Showing papers on "Mycelium published in 1979"
TL;DR: Under cultural conditions, sophorose appears to induce an incomplete array of cellulase enzymes, as indicated by enzymatic and electrophoretic studies, and response to pH suggest either that synthesis and secretion of the enzyme are closely associated or concurrent events affected by surface interactions with the medium.
Abstract: Sophorose (2-O-beta-glucopyranosyl-D-glucose) induces carboxymethyl cellulase in Trichoderma reesei QM6a mycelium with 1.5 to 2 h. The induction response to sophorose concentration, although complicated by the metabolism of sophorose, shows saturation kinetics. Most of the cellulase appears after most of the sophorose has been taken up, but the presence of an inducer is required to maintain cellulase synthesis because enzyme production ceases after separation of the mycelium from the induction medium. Cellulase appears simultaneously in the medium and in the mycelium, and no appreciable levels accumulate in the mycelium. Response to pH suggest either that synthesis and secretion of the enzyme are closely associated or concurrent events affected by surface interactions with the medium. Effects of temperature and pH on cellulase induction by sophorose are similar to those reported for induction by cellulose. The kinetics of absorption by mycelium differs from that of other beta-linked saccharides and glucose, the uptake of sophorose being much slower. Under our cultural conditions, sophorose appears to induce an incomplete array of cellulase enzymes, as indicated by enzymatic and electrophoretic studies.
276 citations
TL;DR: In this analysis, the effects of low concentrations of zinc on the growth and dimorphism of Candida albicans are examined in detail and the possibility of alterante pathways for mycelium formation is suggested, and the medical implications of this possibility are discussed.
Abstract: In this analysis we have examined in detail the effects of low concentrations of zinc on the growth and dimorphism of Candida albicans. Evidence is presented that micromolar concentrations of zinc added to growth cultures grown at 25 degrees C (i) cause a twofold increase in the final concentration of spheres at sationary phase, (ii) result in an asynchronous block in the budding cycle at stationary phase, (iii) completely suppress mycelium formation in two independently isolated human strains which produce low but significant levels of mycelia at stationary phase, and (iv) completely suppress mycelium formation in cultures of mutant M10, in which over 60% of the cells form mycelia at stationary phase. In contrast, micromolar concentrations of zinc do not inhibit mycelium formation induced by releasing cells from stationary-phase cultures into fresh medium at 37 degrees C. In addition, if zinc is present in the growth medium of the initial culture at 25 degrees C, the average time of subsequent mycelium formation after release into fresh medium at 37 degrees C is halved. It is demonstrated that the above effects are specific to zinc. The possibility of alterante pathways for mycelium formation is suggested, and the medical implications of this possibility are discussed. Images
189 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the development of fungal biomass and increase of amounts of N was studied in decomposing pine needle litter for about 3 years and the absolute amount of N in the needles increased between the 4th and the 16th months.
Abstract: The development of fungal biomass and increase of amounts of N was studied in decomposing pine needle litter for about 3 yr. After a relatively rapid increase of the amount of mycelium the fungal biomass became rather constant after about 2 yr. The absolute amount of N in the needles increased between the 4th and the 16th months and this increase was correlated to the increase of fungal biomass in the needles.
153 citations
TL;DR: The attraction intensity of different fungi increased with increasing dependence of the fungi on nematodes for nutrients, and that of the nematophagous fungi also increased.
Abstract: Methods were designed to detect attraction and repulsion of nematodes by fungi and determine the attraction intensity of different fungi. Of 23 fungi tested, 15 attracted the bacteria-feeding nematode Panagrellus redivivus. Of the 14 nematophagous fungi tested, ten attracted and one repelled nematodes, whereas three were neutral. Among nine non-nematophagous fungi, five attracted nematodes. In general, the attraction intensity increased with increasing dependence of the fungi on nematodes for nutrients.
