% and 03% for duration of 12 h were found to be optimum for Indian mustard varieties (RH-749, NRCDR-101) and S alba respectively The LD50 of EMS for Brassica juncea was higher than the S alba and it also varied for two varieties of B juncea This information would be highly useful for initiating mutation breeding programme in rapeseed-mustard crops

A Novel Two-Step Method for Screening Shade Tolerant Mutant Plants via Dwarfism

Abstract: When subjected to shade, plants undergo rapid shoot elongation, which often makes them more prone to disease and mechanical damage. Shade-tolerant plants can be difficult to breed; however, they offer a substantial benefit over other varieties in low-light areas. Although perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is a popular species of turf grasses because of their good appearance and fast establishment, the plant normally does not perform well under shade conditions. It has been reported that, in turfgrass, induced dwarfism can enhance shade tolerance. Here we describe a two-step procedure for isolating shade tolerant mutants of perennial ryegrass by first screening for dominant dwarf mutants, and then screening dwarf plants for shade tolerance. The two-step screening process to isolate shade tolerant mutants can be done efficiently with limited space at early seedling stages, which enables quick and efficient isolation of shade tolerant mutants, and thus facilitates development of shade tolerant new cultivars of turfgrasses. Using the method, we isolated 136 dwarf mutants from 300,000 mutagenized seeds, with 65 being shade tolerant (0.022%). When screened directly for shade tolerance, we recovered only four mutants from a population of 150,000 (0.003%) mutagenized seeds. One shade tolerant mutant, shadow-1, was characterized in detail. In addition to dwarfism, shadow-1 and its sexual progeny displayed high degrees of tolerance to both natural and artificial shade. We showed that endogenous gibberellin (GA) content in shadow-1 was higher than wild-type controls, and shadow-1 was also partially GA insensitive. Our novel, simple and effective two-step screening method should be applicable to breeding shade tolerant cultivars of turfgrasses, ground covers, and other economically important crop plants that can be used under canopies of existing vegetation to increase productivity per unit area of land.

Mutation Breeding and Drought Stress Tolerance in Plants

Abstract: Undoubtedly, drought is one of the prime abiotic stresses in the world. Drought stress from anthesis to maturity affects many morphological and physiological aspects of any plant and significantly reduces final yield. There is a serious need to identify stress-tolerant genotypes that can grow and flourish well under harsh environments. Among the different present approaches, mutagenesis and mutation breeding and the isolation of improved or novel phenotypes in conjunction with conventional breeding programs can result in mutant varieties endowed with new and desirable variations of agrometrical traits. Mutation breeding is the purposeful application of mutations in plant breeding. Resistant varieties for stresses can be developed by either (1) direct or (2) indirect breeding approaches. Mutagenesis for resistance to abiotic stresses is a well-known efficient breeding approach in order to create new desirable genetic variability, as the use of the traditional breeding methods have narrowed genetic variability in the cultivated crop species over a long period. Thus, mutation-assisted plant breeding will play a crucial role in the generation of “designer crop varieties” to address the uncertainties of global climate variability, and the challenges of global plant-product insecurity. Molecular mutation breeding will significantly increase both the efficiency and efficacy of mutation techniques in crop breeding. High-throughput DNA technologies for mutation screening such as TILLING (targeting induced limited lesions in genomes), high-resolution melt analysis (HRM), ECOTILLING, and so on are the key techniques and resources in molecular mutation breeding.

Role of Classical Mutation Breeding in Crop Improvement

Abstract: Role of classical mutation breeding in crop improvement , Role of classical mutation breeding in crop improvement , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

Breeding erect plant type sweetpotato lines using cross breeding and gamma-ray irradiation.

Abstract: Few sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas Lam.) cultivars with erect plant type are available despite their advantages over spreading type, such as simplicity of cultivation and ability to adapt to limited space. One of the reasons is insufficiency of their agronomic characteristics for table use. So, it is important to overcome these drawbacks of ER-type lines. We attempted to breed new erect plant type sweetpotato lines having good agronomic traits using cross breeding and mutation breeding with gamma-ray irradiation. With cross breeding we successfully developed new erect plant type lines with almost equal levels of yield as compared to ‘Beniazuma’, one of the leading cultivars in Japan. However, mutation breeding failed to develop any promising lines because we could not obtain distinct erect plant type lines. In the future larger numbers of plants should be used for mutation breeding, and irradiation methods should be improved.

