Mutation breeding

About: Mutation breeding is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 531 publications have been published within this topic receiving 6730 citations. The topic is also known as: variation breeding.

Mutation breeding of chrysanthemums

Abstract: Rooted cuttings of the pot-grown Chrysanthemum variety “Hortensien Rose” were irradiated with X-rays, fast neutrons, thermal neutrons and electrons As soon as the plants grew they were topped to stimulated side-shoot formation, often resulting in complete periclinal chimeras (sports) In addition mutation frequency in a given number of plants is enlarged by such a method Electrons proved to be ineffective, producing only 6–10% mutated plants The optimum dose X-rays is 1500 Rads Both fast and thermal neutrons showed a marked higher mutation frequency, the best dose resulting in both cases in c 28% of mutated plants The mutation spectra, eg the type of mutations induced, showed some variation after the various treatments But the number of plants irradiated, as well as the number of mutations induced, do not justify the conclusion that a certain treatment results in a specific mutation spectrum, although there was a tendency towards greater variability after neutron irradiation The mutation spectrum as well as the frequency greatly depends on the genetic constitution of the treated material Irradiation of the pink-flowering “Hortensien Rose”, with the maximum number of dominant genes for flower colour, resulted in a great number of different flower colours, as was expected, as well as a number of mutations of flower shape and size Other pink-flowering varieties showed a similar spectrum, although in some cases the frequency was low or even zero Chrysanthemum varieties with other flower colours showed a lower mutation rate, most of the flower colour mutations being based on a lower number of dominant genes Finally, the practical importance and ways of application were discussed

Microarray analyses reveal that plant mutagenesis may induce more transcriptomic changes than transgene insertion

Abstract: Controversy regarding genetically modified (GM) plants and their potential impact on human health contrasts with the tacit acceptance of other plants that were also modified, but not considered as GM products (e.g., varieties raised through conventional breeding such as mutagenesis). What is beyond the phenotype of these improved plants? Should mutagenized plants be treated differently from transgenics? We have evaluated the extent of transcriptome modification occurring during rice improvement through transgenesis versus mutation breeding. We used oligonucleotide microarrays to analyze gene expression in four different pools of four types of rice plants and respective controls: (i) a γ-irradiated stable mutant, (ii) the M1 generation of a 100-Gy γ-irradiated plant, (iii) a stable transgenic plant obtained for production of an anticancer antibody, and (iv) the T1 generation of a transgenic plant produced aiming for abiotic stress improvement, and all of the unmodified original genotypes as controls. We found that the improvement of a plant variety through the acquisition of a new desired trait, using either mutagenesis or transgenesis, may cause stress and thus lead to an altered expression of untargeted genes. In all of the cases studied, the observed alteration was more extensive in mutagenized than in transgenic plants. We propose that the safety assessment of improved plant varieties should be carried out on a case-by-case basis and not simply restricted to foods obtained through genetic engineering.

