Showing papers on "Mutation breeding published in 2018"

Plant Breeding: Past, Present and Future

Abstract: Plant breeders can help farmers increase food production by breeding new cultivars better adapted to their chosen farming systems, but these must be capable of providing the necessary plant inputs for the required levels of crop production in 2050. Until 200 years ago the farmers themselves were the plant selectors. Plant domestications, extensive crop dispersions and farmers’ selections produced thousands of locally adapted landraces of cultivated plants. During the twentieth century these were largely replaced by relatively few high yielding cultivars and the natural habitats of many of their wild relatives became endangered. Hence in situ and ex situ conservation, and evaluation and use of plant genetic resources is vital for future plant breeding. The development of scientific breeding from the beginning of the twentieth century was based on understanding the mechanism of inheritance and the mating systems of crop plants. The types of genetically uniform, high yielding cultivars that have been bred from genetically heterogeneous landraces were determined by the mode of reproduction and mating system of the cultivated plant species: inbred line (wheat) and hybrid (rice) cultivars for inbreeding species, hybrid (maize) cultivars for outbreeding species, and clonal (potato) cultivars for vegetatively propagated species. When genetically heterogeneous crops are desired, mixtures of cultivars and synthetic cultivars can be produced. Future progress in crop improvement will come from three complementary approaches: use of hybridization and selection in further conventional breeding, base broadening and introgression; mutation breeding, cisgenesis and gene editing; and genetically modified crops.

Mutation breeding of ornamental plants using ion beams.

Abstract: Ornamental plants that have a rich variety of flower colors and shapes are highly prized in the commercial flower market, and therefore, mutant cultivars that produce different types of flowers while retaining their growth habits are in demand. Furthermore, mutation breeding is well suited for ornamental plants because many species can be easily vegetatively propagated, facilitating the production of spontaneous and induced mutants. The use of ion beams in mutation breeding has rapidly expanded since the 1990s in Japan, with the prospect that more ion beam-specific mutants will be generated. There are currently four irradiation facilities in Japan that provide ion beam irradiation for plant materials. The development of mutant cultivars using ion beams has been attempted on many ornamental plants thus far, and some species have been used to investigate the process of mutagenesis. In addition, progress is being made in clarifying the genetic mechanism for expressing important traits, which will probably result in the development of more efficient mutation breeding methods for ornamental plants. This review not only provides examples of successful mutation breeding results using ion beams, but it also describes research on mutagenesis and compares results of ion beam and gamma ray breeding using ornamental plants.

Physiological status of plant tissue affects the frequency and types of mutations induced by carbon-ion irradiation in Arabidopsis

Abstract: Ionizing radiation including heavy-ion beams has been widely used in mutation breeding. Dry seeds, seedlings, and cultured tissues are often used for mutagenesis; however, little is known about the differences in induced mutations among them. Here, we examined the characteristics of mutations using randomly chosen Arabidopsis M2 plants derived from dry seeds and seedlings irradiated with carbon ions. The mutation frequency was 1.4–1.9 times higher in dry-seed irradiation than in seedling irradiation. This difference was mainly due to the three-times higher frequency of insertions and deletions (InDels) in dry-seed irradiation than in seedling irradiation. This difference increased the proportion of mutations predicted to affect gene function among all mutations identified by whole genome re-sequencing. Our results demonstrate that the physiological status of plant tissue greatly affects the characteristics of mutations induced by ionizing radiation, and that dry seeds are more suitable materials than seedlings for inducing loss-of-function mutations. The results also showed that single base deletions often occurred in homopolymeric sequences, while InDels larger than 2–3 bp often occurred in or near polynucleotide-repeat or microhomologous sequences. Interestingly, microhomology was less commonly found around large deletions (≥50 bp), suggesting that the rejoining process differs depending on the deletion size.