Phenotypic and molecular effects of chronic gamma irradiation on Curcuma alismatifolia

Abstract: Mutation breeding is one of the methods for generating genetic variation and obtaining new cultivars of ornamental plants during the past decades. In present study, the effects of four doses (0, 14.6, 33, and 87.4 Gy) of chronic gamma irradiation on three cultivars of Curcuma alismatifolia and one Curcuma hybrid were investigated. Morphological aberrations from non-treated plants were observed by exposing growing plants. Higher doses induced phenotypical variations and significantly affected the plant growth parameters and flowering capacity. In terms of genetic variation, among the irradiated cultivars, the number of presumed alleles revealed by SSR analysis ranged from two to five with a mean value of 3.1 to 3.7 alleles per locus for radiation doses. The average value of the effective number of alleles, Nei’s gene diversity, and Shannon’s information index were 2.42–2.66, 0.50–0.56, and 0.90–1.03, respectively. Heat map hierarchical clustering divided 52 studied individuals into four major clusters. Results of this study showed that chronic gamma irradiation efficiently can enhance the phenotypical and genetic variations in C. alismatifolia cultivars at doses of 33 Gy and 84.6 Gy. In addition, SSR markers will likely accelerate the progress of selection of desired mutants during mutation breeding programs.

Selection of mutants with improved growth and total grain yield in the M2 Generation of Pearl Millet (Pennicetum glaceum L.) in the Northern Region of Ghana

Abstract: Gamma rays are the most commonly used mutagen in mutation breeding, owing to its ability to induce mutations at relatively higher frequencies. In the present study, gamma irradiation techniques were applied to pearl millet (Var. Naara) in order to determine the response in terms of growth and total grain yield of the crop to the mutagen in Northern region of Ghana, which is located in the Guinea Savannah Agroecology. Seeds were irradiated with gamma rays at 100, 200 or 300 Gy. Irradiated seeds and some unirradiated control seeds were planted in randomized complete block design with four replications at the experimental field of the University for Development studies, Nyankpala in the Northern region of Ghana. Data were collected on increases in height of plants, number of tillers, number of productive tillers, earliness to flowering, head length, head width, seed weight and total grain yield. Plants that received mutagen doses such as 100 or 200 Gy revealed stimulatory effects for all characters studied in the segregating M2 generation relative to the control. Plants from the 300 Gy performed significantly similar in most of the characters measured as those subjected to 200 Gy. In general, superior strains were screened based on their growth rates and grain yield characteristics in the M2 for advancement to M3 generation. This study discusses the results of the M1 and M2 populations.

Breeding in crop plants Mutations & in vitro mutation breeding

Abstract: Breeding in crop plants Mutations & in vitro mutation breeding , Breeding in crop plants Mutations & in vitro mutation breeding , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

Alfalfa mutation breeding method and application thereof

Abstract: The invention discloses an alfalfa mutation breeding method and application thereof, belonging to the technical field of pasture mutation breeding. The method provided by the invention comprises the following steps: planting spaceship-boarding dried alfalfa seeds in the field, selecting excellent mutant plants in the variation offspring group, establishing clone by adopting a root division cloning method, combining phenotypic selection and genotype selection, comparing the lines to select the superior plants and remove inferior plants, and screening a superior line which is good in quality character improvement and can be stably inherited. The alfalfa breeding method disclosed by the invention has the advantages of multiple useful variations, high amplitude of variation, high stability and the like; and therefore, high-yield high-quality and disease-resistant new fine varieties can be cultivated, variation type which is difficult to discover and special in a natural environment can be provided, and germplasm resources are innovated. Compared with the existing breeding method, the method disclosed by the invention has greater advantages.

Variability of valuable economic traits in M1 and M2 sunflower generations influenced by dimethyl sulfate and γ-rays

Abstract: The development of effective mutation breeding methods and techniques for the modification of radiation and chemical injuries in plants is of vital importance. The effectiveness of induced mutagenesis is growing; therefore, our investigations were focused on the effects of mutagens on the growth and development of mutant generations and the variability of economic signs in M 1 and M 2 sunflower generations under the influence of dimethyl sulfate (DMS) and γ-rays. The aim of our research was to expand the genetic variability of important agronomic traits in M 1 and M 2 sunflower; identification of valuable mutants with altered characteristics in the next generations. Thus, in M 3 of lines Kh201V and Kh06-135V, we selected short mutants (122 cm vs 139 cm in the control) with lemon coloration of petals and multi-leafed mutants (201 leaves vs 23 in the control) with a modified shape and size of calathidium.

