Showing papers on "Mycelium published in 1970"
TL;DR: The anatomy of individual colonies of Streptomyces coelicolor was studied at various developmental stages in situ by means of surface-impressions and thin sections to show trends of development towards spore formation and lysis of non-sporulating hyphae below the sporulating zone.
Abstract: SUMMARY: The anatomy of individual colonies of Streptomyces coelicolor was studied at various developmental stages in situ by means of surface-impressions and thin sections. Young colonies consisted of substrate mycelium composed of a loose network of hyphae with uniform appearance. The uppermost cells produced the very closely packed hyphae of the aerial mycelium. Subsequently the surface layer of the aerial mycelium began to sporulate but became overgrown by young hyphae which formed a new sporulating zone above the first. The process was repeated several times. Many of the early produced spores germinated immediately. When the climax of sporulation was reached the aerial mycelium showed two trends of development: one towards spore formation (in the surface layer) and one towards lysis of non-sporulating hyphae (below the sporulating zone). Sporulation was initiated by coiling of hyphal tips which were then divided by cross walls into chains of spore-sized compartments. The basal non-sporulating parts of the hyphae disintegrated later. The most conspicuous cytological change during lysis was the appearance of large dense granules.
114 citations
84 citations
82 citations
74 citations
TL;DR: The red quinone C20H14O8 (mp 322–324), named bikaverin was isolated from mycelium of Gibberella fujikuroi and is specifically effective against Leishmania brasiliensis while is not effective against other protozoa, bacteria and fungi.
Abstract: The red quinone C20H14O8 (mp 322–324), named bikaverin was isolated from mycelium ofGibberella fujikuroi. Bikaverin is specifically effective againstLeishmania brasiliensis while is not effective against other protozoa, bacteria and fungi. For production of bikaverin in a submerged culture the most convenient media are those with a natural source of nitrogen (corn-steep liquor, soyabean meal) in which the content of bikaverin ranged from 1.0 to 1.7% of dry weight of mycelium.
70 citations
TL;DR: A fungal mycelium having clamp-connections and chlamydospores has been discovered within the wood of a Middle Pennsylvanian fern.
Abstract: A fungal mycelium having clamp-connections and chlamydospores has been discovered within the wood of a Middle Pennsylvanian fern. At present the clamp-connection is a structure that occurs only in ...
66 citations
TL;DR: The genus Oerskovia is proposed to harbor actinomycetes forming an extensively branched substrate mycelium which usually breaks up into motile elements.
Abstract: The genus Oerskovia is proposed to harbor actinomycetes forming an extensively branched substrate mycelium which usually breaks up into motile elements. Cell wall preparations contain major amounts of lysine and galactose. Aspartic acid is often present in major amounts. Aerial mycelium is not formed. Gram reaction and catalase production are positive. The type species is Oerskovia turbata comb. n.
64 citations
TL;DR: Trace elements were required by Aspergillus melleus and A. ochraceus, but not by A. sulphureus, to grow and to elaborate ochratoxin A. arsenic, but the composition of the medium affected the synthesis of the toxin more than the growth of the mycelium.
Abstract: Trace elements were required by Aspergillus melleus and A. ochraceus, but not by A. sulphureus, to grow and to elaborate ochratoxin A. The composition of the medium affected the synthesis of the toxin more than the growth of the mycelium.
55 citations
TL;DR: A soluble glucan was isolated from the mycelium of Phytophthora cinnamomi and found to be a β-I →3-linked glucan with branches arising from residues substituted at both C-3 and C-6.
Abstract: SUMMARY
A soluble glucan was isolated from the mycelium of Phytophthora cinnamomi and found to be a β-I →3-linked glucan with branches arising from residues substituted at both C-3 and C-6. This glucan is an important reserve material of the fungus; it accumulates in mycelium grown in glucose-rich medium and disappears upon incubation in media devoid of glucose.
46 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a strain of the entomophagous fungus Beauveria bassiana was cultivated under stationary and submersed conditions, and the presence of chitinase, cellulase, proteases, and lipase was ascertained.
42 citations
TL;DR: In the culture filtrates of Fusarium monoliforme, 16α-hydroxy-(−)-kauran-19-al (8) and 16αhydroxy(−)-Kauran19-oic acid (9)-two diterpenoids related to the intermediates in the biosynthesis of gibberellins were found in the mycelium as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: A fungus believed to be a member of the Microthyriales is described from the English Wealden, where it occurs on the shoots of an undescribed conifer resembling Frenelopsis Schenk.