84 citations
TL;DR: Penicillium chrysogenum was immobilized in polyacrylamide gel prepared from 5% acRYlamide monomers (85% acrylamides and 15% N,N′‐methylene bisacryamide) and the activity of penicillin production of the washed mycelium decreased with repeated use, while the activity in the immobilized mycelia increased initially and decreased gradually with repeatedUse.
Abstract: Penicillium chrysogenum was immobilized in polyacrylamide gel prepared from 5% acrylamide monomers (85% acrylamide and 15% N,N'-methylene bisacrylamide). Penicillin produced from glucose by the immobilized mycelium was 17% of that produced by washed mycelium. However, the activity of penicillin production of the washed mycelium decreased with repeated use. On the other hand, the activity of the immobilized mycelium increased initially and decreased gradually with repeated use. The rate of oxygen uptake of the immobilized mycelium was about 30% of that of the washed mycelium. The immobilized mycelium required oxygen for the production of penicillin.
71 citations
TL;DR: The important oil-utilizing fungus Scolecobasidium appeared only in the oily soil, but otherwise the composition of the fungal flora changed only little after addition of oil and the chemical Pajab FI was shown to increase microbial activity.
Abstract: An examination has been made of the changes in bacterial and fungal populations during the decomposition of oil in contaminated soil The number of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and the length of mycelium increased in the oily soil whereas the number of CFU (= colony forming units) of fungi was highest in a control soil The percentage of oil-utilizing fungi increased from 60% to 82%, while the bacterial utilization figure increased from 3% to 50% The important oil-utilizing fungus Scolecobasidium appeared only in the oily soil, but otherwise the composition of the fungal flora changed only little after addition of oil In laboratory experiments the chemical Pajab FI was shown to increase microbial activity
66 citations
TL;DR: Resistance might be correlated with increased excretion of fungal metabolites, which in turn may be related with reduced fitness of fenarimol-resistant mutants.
55 citations
TL;DR: All fractions had immunological reactivity towards an antiserum prepared in rabbits against this water-soluble fraction of the mycelium, as shown by double diffusion, and both protein and carbohydrate moieties appear to be involved in the antigenic sites.
Abstract: A detergent-soluble fraction was prepared from the fragmented wall of Aspergillus fumigatus mycelium using the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100, and a wall-free extract was prepared from the same source in the form of protoplasts, released by a lytic enzyme system from Trichoderma harzianum. These extracts were examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and their detailed chemical composition was established. They were compared with the water-soluble fraction prepared from total mycelium, which is used routinely in this laboratory for serological tests. All fractions had immunological reactivity towards an antiserum prepared in rabbits against this water-soluble fraction of the mycelium, as shown by double diffusion. Both protein and carbohydrate moieties appear to be involved in the antigenic sites, with carbohydrate reactivity predominantly associated with the protoplast fraction. The fact that all preparations contained at least one common antigenic determinant, as judged by lines of identity to a single antiserum, is discussed in relation to antigen location.
46 citations
TL;DR: Growth ofAgaricus bisporus mycelium in liquid cultures, or linear growth in compost, was directly proportional to the quantity of extracellular laccase.
Abstract: Growth ofAgaricus bisporus mycelium in liquid cultures, or linear growth in compost, was directly proportional to the quantity of extracellular laccase. Laccase activity measured during the mycelial colonisation of composted straw can therefore be used to quantify the mycelial growth. Immunological methods indicate that the laccase appears to be a specific product ofA. bisporus or very closely related species.
40 citations
TL;DR: The chapter describes two methods for the physical disruption of the hyphae and provides an overview on other procedures for the isolation of Neurospora mitochondria after thePhysical disruption or the enzymatic degradation of the cell wall.