Method for improving screening efficiency of target traits in plant radiation mutation breeding

Abstract: The invention discloses a method for improving screening efficiency of target traits in plant radiation mutation breeding. The method comprises the following steps: conducting radiation mutation treatment on plant seeds to obtain M0 seeds; subjecting the M0 seeds to multiple-sample coarse transplanting, collecting main spike seeds to obtain M1 seeds, conducting self seed-setting on M1 seeds to obtain M2 seeds; subjecting M2 seeds to seedling culture in indoor, growing the seedling to two leaves with one bud, and extracting genomic DNA from each individual plant. The characteristic of radiation mutation accelerating the mutation rate of an organism's genome is used; in the seedling stage, molecular biology technique is used for directed screening of target trait mutants from radiation mutation group, so as to reduce the work lead for gene without mutation or mutation unqualified for the target traits, and improve the accuracy of screening of target trait mutants.

Micro-Tuber Production in Diploid and Tetraploid Potato after Gamma Irradiation of in Vitro Cuttings for Mutation Induction

Abstract: Micro-tubers are important propagules in potato breeding and potato production, and they are also dormant and easily transported and therefore good targets for mutation induction in potato mutation breeding. A prerequisite for mutation breeding is to determine optimal mutation treatments. Therefore, radio-sensitivity tests of a tetraploid and a diploid potato to gamma irradiation were undertaken. Effects of different gamma sources on radio-activity were also studied. In vitro potato cuttings were gamma irradiated using a wide dose range (0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 20 Gy). The irradiated cuttings were then cultured to induce micro-tubers directly in vitro. Micro-tuber morphotypes were assessed after irradiation of cuttings using three gamma sources with emission activities of 1.8, 7.07 and 139 Gy/min. The diploid species (Solanum verrucosum) was more radio-sensitive than the tetraploid cultivar Desiree (Solanum tuberosum). Gamma dose rates had significant influences on subsequent micro-tuber production at various mutant generations. Effects included reductions in the number, size and weight of micro-tubers produced. Gamma dose was more lethal for the diploid potato genotype and micro-tubers produced were small compared to those produced by the tetraploid genotype after irradiation. Different treatments are recommended for diploid and tetraploid potato irradiation in producing large mutant micro-tuber populations. The mutant micro-tuber populations may then be screened for interesting mutations/trait for both genetics and plant breeding purposes.

Cold-hardiness breeding method for camellia

Abstract: The invention discloses a cold-hardiness breeding method for camellia. According to the breeding method, a mode of combining radiation breeding and chemical mutation breeding is adopted. The breeding method comprises seed selection, radiation breeding, seed germination culture, screening, chemical mutation breeding, secondary screening and seedling culture. The breeding method is capable of performing high cold resistance culture on camellia and has wide market prospect; the mode of combining radiation breeding and chemical mutation breeding is adopted, so that the mutation effectiveness can be ensured, breakage treatment is not performed on seeds or seedlings, and the treated seedlings are high in survival rate.

Primary Study on Mutation Effect in Taproots of Radish Cultivar "Huangzhou" by Ethylmethylsulfone (EMS)

Abstract: Mutation breeding by Ethylmethylsulfone (EMS) has several advantages: high mutation ratio, many mutated phenotypes and low destruction which has been widely applied for crop breeding. We traced to uncover the mutagenic effect of EMS to Huangzhou radish by ...

Mutagenesis in hundred seed weight of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench).

Abstract: The induced mutations display a pleiotropic effect due to which several features are changed only one of which however is desired by the breeder. The cross of two mutants can occasionally break undesired pleiotropic effect and valuable transgressions in other features can be achieved. Since majority of point mutations are recessive, the search for deviating phenotypes does not begin until the M 2 generation. The determination as to whether a detected variant is a mutant or non-heritable modification can only take place in M 2 generation after testing its progeny. Datta (1994) has indicated the utility of mutation technique in producing large number of new promising varieties in different ornamentals like chrysanthemums and roses. . The major objective in employing induced mutations has been to increase variability within shortest possible period and to develop some such genotypes which could carry attributes of immense economic value. Due to mutation breeding okra varieties increased number of fruits per plant, seeds per fruit and seed weight