Abstract: A fungus believed to be a member of the Microthyriales is described from the English Wealden. It occurs on the shoots of an undescribed conifer resembling Frenelopsis Schenk. From the structure of the thyrothecium and the presence of an epicuticular mycelium, the fungus is classified in the family Micropeltaceae, subfamily Stomiopeltoideae, and is described under the name Stomiopeltites cretacea gen. et sp. nov. It is the earliest fossil record of the Microthyriales.
TL;DR: The fluorescent brightener, ‘Calcofluor White M2R New’ at 100–300 ppm was effective as a vital stain in labeling mycelia and various spore forms of Phytophthora spp.
Abstract: The fluorescent brightener, ‘Calcofluor White M2R New’ [disodium salt of 4,4'-bis (4-anilino-6-diethylamino- s -triazin-2-ylamino)-2,2'-stilbene-disulfonic acid] at 100–300 ppm was effective as a vital stain in labeling mycelia and various spore forms of Phytophthora spp. Labeling was achieved by growing the fungus in a liquid medium containing the brightener or by direct staining of fungal propagules before use. The brightener was readily absorbed by the fungus and was non-toxic at the concentrations used. Saprophytic behavior of p. parasitica in soil was studied by introducing labeled propagules directly into soil and recovering them periodically for observation using a soil-smear technique. Under the fluorescence microscope the labeled propagules and subsequently formed germ tubes, mycelia, chlamydospores, sporangia, and encysted zoospores all fluoresced with little interference from the soil mass or soil microflora. Spore germination, mycelial growth, sporulation, and lysis of P. parasitica in non-amended and amended natural soils have been studied with this labeling technique. Labeling was successful also with several other soil fungi.
TL;DR: The endogenous respiration of resting, submerged grown Boletus variegatus mycelium has been determined and a close correspondence was found between the degree of inhibition of the oxygen uptake and the amount of UV absorbing substances leaking out from the cells.
Abstract: The endogenous respiration of resting, submerged grown Boletus variegatus mycelium has been determined. In young cultures the intensity of the endogenous oxygen uptake was subject to great variations during the first few hours of starvation. However, by using six to eight days old mycelium the Qo2 values could be kept at a relatively low and constant level for at least nine hours.
Inhibition of the endogenous respiration was found after addition of n-saturated C-2 to C-12 fatty acids (2 × 10-3M, pH 4.85). The inhibitory effect of the compound was dependent on the length of the carbon chain. Maximum effects were obtained for acids with eight to twelve carbon atoms per molecule. The inhibition was also dependent on the amount of undissociated acid present. By raising the pH so that the fatty acid dissociated the established inhibition was partly reversed. The effect of the neutral compound methyl octanoate was in essence identical to that obtained with octanoic acid.
After fatty acid addition a close correspondence was found between the degree of inhibition of the oxygen uptake and the amount of UV absorbing substances leaking out from the cells. This extracellular material had an absorption maximum at 260 nm and a minimum around 240 nm. The leaking was ascribed to interaction between fatty acids or methyl octanoate and lipophilic substances of the cytoplasmic membrane. It is suggested that the inhibitory action on the endogenous respiration is due to similar effects on intracellular membrane systems.
TL;DR: The mycelium of Pleurotus flabellatus was grown in a synthetic medium to obtain accurate information on its nutritional requirements and among various carbon sources tried, the organism was found to utilize hexose sugars more readily than other sugars.
Abstract: The mycelium of Pleurotus flabellatus was grown in a synthetic medium to obtain accurate information on its nutritional requirements. Among various carbon sources tried, the organism was found to utilize hexose sugars more readily than other sugars. Ammonium citrate was found to be the best source of nitrogen. The yield of dry matter increased as the concentration of nitrogen was increased up to a certain stage beyond which there was no increase in the yield, but the crude protein content of the mycelium increased. Detailed studies on the effect of varying the concentrations of other major nutrients, i.e., potassium, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium, on the growth and crude protein content of the mycelium were also carried out. Optimal pH range was fairly broad, lying between 4.5 to 7.5.
TL;DR: Two different strains of Melampsora lini were grown on media similar to those described by Turel, and spore-like cells of varying shapes were found, some of which resembled uredospores and teliospores.
Abstract: Two different strains of Melampsora lini (Pers.) Lev. were grown on media similar to those described by Turel (Can. J. Bot. 47: 821–823). Alterations in organic and inorganic constituents did not, in general, prevent growth. Peptone and yeast extract, singly or in combination, supported growth, but coconut milk did not. Maintenance of the ambient temperature below 17 °C during transfer procedures increased the number of colonies which grew. The mycelium was generally binucleate. Spore-like cells of varying shapes were found, some of which resembled uredospores and teliospores.
TL;DR: Sphacelotheca reiliana, the causal organism of sorghum head smut, develops only in actively growing host meristematic tissue, and three types of mycelium are found in a developing sorus.