Abstract: Publisher Summary The fungus Neurospora crassa represents a eukaryotic cell with high biosynthetic activities Cell mass doubles in 2–4 hours during exponential growth even in simple salt media with sucrose as the sole carbon source The microorganism forms a mycelium of long hyphae during vegetative growth The mitochondria can be isolated under relatively gentle conditions since a few breaks in the threadlike hyphae are sufficient to cause the outflow of the organelles The chapter describes two methods for the physical disruption of the hyphae: (1) the cells are opened in a grind mill between two rotating corundum disks This is a continuous and fast procedure and allows large- and small-scale preparations of mitochondria (2) Hyphae are ground with sand in a mortar and pestle This procedure can be applied to microscale preparations of mitochondria starting with minute amounts of cells It also provides an overview on other procedures for the isolation of Neurospora mitochondria after the physical disruption or the enzymatic degradation of the cell wall
39 citations
TL;DR: The time and location of the first septa formed by cells of Candida albicans when such cells were induced to grow synchronously as either mycelial or budding cultures are examined.
TL;DR: The soil replica plating technique was used to evaluate the influence of clay minerals and pH on antagonistic interactions between fungi and bacteria in soil, and in general, the antagonistic activity of bacteria towards filamentous fungi was greater in soil than on agar.
Abstract: The soil replica plating technique was used to evaluate the influence of clay minerals and pH on antagonistic interactions between fungi and bacteria in soil. In general, the antagonistic activity of bacteria towards filamentous fungi was greater in soil than on agar. The spread of Aspergillus niger through soil was inhibited by Serratia marcescens when the organisms were inoculated into separate sites in soil, and this antagonistic effect was maintained when the soil was amended with 3, 6, 9, or 12% (vol/vol) montmorillonite, whereas the addition of kaolinite at a concentration of 3% reduced the antagonism and at 6, 9, or 12% totally eliminated it. Similar results were obtained with the inhibition of A. niger by Agrobacterium radiobacter and of Penicillium vermiculatum by either S. marcescens or Nocardia paraffinae. When A. niger and S. marcescens were inoculated into the same soil site, A. niger was inhibited in all soils, regardless of clay content, although the extent of inhibition was greater as the concentration of montmorillonite, but not of kaolinite, increased. A. niger was inhibited more when inoculated as spores than as mycelial fragments and when inoculated 96 h after S. marcescens, but a 1% glucose solution reduced the amount of inhibition when the fungus was inoculated 96 h after the bacterium. When the pH of the soil-clay mixtures was altered, the amount of antagonism usually increased as the pH increased. Antagonism appeared to be related to the cation-exchange capacity and the pH of the soil-clay mixtures. Bacillus cereus and another species of Bacillus showed no activity in soil towards A. niger under any of the environmental conditions tested, even though the Bacillus sp. significantly inhibited A. niger and seven other fungi on agar.
TL;DR: Derepression of beta-1,3-glucanase seems to be coupled to the mobilization of cell wall glucan, and the autolytic activity of cell walls isolated from derepressed mycelium was greater than that of cell Walls isolated from repressedMycelium.
Abstract: The localization of the derepressible beta-1,3-glucanases of Penicillium italicum and the cell wall autolysis under conditions of beta-1,3-glucanase derepression (24 h in a low-glucose medium) were studied. About 15% of the total activity was secreted into the culture medium during the 24-h period and consisted of similar amounts of each of the three beta-1,3-glucanases (I, II, III) produced by this species. Treatment of derepressed mycelia with periplasmic enzyme-inactivating agents resulted in a loss of 45% of the mycelium-bound beta-1,3-glucanase. Analysis of periplasmic enzymes solubilized by 2 M NaCl or by autolysis of isolated cell walls revealed that only beta-1,3-glucanases II and III were bound to the cell wall. These two enzymes were capable of releasing in vitro reducing sugars from cell walls, whereas beta-1,3-glucanase I was not. In addition, the autolytic activity of cell walls isolated from derepressed mycelium was greater than that of cell walls isolated from repressed mycelium. The incubation of the fungus in the low-glucose medium also resulted in the in vivo mobilization of 34% of the cell wall beta-1,3-glucan, and this mobilization was fully prevented by cycloheximide, which also blocked derepression of beta-1,3-glucanases. Derepression of beta-1,3-glucanase seems to be coupled to the mobilization of cell wall glucan.
TL;DR: Hirsutella thompsonii grew and sporulated on sterilised wheat bran, a moniliaceous fungus pathogenic to mites, and produced typical chlorinous to light olive-green mycelium and conidia under all conditions.