Optimal doses and concentrations of mutagens for winter wheat breeding purposes. Part I. Grain productivity

Abstract: Evaluation of winter wheat mutant families (2011 – 2012, second – third generations, exclude a little number of dominant mutations at first generation) and lines (2013 – 2016, forth and next generations) has been carried out. Six bread winter wheat lines have been identified as high-grain productivity mutants (prevalent on national standard variety for agriculture zone by summarized three-year’s results). For these lines higher value of two components of yield structure (1,000 grain weight and grain weight per plant) was typical during field estimation. Other indexes didn’t get significant influences on yield performance. Gamma-rays dose 100 Gy as a mutagen factor was the most successful in induction productive mutations. Medium dose of gamma-rays (100 Gy) and concentrations of nitrosoalkylureas (0.01 – 0.0125%) are recommended for winter wheat mutation breeding on grain productivity. Four lines were recommended for state varieties exam. Two earliness, one semi- and one short-stem lines have been determined for using directly as future varieties or components of breeding crosses. Varieties obtained by gamma radiation are less sensitive to same mutagen (in terms of mutation induction). Their re-exposure is inappropriate by same mutagen. The same situation was observed for chemical mutagens. However, the varieties which obtained with field hybridization or after treated by other types of mutagens (for example exploited chemical mutagens for radiomutants) were more successful as initial material for obtaining new highproductive lines.

Mutation Breeding in Ornamentals

Abstract: Induced mutation technique is a valuable tool that has been exploited for ornamental breeding for the past 30 years. Mutation breeding has been more successful in ornamental plants because changes in phenotypic characteristics like flower color, shape and size, chlorophyll variegation in leaves, and growth habit can be easily detected. In addition, the heterozygous nature of many ornamental plants offers high mutation frequency. Since mutations are induced in single cells, irradiation of multicellular structures with chemical and physical mutagens will appear as chimeras. However, the use of in vitro culture using adventitious bud techniques has proven to be the most efficient method to avoid chimerism. Mutation by using X-rays and gamma rays has successfully produced a large number of new varieties in different ornamental plants which had been commercialized. Appropriate strategies in mutation induction such as the use of in vitro culture technique in combination with chronic gamma irradiation have proven to be an effective method of mutation induction to produce new promising mutant varieties of ornamentals over a short period of time. During the past two decades, ion beam radiation has emerged as an effective and unique mutagen for improvement in ornamental plants since it produces higher mutation frequencies compared to X-rays and gamma rays. Currently, interest in research has shifted toward the application of molecular breeding and genetic engineering for ornamental improvement, but both have their own advantages and disadvantages. Mutation breeding is still an attractive method for creating genetic variability and has become a routine technique in many vegetatively propagated ornamental plants.

Screening of EMS-Induced Drought-Tolerant Sugarcane Mutants Employing Physiological, Molecular and Enzymatic Approaches

Abstract: Drought stress is one of the major agronomic concerns that lead towards a sharp decline in sugarcane yield. An urgent demand to overcome drought is critical to ensure sugarcane production. Mutation breeding is one of the promising tools available to produce stress-resistant plants, with the induction of new alleles due to point mutation within existing sugarcane germplasm. The current study was directed to chemically mutagenize the calli of two sugarcane cultivars (ROC22 and FN39) via 0.1% EMS, with focus on inducing mutations in their genome. The 1644 regenerated plants of ROC22 and 1398 of FN39 were exposed to 28% PEG-6000 stimulated osmotic stress. Eighteen plants of ROC22 and 2 plants of FN39, that survived after in vitro osmotic stress treatment, were then subjected to preliminary greenhouse pot trials to confirm drought tolerance by analyzing them using various physiological parameters, including photosystem II (PSII) photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), leaf chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic rate. The genetic diversity among drought-resistant mutant lines was further assessed by 15 pairs of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers amplification and CEL (Celery) I endonuclease digestion, to investigate the mutated sites. Mutant lines of ROC22 (i.e., MR22-15 and MR22-20) were found to be promising for future drought resistance breeding, due to better physiological adaptation under drought stress.

Morphological characterization of gamma rays induced multipodding mutant (mp) in lentil cultivar Pant L 406.

Abstract: Purpose: Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.), being a self-pollinated crop with narrow genetic base, is an important target crop for mutation breeding experiments. The purpose of the investigation was t...