Abstract: Sphacelotheca reiliana, the causal organism of sorghum head smut, develops only in actively growing host meristematic tissue. Three types of mycelium are found in a developing sorus. A thin parasitizing mycelium was intercellular with haustoria. A large, reproductive mycelium produced teliospores from the centers of the intervascular regions. The peridium consisted of a partially segmented, nonreproductive mycelium surrounded by a thin layer of host cells. The distribution of mycelium in the apical meristem determined the type of sorus produced. This mycelium was carried by the elongating cells to areas in the developing inflorescence at the initiation of the host reproductive cycle. Widespread colonization of the host apical meristem at the beginning of elongation and floral differentiation resulted in the formation of a smooth sorus. When the mycelium was limited to the basal regions of the apical meristem before elongation and differentiation, the floral primordia were not colonized, and the result was a sterile or vegetative (phyllodied) head. If the mycelium was carried into the lowest regions of floral primordia, a small sorus was produced at the base of a sterile inflorescence. Widespread but sparse mycelium at the time of elongation resulted in a sorus in the shape of a partially differentiated inflorescence. Reproductive and peridial cells of the fungus in a developing sorus were mainly uninucleate.
TL;DR: Multhiomycin is a new antibiotic obtained from the mycelium of Streptomyces antibioticus 8446-CC1 that exhibits inhibitory activity against gram-positive bacteria but no activity against Gram-negative bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi.
Abstract: Multhiomycin is a new antibiotic obtained from the mycelium of Streptomyces antibioticus 8446-CC1. It is extracted with methanol and purified by silica gel chromatography. It forms yellow needle-shaped crystals, melts at above 300°C and has no or negligible optical activity. C44H45O11N11S5 was suggested for its molecular formula by elemental analysis and molecular weight determination. It exhibits inhibitory activity against gram-positive bacteria but no activity against gram-negative bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi.
TL;DR: Irrespective of incubation temperature the fatty acid composition of S. sclerotiorum snowed quantitative differences from the "parent" mycelium in that sclerotsia consistently contained a greater proportion of oleic acid and correspondingly smaller proportions of palmitic, stearic, and linolenic acid.
Abstract: The fatty acid compositions of sclerotia of Botrytis tulipae, Sclerotinia borealis, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum produced under specific culture conditions have been compared with those of sclerotia isolated from natural environments. In each organism the lipids of sclerotia isolated from host plants were more unsaturated than those of cultured sclerotia. Fractionation of sclerotial and mycelial lipids of S. sclerotiorum revealed that the neutral lipid component was more unsaturated than the polar lipid component. In cultures of S. sclerotiorum the fatty acid composition of both mycelial and sclerotial lipids was affected by the incubation temperature, becoming more unsaturated as the temperature was lowered, Irrespective of incubation temperature the fatty acid composition of S. sclerotiorum snowed quantitative differences from the "parent" mycelium in that sclerotia consistently contained a greater proportion of oleic acid and correspondingly smaller proportions of palmitic, stearic, and linolenic acid.
TL;DR: This is the first demonstration of IAN in a fungus and the culture medium extracts show a trace of 3-phosphoglyceric acid as well as another growth substance at RF 0·2–0·3.
Abstract: Extracts of mycelium and culture of Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.) Link ex. Fr. are shown to contain fructose-i,6-diphosphate and the auxins indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN). The culture medium extracts also show a trace of 3-phosphoglyceric acid as well as another growth substance at RF 0·2–0·3. This is the first demonstration of IAN in a fungus.
TL;DR: Testing the antifungal effect of some Allium extracts against the fungal isolates by the inhibition zone method showed that garlic extract has the greatest antif fungus effects and onion extract is the least potent, however, spore germination tests indicated that onion extract completely inhibits the spore Germination of all test fungi.
Abstract: Data are presented on the antagonistic effects of the fungi isolated from sclerotia ofSclerotium cepivorum and from nonrhizosphere soil taken from around the roots of infected onions upon mycelial growth and sclerotial germination ofS. cepivorum. Most of the isolated fungi especiallyPenicillium species were antagonistic to mycelial growth. Sclerotial germination was slightly inhibited by diffusates of these fungal isolates.
TL;DR: The activity of the enzyme, isocitrate lyase, was repressed in glucose cultures of Schizophyllum commune and derepressed in acetate-grown mycelium of this basidiomycetous fungus.
Abstract: The activity of the enzyme, isocitrate lyase, was repressed in glucose cultures of Schizophyllum commune and derepressed in acetate-grown mycelium of this basidiomycetous fungus. The maximum acetat...