Abstract: SUMMARY
Hirsutella thompsonii, a moniliaceous fungus pathogenic to mites, grew and sporulated on sterilised wheat bran. The effects of environmental factors were studied on the fungus grown on potato-dextrose-agar (PDA). The fungus was mesothermophilic. Growth, sporulation and conidial germination were best at 25o-30 oC. Conidia kept at 37 oC for 5 days on PDA died, but those held at 5 oC germinated upon a subsequent removal to 25 oC. Almost all conidial germ tubes survived an 8 h exposure to 3–5% r.h. and to 60% r.h., but subsequently the former grew poorly at 100% r.h. H. thompsonii sporulated equally well in continuous darkness or light, and produced typical chlorinous to light olive-green mycelium and conidia under all conditions. A 2 h exposure of naked mycelium and conidia (which have melanised walls) to u.v. irradiation failed to kill the fungus.
TL;DR: Copper and chlorine-releasing compounds were the most fungitoxic of 13 compounds tested in water for inhibition of Phytophthora cinnamomi and sub-lethal concentrations of these compounds reduced the numbers of sporangia.
Abstract: SUMMARY
Copper and chlorine-releasing compounds were the most fungitoxic of 13 compounds tested in water for inhibition of Phytophthora cinnamomi. Mycelium was killed when immersed for 24 h in suspensions containing copper (13–45 mg/1) or a solution containing free residual chlorine (100 mg/1). Sub-lethal concentrations of these compounds reduced the numbers of sporangia. Exposing zoospores of P. cinnamomi for 60 s to water containing 2 mg free residual chlorine/1 reduced subsequent colony production on agar plates by 96–100%.
Prothiocarb, etridiazole ex. and furalaxyl killed mycelium immersed in solutions or suspensions for 3–6 days at 1500, 1000 and 600 mg a.i./l respectively and suppressed sporangium production at 1000, 500 and 300 mg/1.
Mycelium survived 3 days' immersion in ethyl hydrogen phosphonate compounds at 4000 mg a.i./l but 1000 mg a.i./l suppressed sporangium formation.
1-(2-Cyano-2-methoxyiminoacetyl)-3-ethyl urea and drazoxolon did not kill mycelium at 2000 and 1500 mg a.i./l respectively with a 6-day exposure, but reduced numbers of sporangia produced.
TL;DR: It is shown that the aseptate fungi (PM and PU) are generally more susceptible to rhizobial parasitism than the septates fungi (AI and FO).
Abstract: The differential tolerance of four species of fungus to rhizobial parasitism was determined in vitro in terms of (a) fungal sporulation, (b) surface colonization by rhizobia of the fungal mycelia and (c) internal colonization of fungal mycelia by rhizobia. Fungal sporulation was generally reduced in rhizobial inoculated colonies. The percentages of reduction were 75, 65, 35 and 47% for Phytophthora megasperma (PM), Pythium ultirnum (PU), Ascochyta imperfecta (AI) and Fusarium ozysporum (FO), respectively, when compared to uninoculated controls. Colonization of the myceliai surfaces by rhizobia, revealed by scanning electron microscopy, was extensive on PM and PU but was rather scanty on AI and FO. Thin sections of myceliai mats from rhizobial inoculated colonies showed that rhizobia were more frequently encountered inside the mycelia of PM and PU than of AI and FO. These results show that the aseptate fungi (PM and PU) are generally more susceptible to rhizobial parasitism than the septate fungi (AI and FO). Furthermore, aseptate fungi appear to be more attractive to rhizobia and it is suggested that this may reflect differences between aseptate and septate fungal secretions.
TL;DR: It is suggested that sporangia are important as inoculum in conditions of high water potential, whilst mycelial inocula are important when there are low water potentials in situations of high exogenous nutrients such as in the rhizosphere.