Molecular characterization of proton beam-induced mutations in soybean using genotyping-by-sequencing

Abstract: Proton beam irradiation is a next-generation technique to develop mutant crop varieties. The mutagenic effects and molecular mechanisms of radiation are important multi-disciplinary research subjects. This study was conducted to investigate the types of mutations induced in the soybean genome by proton beam irradiation. In total, 22 plants, including 10 M2 plants treated with proton beam irradiation at 118 and 239 Gy, each, and two wild-type plants (Daepung) were sequenced by genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS). In total, 7453 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected in the 20 M2 plants, compared with the two wild-type controls. The SNP frequency was 1/36,976 bp with proton beam irradiation at 118 Gy, and 1/32,945 bp at 239 Gy. Of these, 3569 SNPs were detected in genic regions. We observed that proton beam irradiation induced more substitutions than small insertion–deletions (INDELs). Based on the mutagenic effect of proton beam irradiation, the frequency of transition mutations was shown to be higher than that of transversions. The proton beam-induced SNPs were distributed uniformly in most of the chromosomes. Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that there were many genes involved in protein metabolic process under biological process, intracellular membrane-bounded organelle under cellular component, and nucleic acid binding under molecular function. This study could provide valuable information for investigating the potential mechanisms of mutation, and guidance for developing soybeans cultivars using mutation breeding.

Development of high yielding aromatic mutants of rice (Oryza sativa L.) from a local aromatic cultivar, Tulaipanji by using gama radiation

Abstract: Mutation induced variability is an important method in plant breeding to create non-existing desirable genotype(s) for crop improvement. In this endeavour, gamma radiation was used to create variability for improving plant type and yield attributing traits in a local aromatic cultivar, Tulaipanji. Eight desirable mutants were identified from M4 generation. All those eight mutants induced from Tulpanji were photoperiod-insensitive, non-lodging, semi-dwarf with high yield potential and retained the aroma. Mutants TP3-2, TP3-4 and TP3-6 showed high increase in yield (>89%) over the control cultivar, Tulpanji. As the mutants were photoperiod insensitive, they may be recommended for cultivation for both boro and kharif seasons after necessary trials and demonstrations.

Biological effect of gamma irradiation on vegetative propagation of Coffea arabica L

Abstract: Coffee is the second most valuable commodity exported by developing countries, and supports the livelihood of more than 75 million people. There are limitations to preference for established cultivars due to the autogamous nature of the crop thereby making improvements via conventional breeding of many years to produce a new cultivar difficult. Mutation breeding can overcome these obstacles. One of the first steps in mutation breeding is to determine radio-sensitivity so that optimal irradiation treatments can be determined. Three cultivars: Kents, Mundo novo and Geisha were sourced from the coffee germplasm collection at the Mambilla Plateau substation of the institute, Taraba State, Nigeria. The biological effect of the physical was studied in the selected cultivars of Coffea arabica after the rooted seedlings were treated with various doses of Gamma rays: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 Gy. Success takes percentage and seedling vigour were used as measures of radio-sensitivity at 4 weeks after settings (WAS), 8, 12, and 16 WAS. The results showed that genotype of the cultivars and dosage of irradiation significantly influenced response to irradiation treatments (p < 0.05). The effect of the irradiation on treated cultivars was inversely proportional to the emergence of the success takes, plant height, root length, number of roots and number of leaves. The optimal mutation treatment (LD50) of M1V1 cuttings was in the range of 12 Gy in all the treated Arabica varieties an indication to buttress the narrow genetic base with reference to the similarity of their evolutionary trends. This work provides data on dose treatments for mutation induction in coffee, which may be exploited for coffee improvement. Key words: Cultivars, autogamous, mutation, irradiation and genotypes.

Selection of high yielding, extra short duration lines of mungbean derived through gamma radiation.