Induced Mutations in Plant Breeding

Abstract: 1 Introduction- 2 Methods for Inducing Mutations- 21 Mutagenic Agents and Related Problems- 22 The Chimerical Structure of the M1 Plants- 3 The Selection Value of Mutant Genes- 4 The Seed Production of Mutants and the Alteration of Quantitative Characters- 41 The Alteration of Quantitative Characters- 42 Mutants with Increased Seed Yield- 43 Released or Approved Mutant Varieties- 5 The Utilization of Mutants in Crossbreeding- 51 The Incorporation of Mutant Genes into the Genomes of Varieties or Strains- 52 The Joint Action of Mutant Genes- 521 Negative Interactions- 522 Positive Interactions- 6 The Alteration of the Shoot System by Means of Mutations- 61 Mutants with Reduced Plant Height: Erectoides Types, Semidwarfs, Dwarfs- 611 Barley- 612 Rice- 613 Bread and Durum Wheat Other Gramineae- 614 Dicotyledonous Crops- 62 Mutants with Increased Plant Height- 63 Mutants with Altered Stem Structure- 631 Branching, Tillering- 632 Stem Bifurcation- 6321 Bifurcated Mutants- 6322 Bifurcated Recombinants- 633 Stem Fasciation- 6331 Fasciated Mutants- 6332 Fasciated Recombinants- 634 Mutations in Fiber Plants- 7 Alterations of Flower Shape, Color and Function- 71 Flower Shapes and Flower Colors in Ornamentals- 72 Inflorescences- 73 Genetic Male Sterility- 8 Leaf Mutants of Agronomic Interest- 9 Mutations Affecting the Root System- 10 The Alteration of Flowering and Ripening Times- 101 Earliness- 102 Lateness- 103 Changes of the Photoperiodic Reaction- 11 Mutations in Vegetatively Propagated Crops and Ornamentals- 12 Heterosis- 13 Disease Resistance- 131 Resistance Against Fungi, Bacteria, and Viruses- 1311 Barley- 1312 Rice- 1313 Bread and Durum Wheat- 1314 Oats- 1315 Maize- 1316 Pearl Millet- 1317 Sugarcane- 1318 Dicotyledonous Crops- 132 Resistance Against Animal Pathogens- 133 Herbicide Tolerance- 14 Drought Resistance, Heat Tolerance, Winterhardiness- 15 Shattering and Shedding Resistance- 16 The Pleiotropic Gene Action as a Negative Factor in Mutation Breeding- 161 The Alteration of Pleiotropic Patterns Under the Influence of Changed Genotypic Background or Environment- 162 Mutations of Closely Linked Genes- 17 The Penetrante Behavior of Mutant Genes as a Negative Factor- 18 The Adaptability of Mutants to Altered Environmental Conditions- 181 The Reaction of Mutants to Different Natural Environments- 182 The Reaction of Mutants Under Controlled Phytotron Conditions- 19 The Alteration of Morphological and Physiological Seed Characters- 191 Seed Size- 192 Seed Shape- 193 Seed Color- 194 Physiological Seed Characters- 20 The Alteration of Seed Storage Substances- 201 Seed Proteins- 2011 The Characterization of Seed Proteins- 2012 Factors Influencing Protein Content and Composition- 20121 Environmental Factors- 20122 Endogenous Factors- 2013 Seed Protein Content of Different Varieties of the Same Species- 2014 Alteration of Seed Proteins Through Mutant Genes- 20141 Protein Mutants in Cereals- 20142 Protein Mutants in Legumes- 202 Seed Carbohydrates- 2021 Maize- 2022 Barley and Other Cereals- 2023 Peas- 203 Seed Lipids- 21 Other Plant Substances- 22 The Nutritional Value of Mutants- 221 Maize Mutants- 222 Barley Mutants- 223 Sorghum Genotypes- 224 Pea Mutants- 23 General Aspects of Mutation Breeding with Regard to the Improvement of Seed Storage Substances- References

Applied Mutation Breeding for Vegetatively Propagated Crops

Abstract: List of tables. List of colour plates. List of figures. Preface. 1. General introduction. 2. Mutagenic treatments. Introduction. Chemical mutagens. Physical mutagens. References. 3. Other sources of genetic variation. Introduction. Ploidy mutations. Somaclonal variations. References. 4. Shoot apices: Organization and post-irradiation behaviour. Introduction. Structure and functioning of shoot apices. Behaviour of axillary and adventitious buds. The position of a mutated cell within a plant chimerism. Rearrangements of cell layers. Shoot apices after irradiation. Patterns of radiation-induced morphological/histological damage and recovery. The fate of a mutated apical cell diplontic selection. References. 5. Adventitious bud techniques and other in vivo or in vitro methods of asexual propagation of relevance to mutation breeding. Introduction. In vivo techniques. In vitro techniques. 6. Root and tuber crops. General. Cassava. Garlic and shallots. Jerusalem artichoke. Potato. Sweet potato. Yams and various other (tropical) root and tuber crops. 7. Ornamental crops. General. Tuber and bulb crops. Flowering pot plants. Foliage pot plants. Cut flowers. Garden plants. Woody plants. 8. Woody perennials and forest trees. General. Broad-leaved trees. Coniferous trees. Trees used in sericulture (Morus). 9. Fruit crops. Temperate fruit crops. Tree fruits. Small fruits. Grapevine. Tropical fruit crops. 10. Other crops. Essential oil crops. Fiber crops. Rubber. Hops. Sugarcane. Tea. Grasses. Index of references. Index of plant names.