Abstract: The mycelium of Phytophthora cinnamomi grew along glass fibres in both sterile and nonsterile soil. Addition of glucose and yeast extract to soil significantly increased the longitudinal growth of mycelium. With water potential more negative than — 2080 kPa in the sterile soil and — 1050 kPa in the non-sterile soil there was a significant reduction in growth rate, and complete growth inhibition was recorded at approximately — 4000 kPa in both sterile and non-sterile soil. Hyphal lysis was common in all non-sterile soil treatments, this being attributed to the presence of other soil microorganisms. Sporangia were formed only in the non-sterile water controls. It is suggested that sporangia are important as inoculum in conditions of high water potential, whilst mycelial inocula are important when there are low water potentials in situations of high exogenous nutrients such as in the rhizosphere.
TL;DR: Phellinus weirii produces uninucleate basidiospores, a multinucleate, homokaryotic mycelium, and an irregularly bin nucleate, heterokaryotes, which grow more slowly and appear more uniform in culture thanheterokaryons, and do not form basidiocarps in culture.
Abstract: Phellinus weirii produces uninucleate basidiospores, a multinucleate, homokaryotic mycelium (mean of 3.2 nuclei per cell), and an irregularly binucleate, heterokaryotic mycelium (mean of 2.2 nuclei per cell). Homokaryons grow more slowly and appear more uniform in culture than heterokaryons, and do not form basidiocarps in culture. Homokaryotic and heterokaryotic isolates could be reliably distinguished using the combined characteristics, but not using any one character alone. Thirty isolates from infected trees were heterokaryotic, although numbers of nuclei were less regular than for isolates from basidiocarps.
TL;DR: Anthranilic acid, a stimulant of germination in leachates of banana fruits, was converted in replacement culture experiments to 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, catechol and pyrogallol by mycelium of Colletotrichum musae.
Abstract: Anthranilic acid, a stimulant of germination in leachates of banana fruits, was converted in replacement culture experiments to 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, catechol and pyrogallol by mycelium of Colletotrichum musae. 3-Hydroxyanthranilic acid was not an intermediate in the formation of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid. Both catechol and pyrogallol were produced when mycelium was incubated with 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid, but incubation of mycelium with catechol did not yield pyrogallol, suggesting that both of these compounds were derived from 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid. The same catabolites were detected when conidia were incubated with anthranilic acid. Concentrations of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid and catechol were maximal after 8 h incubation, when under the conditions of the experiment approximately one-third of the conidia had germinated, and declined thereafter. In bioassay experiments the concentration of 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid required to stimulate 50% germination was significantly less (2·5 × 10−5 m ) than that of anthranilic acid (3·7 × 10−4 m ) or catechol (1·3 x 10−3 m ). Pyrogallol was not effective in the assay. The possibility that the mode of action of these and other compounds involves their chelating properties is discussed.
TL;DR: It was possible to correlate the amount of phytoalexin elicited by different strains with the inhibitory activity and, although inhibitory against spore germination of Alternaria sp.
Abstract: Freshly wounded stem sections of P. tremuloides Michx. produce phytoalexin when inoculated with mycelium of Hypoxylon mammatum (Wahl.) Mill., and Alternaria sp. These exudates are inhibitory against spore germination of these two fungi and, although inhibitory against mycelial growth of Alternaria sp., have no effect on the mycelial growth of H. mammatum. It was possible to correlate the amount of phytoalexin elicited by different strains with the inhibitory activity.
TL;DR: A survey of 66 golf and bowling greens in four states of Australia showed that P. graminicola was the most prevalent avirulent fungus, and a 20 mm layer of a TAS soil developed from live mycelium of G. avenae almost completely suppressed the disease.
Abstract: SUMMARY
The incorporation of avirulent fungi such as Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis, an avirulent isolate of G. graminis var. tritici, a Phialophora sp. with lobed hyphopodia synonymous with Phialophora radiciola var. radicicola sensu Deacon and P. radicicola var. graminicola at the time of seeding Agrostis turf in pots of sterilised soil completely controlled Ophiobolus patch disease. The addition of a 5 mm layer of take-all suppressive (TAS) soils, artifically developed by the repeated addition of live mycelium of the varieties avenae, tritici and graminis of G. graminis to soil, controlled the disease to a lesser extent. However, a 20 mm layer of a TAS soil developed from live mycelium of G. g. avenae almost completely suppressed the disease. A survey of 66 golf and bowling greens in four states of Australia showed that P. r. graminicola was the most prevalent avirulent fungus.