Breeding Method of Plant Induced Mutation of Breeding Target Plant

Abstract: A breeding method for variation of target plant for plant induced breeding comprises the following steps: 1) breeding an induced plant seedling, and using a bud point or a node on the induced plant seedling as an implanting notch point; 2) selecting a breeding target plant seedling for standby; 3) notching on the implanting notch point; 4) implanting the breeding target plant seedling into a notch; 5) fixing the breeding target plant and an induced plant, covering the same with wet soil, and compacting; 6) shading and curing, and sprinkling water per day; and 7) after 45 to 60 days, cutting off both sides of the induced plant notch by 5 to 10 cm; and transplanting a section of cut induced plant stem together with soil around the breeding target plant and the notch to obtain. The above-mentioned method can realize mutation breeding including among plants on same edge, near edge or far edge, is suitable for most of plants and has the advantages of high success rate of breeding, high mutation probability, favorable comprehensive mutation performance, diversified mutation performance, quick stability and the like.

Marigold male inbred line denominated ki4662

Abstract: A new and distinct inbred plant of Tagentes erecta named K14662 and characterized by elevated levels of zeaxanthin and little or no lutein. The invention consists of a marigold male parent inbred line with altered carotenoid compositions through a chemically-induced mutation breeding process. The mutagenesis program identified three commercially useful mutant plants including a high zeaxanthin mutant plant KI-TeM 2-4662 among several altered carotenoid mutants during 2010-2012. Mutant plant KI-TeM204662 was selfed to develop a stable mutant inbred line K14662.

Uji Pendahuluan Genotipe-genotipe Kedelai Hasil Seleksi In Vitro terhadap Cekaman Aluminium dan pH Rendah

Abstract: Aluminum toxicity is a major constraint to soybean production in acid soils. Since variabilities on Al tolerance in plants are very limited, mutation breeding, and in vitro selection were used to increase the variability. Three soyben genotypes were produced from cultivars Wilis and Sindoro that have been gamma irradiated and selected in vitro for their tolerance to Al on Al and low pH media. These genotypes and their original cultivars were then planted in a greenhouse in an acid soil on May 2001. The results showed that the plant performances were varied, some were shorter and more compact than the original. Based on the yield components, a number of plants from the genotypes showed higher than those of the control cultivars. These plants were considered more tolerant to Al than the original cultivars.

Method for breeding new sorghum variety by use of mutation breeding based on diethyl sulfate

Abstract: The invention belongs to the technical field of agriculture and provides a method for breeding new sorghum variety by use of mutation breeding based on diethyl sulfate, so as to solve the problems that existing sorghum variety resource innovation is insufficient, materials for a new breeding technology applied to sorghum breeding are less and the possibility of obtaining a new sorghum variety is low. The method comprises the following steps: treating sorghum seeds indoors by use of diethyl sulfate; screening mutants from the treated sorghum seeds; and performing field cultivation on the screened required mutants so as to screen out mutated descendant materials. The invention establishes a technical method for breeding sorghum through mutation based on diethyl sulfate, so that a safe use method of a toxic chemical DES is further improved, an obvious mutation effect of DES in treatment of sorghum seeds is confirmed, an operation method of treating sorghum seeds by use of the toxic chemical DES is improved, and unwanted hazard problems possibly brought to people can be solved.

Seaweed ultraviolet mutation breeding method and seaweed ultraviolet mutation breeding apparatus

Abstract: The invention provides a seaweed ultraviolet mutation breeding method and a seaweed ultraviolet mutation breeding apparatus. The seaweed ultraviolet mutation breeding method is used for solving a technical problem that seaweed breeding efficiency is low. The seaweed ultraviolet mutation breeding method comprises following steps: a seedling adhesion device is placed in a spore solution containing seaweed spores so as to realize adhering of seaweed spores onto the seedling adhesion device; the seedling adhesion device is placed below a ultraviolet lamp in the seaweed ultraviolet mutation breeding apparatus, and the ultraviolet lamp is controlled to emit ultraviolet light at a preset time to irradiate the seedling adhesion device until mutation of the spores of seaweed is realized; and survived mutated seaweed spores are cultured for selective breeding so as to obtain seaweed new species. According to the seaweed ultraviolet mutation breeding method, seaweed spores are irradiated with ultraviolet light so as to realize mutation of the spores, and excellent mutated seaweed stains are selected from adolescent plants cultured from the mutated seaweed spores for culturing and selective breeding, so that breeding efficiency is increased obviously.