Abstract: The present investigation was designed to improve the genetic constitution of mungbean through gamma radiation induced mutation breeding approach to identify some high yielding mutant genotypes having extra short maturity duration. Three mungbean germplasms lines were exposed to gamma irradiation with three different doses and desirable mutants were selected from M2 through M5 generations. A total number of twenty mutant individuals from M5 generation were identified as promising mutants having early maturity duration ( 25 g seed yield plant−1). Among them, six were found to be extra ordinary mutants with extra early maturity dutation of 30g seed yield plant−1. Such mutants were not only high yielding extra early maturing type than their parents but also had synchrony in pod maturity, nonshattering pod and top fruitbearing habit. The identified mutants may be directly released as cultivars after their multilocation trials and can also be used as donor for improvement of mungbean with respect to earliness and yield.

Effect of gamma rays on quantitative traits of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) in M¬1 generation

Abstract: Mutation breeding is relatively a quicker method for improvement of crop plants. It has been observed that induced mutations can increase yield as well as other quantitative traits in plants. The dormant seeds of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), genotype VRI-1 (Virudhachalam-1) were treated with various doses of gamma rays like 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100KR and the LD50 values observed at 40KR of Gamma rays. Based on their LD50 values appreciable concentrations only selected for further study and their effects on various morphological characters such as plant height, number of branches per plant, number of leaves per plant, days to first flowering, number of capsules per plant, number of seeds per capsule and seed yield per plant (g) were measured quantitatively and the results showed that all the characters were consequently or significantly reduced when compared to control. The results were obtained in the present study clearly indicate that different doses of gamma rays can be effectively utilized to create variability for various quantitative traits of the crop.

Wheat mutation breeding method

Abstract: The invention relates to the technical field of biological breeding, and in particular, relates to a wheat mutation breeding method. The wheat mutation breeding method specifically comprises the steps: carrying out 60Co gamma ray induced treatment on wheat seeds, then treating with gibberellin with the concentration of 300-400 mg/L, and carrying out high and low temperature alternative culture ofthe gibberellin treated seeds, wherein in the process of high and low temperature alternative culture, the low-temperature culture temperature is 14-16 DEG C, the culture time is 11-13 hours, the high-temperature culture temperature is 19-21 DEG C, and the culture time is 11-13 hours; and transplanting the wheat obtained by high and low temperature treatment to a field, and fixedly planting. The problem that all the wheat seeds obtained by 60Co gamma ray induction are susceptible to infection of rust disease is effectively solved, the wheat obtained by breeding is transplanted to the field, and the rust disease occurrence rate is less than 0.4% in the premise without rust prevention and control.

Cotton breeding method with resistance to verticillium wilt

Abstract: The invention belongs to the technical field of crop variety breeding, and particularly relates to a cotton breeding method with resistance to verticillium wilt. The method comprises the steps of selecting seeds, peeling, soaking through a mutagenic agentfor sprouting; selecting a high verticillium wilt frequent occurence field, collecting dry branches and fallen leaves of cotton with verticilliumwilt, paving on the field, and obtaining a breeding nursery; transplanting seedlings into the breeding nursery, adding an ultraviolet lamp for irradiating plants, randomly removing stamen or pistil,adopting interspecies cross, after the plants are mature, screening out disease-resistant plants, and obtaining an F1 generation; directly seeding the F1 generation into the breeding nursery, carryingout interspecies cross to obtain an F2 generation, and continuously bagging and selfing at the later period until obtaining the cotton variety with excellent quality and stable resistance to verticillium wilt. According to the cotton breeding method with resistance to verticillium wilt provided by the invention, the diethyl sulfatemutagenic agent is utilized for soaking the peeled cotton seeds soas to carry out mutation breeding on the cotton seeds, the ultraviolet lamp is added for enhancing the mutation, the disease-resistant plants are screened out through the breeding nursery with high verticillium lecanii, and the novel cotton variety with resistance to verticillium wilt is bred through combination of hybridization, selfing, purification and inheritance.

Low-energy Heavy-ion Implantation of Crop Seeds to Induce a Broad Spectrum of High-yield-based Mutation of Thai Rice

Abstract: Low-energy (tens keV) heavy-ion implantation was applied as a novel mutagenic tool for high-yield-based broad-spectrum mutation breeding of Thai local rice. Seeds of Thai rice KDML105 and its ion-beam-induced primary mutant BKOS6 were implanted with tens-keV mixed nitrogen ions. In M1 generation, a high variation rate of 0.4% with the photoperiod-insensitivity potential was obtained. In subsequent generations, mutants with a broad spectrum of phenotypic variations dominantly supporting the high yield potential were selected and studied for the mutation stability till M5 generation. The mutants possessing not only high crop yields but also other properties improved or altered in the grains are reported and described. Physics involved is discussed.