TL;DR: Two new metabolites, dimethyl 2-(2-ethenyl-5-hydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-onyl-3)-malonate and methyl 2-methoxy-8-Hydroxy-9-oxo-9H-xanthene- 1-carboxylate, have been isolated and identified from the mycelium of Mycosphaerella rosigena grown on potato-agar.
TL;DR: The isozyme-banding patterns of cytochrome oxidase and peroxidase varied in the tissue extracts of the different morphogenetic stages of Agaricus bisporus and the role of these enzymes in morphogenesis of the mycelium to the primordium and finally to the mushroom is discussed.
Abstract: Soluble proteins from various tissues of the different morphogenetic stages of Agaricus bisporus were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. In two of the three commercial strains studied the soluble-protein content of the caps was significantly higher than in the other tissues. The protein profiles of the caps, stalks, pins or primordia and the mycelium were different when studied by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. Cytochrome oxidase and tyrosinase activities were highest in the pins and lowest in the tissues of the cap. The isozyme-banding patterns of cytochrome oxidase and peroxidase varied in the tissue extracts of the different morphogenetic stages. Zymograms of cytochrome oxidase were similar in cap, pin and stalk extracts. However, two of these bands were lacking in the mycelial extracts. Gels stained for peroxidase showed the largest number of bands in the mycelial extracts. The role of these enzymes in morphogenesis of the mycelium to the primordium and finally to the mushroom is discussed.
TL;DR: The germinationinducing factor produced by the Leccinum mycelium is non-volatile, passes through a dialysis membrane and retains some activity after heating at 100 °C.
Abstract: Of all the mycelia tested from a large number of fungi, only that of Leccinum scabrum (Bull. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray induced germination of L. scabrum spores and only that of L. aurantiacum [Bull.] S. F. Gray induced germination of L. auranliacum spores. Mycelia isolated from five different fruitbodies of L. scabrum induced germination in nine spore collections of the same species but had no or little effect with three other spore collections. Mycelia from three fruitbodies of L. aurantiacum induced germination in all eight spore collections of the same species. A pre-requisite for germination was the removal, by means of activated charcoal or otherwise, of an inhibitor present in the autoclaved agar medium. The germinationinducing factor produced by the Leccinum mycelium is non-volatile, passes through a dialysis membrane and retains some activity after heating at 100 °C.
TL;DR: Laboratory studies of Phytophthora cryptogea showed that the fungus was able to colonize dead organic matter in soil in competition with other soil microorganisms.
Abstract: Laboratory studies of Phytophthora cryptogea showed that the fungus was able to colonize dead organic matter in soil in competition with other soil microorganisms. When mycelium of the fungus was pre-exposed to various temperatures, the optimum pre-exposure temperatures for subsequent production of sporangia under sterile and non-sterile conditions were 15° and 5°C respectively. Production of sporangia by P. cryptogea was also influenced by aeration; numbers of sporangia decreased sharply when the depth of liquid above culture discs of the fungus was increased from 6 mm to 13 mm. Encysted zoospores of P. cryptogea were able to germinate after 14 days in a forest soil.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, a very effective lytic enzyme system for massive micro/macro-scale production of protoplasts from the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans is described.