TL;DR: Comparison of the 14C/T ratio of spore-alanine and host-alanines indicates that the mycelium not only withdraws alanine from the host but in addition carries out an alanines synthesis on its own.
Abstract: Rusted wheat leaves were incubated simultaneously with alanine-1-14C and glucose-6-T Uredospores formed during the application of the tracers were collected and the bound alanine was isolated from the spores and the host tissue Comparison of the 14C/T ratio of spore-alanine and host-alanine indicates that the mycelium not only withdraws alanine from the host but in addition carries out an alanine synthesis on its own This alanine is synthesized from glucose which the mycelium takes up from the host
TL;DR: It is suggested that the method of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins is unsuitable as an aid to fungal taxonomy in its present state of development.
Abstract: Electrophoresis of protein extracts from spores and mycelium of two Drechslera species (D. erythrospilum and D. teres) was carried out on polyacrylamide gels. Spores were harvested from V-8 juice agar and mycelium from V-8 juice broth cultures. One or two band differences were found between electrophoretic patterns of spore extract and mycelial extract depending on the species. Interspecies differences in patterns were no greater than intraspecies differences. The results are discussed, and it is suggested that the method of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins is unsuitable as an aid to fungal taxonomy in its present state of development.
TL;DR: An isolate of Alternaria mali taken from an apple was tested for toxicity in mice, tissue culture, bacteria, and fungi, and the most common histopathologic finding was hyperkeratosis of the forestomach.
TL;DR: Comparisons of nuclear distribution in O. graminis and several other cereal root pathogens including a sterile fungus which formed Ophiobolus-like runner hyphae are described.
Abstract: Difficulty is 'sometimes experienced in distinguishing between O. graminis and sterile fungi which form "Ophiobolus-like" runner hyphae on cereal roots. However, it is possible that nuclear distribution in mycelium may prove a differential character as different distributions have already been reported for O. graminis (Chambers and Flentje 1967) and a cereal root-attacking strain of Rhizoctonia solani (Flentje, Stretton, and Hawn 1963). This paper, therefore, describes comparisons of nuclear distribution in O. graminis and several other cereal root pathogens including a sterile fungus which formed Ophiobolus-like runner hyphae.
TL;DR: Inocula were prepared by growing the fungi in 25 ml of a liquid medium, 5 g glucose and 1 g yeast extract per liter of distilled water (5-1GY), in 250-ml Erlenmeyer flasks.
Abstract: Polyporus glomeratus Peck, Poria obliqua (Pers.) Bres., Fomes igniarius (L. ex Fries) Kickx., and Pholiota squarrosa-adiposa Lang are some of the principal Hymenomycetes that incite decay in the most valuable hardwood trees in the northeastern United States: sugar maple, Acer saccharum Marsh.; red maple, A. rubrum L.; yellow birch, Betula alleghaniensis Britton; paper birch, B. papyrifera Marsh.; American beech, Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.; and white ash, Fraxinus americana L. These fungi invade and decay wood that is altered first by host response to injury and then by infection with bacteria and nonhymenomycetous fungi (2) (FIG. 1). This altered wood differs in many ways from clear living wood (3). Two important differences of the dead and discolored wood are its high mineral content and high pH (1, 3). Because Hymenomycetes are in contact with such altered tissues, laboratory studies were conducted to gain some insight into the effect of manganese, calcium, zinc, and iron on the growth of these fungi. Isolates of the fungi were taken from decayed tissues in living trees cut on the White Mountain National Forest in New Hampshire. Inocula were prepared by growing the fungi in 25 ml of a liquid medium, 5 g glucose and 1 g yeast extract per liter of distilled water (5-1GY), in 250-ml Erlenmeyer flasks. The mycelium was washed thoroughly in distilled and deionized water and chopped in a blender. A drop of chopped mycelium was used as inoculum in each flask. The medium used in all experiments was 5-1GY. Amendments to this medium per liter were 0.1, 0.3, and 1.0 mg manganese as MnSO4'H2O; 10, 30 and 100 mg calcium as CaCl122HO2; 0.2, 0.6, and 2.0 mg zinc as ZnSO47H2O; and 0.2, 0.6, and 2.0 mg iron as FeNH4(SO4)2 12H20. The pH was adjusted to 6 in all media before autoclaving. The cultures were incubated at 25 C. Dry weight of mycelium, pH, and color of filtrate were recorded after 23 and 24 days. The experiments were repeated several times, and only slight variations occurred. A summary of the results is given in TABLE I. 604
TL;DR: Erysiphe polygoni DC.
Abstract: Erysiphe polygoni DC., a powdery mildew fungus, produces penetration pegs which pass through the adjacent hyphal wall of its own mycelium and develop to a limited extent in it. Electron micrographs...