In vitro, induction of salt tolerant potato (solanum tuberosum l.) Plants with gamma irradiation and characterization of genetic variations through sds-page and issr-pcr analysis

Abstract: Salt tolerant mutants of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. ‘Sponta’) were obtained via gamma irradiation. bud explants of two strains of potato (Sponta and lady rosetta were treated with various dosages of gamma irradiation, and the clonal generations were developed. Selection of salt-tolerant mutants was accomplished by in vitro selection media containing 30, 60, 90 and 120 mM NaCl. Molecular-level differences between the control and mutant plants were elucidated using ISSR technique, and the polymorphism rate according to the selected primers was calculated as 89.66%. Genetic distances between the controls and mutants were also calculated, and related dendrograms were produced. On average the mutants were genetically 27.5% different from the control plants. The greatest difference encountered between the control and mutants was 47%, which was detected in mutant plants produced by 20 or 30 Gy gamma irradiation and regenerated in selection medium containing 100 mM NaCl.

60Co-gamma ray radiation mutagenesis method for populus euphratica seeds treated with salt stress

Abstract: The invention discloses a 60Co-gamma ray radiation mutagenesis method for populus euphratica seeds treated with salt stress The method comprises the steps as follows: the populus euphratica seeds areirradiated with a 60Co-gamma ray, and then salt stress treatment of the populus euphratica seeds is carried out by adopting a sodium chloride solution The method has the benefits that: after the operation according to the radiation mutagenesis method provided by the invention, the germination rate, the germination potential and the relative germination rate of 150 Gy dose radiation mutagenesis are significantly higher than that receiving other radiation treatments, and the relative salt harm rate is lowered By establishing the 60Co-gamma ray radiation mutation breeding technology of the populus euphratica seeds, the basis for the selection and the determination of the optimal radiation dose for radiation mutation breeding is provided, the germination mechanism of the populus euphraticaseeds against radiation mutagenesis and NaCl stress is revealed, the appropriate radiation dose for salt resistance of seeds is provided, and new methods and approaches for planting resources innovation and variety breeding of populus euphratica are further provided through the radiation mutation breeding

Low-temperature mutation breeding method for tulips

Abstract: The invention discloses a low-temperature mutation breeding method for tulips. The low-temperature mutation breeding method is characterized by including the following steps of seed pretreatment, wherein tulip seeds are soaked in a 180-ppm sodium hypochlorite solution and irradiated by an ultraviolet lamp to be sterilized; high and low temperature chemical mutagenesis, wherein a mixed chemical mutagen is prepared from diethyl sulfate, sodium nitrite and hydroxylamine and used for soaking the tulip seeds for mutagenesis, and the tulip seeds are placed in a calorstat with alternating high temperature and low temperature; centrifugal treatment, wherein the tulip seeds obtained after being soaked in a colchicines solution with the concentration of 0.05-0.07% are placed in a centrifugal at therotating speed of 4100-4300 r/min, and the seeds mutate in a centrifugal superheavy state; low-temperature culture, wherein the germination stage of tulips is under low temperature, the germination growth cycle is prolonged, and more mutation changes are obtained; later stage cultivation, wherein the tulip seeds with stable characters are obtained for mass breeding reproduction.