Abstract: A very effective lytic enzyme system for massive micro/macro-scale production of protoplasts from the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans is described. A striking coincidence was observed between maximal lytic activity towards Aspergillus mycelium and the presece of both chitinase and alpha-(1 leads to 3)-glucanase activities. The release of protoplasts was greatly enhanced by preincubating the mycelium with 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Furthermore, protoplast formation was influenced by fungal age, culture conditions, pH of incubation and the osmotic stabilizer used. From 40 mg of fresh mycelium, grown for 14--16 h on 1% glucose in a low phosphate-citrate medium, preincubated with 2-deoxy-D-glucose for 45 min, and then incubated with the lytic enzyme mixture at pH 6.5 in the presence of 0.3--0.4 M (NH4) SO4, 2.5 x 10(8) stable protoplasts were produced within 3 h of incubation at 30 degrees C. Comparable results were obtained with 40--50 g of mycelium. At low osmotic stabilizer concentrations a peculiar type of regeneration was observed in the presence of the lytic enzyme system; within 12 h of incubation aberrant hyphal structure emerged from the large vacuolated protoplasts.
TL;DR: Cis-3-Amino-l-proline, identified once as a nonprotein amino acid from the fruiting bodies of Morchella esculenta Fr.
Abstract: cis-3-Amino-l-proline, identified once as a nonprotein amino acid from the fruiting bodies of Morchella esculenta Fr., was isolated also from the growth medium and cultured mycelia of the same fungus.
TL;DR: In this article, die mykologische Umsetzung wäßriger Dampfdruckextrakte von Birkenholz, Haferspelzen und Weizenstroh zu Pilzmycel und xylanolytischen Enzymen.
Abstract: Zusammenfassung Untersucht wurde die mykologische Umsetzung wäßriger Dampfdruckextrakte von Birkenholz, Haferspelzen und Weizenstroh zu Pilzmycel und xylanolytischen Enzymen. Mit Paecilomyces vanotii Bain. wurde eine 101-Fermentation entwickelt, durch die größere Mengen von xylanolytischen Enzymen und Mycel gewonnen werden, dessen Zusammensetzung eine Verwendung als Futtermittelzusatz zu ermöglichen scheint.
TL;DR: The ultrastructure of Botrytis cinerea Pers.
Abstract: The ultrastructure of Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Pers. sclerotium primordium cells is similar to that of the surrounding mycelium. Sclerotia from 11 day-old cultures possess a three-layered rind of large, pigmented hyphae and a medulla of loosely arranged hyphae, embedded in a matrix of polysaccharide. The surrounding mycelium starts to degenerate at about 11 days. Rind and medulla cells in 21- and 34-day-old sclerotia contain large vacuoles. The surrounding mycelium is autolysed leaving only the remains of walls and membranes. The inner part of the germinated sclerotium is composed of new germinative mycelium and the remains of medullary hyphae and polysaccharide. The rind hyphae either contain large vacuoles or appear empty and the walls remain well-defined.
TL;DR: Comparisons were made by means of disc electrophoresis to obtain protein patterns of both identified species and the present isolates to confirm the conspecificity of both species, and the isolates were identified as P. cryptogea Pethyb.
Abstract: Phytophthora sp. was isolated from an alfalfa-field soil in Shintoku, Hokkaido in 1978. The fungus exhibited a petaloid pattern with an abundant aerial mycelium on potato-dextrose agar. Young hyphae had no septa, but became septate with age. Hyphae on malt-extract agar tended to be gnarled and tuberculate (coralloid). Clusters of hyphal swellings of 7-10μm diam. were abundant on alfalfa seedlings. Sporangia (mean 53.7×32.4μm) were nonpapillate or inconspicuously papillate and noncaducous, and proliferation and sympodial elongation occurred. The majority of sporangia were ovoid or ellipsoidal, but some were elongated, flattened on one side, constricted, or kidney-shaped. The fungus grew on corn-meal agar from 5 to 36C with an optimum growth temperature of 28C. All of the isolates were of the A2 mating type. The fungus was pathogenic to alfalfa and other plants. These characters suggested that the fungus was P. cryptogea Pethyb. & Laff. or P. drechsleri Tucker. Since many reports suggested that these two species were conspecific, comparisons were made by means of disc electrophoresis to obtain protein patterns of both identified species and the present isolates. Electrophoretic results confirmed the conspecificity of both species, and the isolates were identified as P. cryptogea due to priority.