Rapeseed mutation breeding method

Abstract: The invention belongs to the technical field of rapeseed breeding, and particularly relates to a rapeseed mutation breeding method The method comprises the steps as follows: collection of paternal pollen, maternal emasculation, mutation treatment, artificial pollination, replanting, and mutants acquisition; according to the invention, xylene, EMS and paraffin oil are adopted to prepare a chemicalmutagen, and UV mutagenesis is used in combination with the chemical mutagen, wherein the chemical mutagen is a composite mutagen prepared by mixing xylene, EMS and paraffin oil in a volume ratio of(002-003):(006-007):50 The method provided by the invention is a new breeding method for cultivating new rapeseed varieties, the mutagenesis rate is high, and the screening of new mutant traits is facilitated, and the method lays a foundation for the breeding of new varieties, and has a wide application prospect

Mutagenesis method for inducing plant variation and application thereof

Abstract: The invention belongs to the technical field of plant mutation breeding, and provides a mutagenesis method for inducing plant variation and an application thereof. The method is characterized in thata chemical mutagen is used to induce genetic variation in plants, wherein the chemical mutagen is ethyl methyl sulfonate with the molecular formula being CH3SO2OC2H5. Characters of soybeans are changed by inducing the genetic variation in the soybeans, and a soybean mutant library is constructed. Furthermore, shade-tolerant mutants are screened from the mutants. Finally, the mutants are applied toa plant shade avoidance reaction, which can reduce the sensitivity of shade response of low and medium stem crops in intercropping, thereby increasing the yield of the low stem crops in the intercropping. The method can produce novel varieties of plants that meets human production needs or have beneficial effects on other organisms and ecological environment, and makes the plants rapidly developin the direction that benefits human beings.

Stem-segment Co-gamma ray radiation mutation breeding method for sweet potato

Abstract: The invention discloses a stem-segment Co-gamma ray radiation mutation breeding method for sweet potato. The method provided by the invention comprises the steps of seedling collection, mutation treatment, transplanting and management after transplanting, and continuous cutting propagation and artificial selection of mutant individuals. According to the invention, a treated material is a stemsegment (comprising terminal buds and a great amount of lateral buds), so large quantities of materials can be treated by one time, and the breeding period is effectively shortened; through a vegetative propagation manner of continuous cutting, generation of a chimera is overcome, and stable and uniform variant plants are obtained; meanwhile, by adoption of Co-gamma ray radiation for mutationof the stem segment of the sweet potato, rich genetic variation can be created; the genetic basis of the sweet potato is broadened; a simple, convenient and highly-efficient method is provided for breeding of new varieties of the sweet potato; and the genetic basis of germplasm resources of the sweet potato is broadened.

Application of Mutation Breeding in Plants

Abstract: In recent years, alacrity has rekindled in mutation research, as induced mutagenesis is considered as the tool for mining of new genes/alleles for the production of new varieties. It also studies the nature of genes and the way of controlling the biochemical pathways with the help of genomics and biotechnology. The use of ionizing radiation such as X-rays, gamma rays, and neutrons and chemical mutagens for inducing variation is well established. Induced mutations have been used to improve major crops such as wheat, rice, barley, cotton, peanuts, and beans, which are seed propagated. These studies will definitely have a major impact on the future crop improvement 140programs. India has become the 3rd largest contributor of mutant varieties in the world. In this chapter, various advanced aspects of mutation induction, applications, and examples of successful use of induced mutants in crop improvement programs are discussed.

Efficient mutation breeding method of corn

Abstract: The invention belongs to the technical field of corn breeding, and specifically relates to an efficient mutation breeding method of corn. The efficient mutation breeding method comprises the followingsteps: pollen collection, pollen mutation treatment, artificial pollination and seed mutation, wherein after medicine is removed from collected pollen, the pollen is added into an EMS-paroline solution, and mutation is carried out according to the following steps: (1) carrying out laser radiation for 2 to 4 min; (2) carrying out light-shading stirring for 20 to 30 min; (3) carrying out laser radiation for 2 to 4 min; and (4) carrying out light-shading stirring for 15 to 20 min, wherein before artificial pollination, the EMS-paroline solution is smeared on the female ear filaments of corn plants to be pollinated so as to obtain mutated filaments, then carrying out artificial pollination, planting harvested corn seeds after x ray radiation so as to obtain mutated corn plants. Three mutationmanners of laser, EMS and ray are combined, the universality is high, the filaments and seeds are further mutated in different manners, and the mutation of various manners and various parts is realized, so that the mutation rate is relatively high, and the method is applicable for efficient mutation breeding of corn.