Showing papers on "Mycelium published in 1991"
TL;DR: It is reported that the encoded hydrophobins are excreted in abundance into the culture medium by submerged feeding hyphae but form highly insoluble complexes in the walls of emerging Hyphae.
Abstract: Fungi typically grow by apical extension of hyphae that penetrate moist substrates. After establishing a branched feeding mycelium, the hyphae differentiate and grow away from the substrate into the air where they form various structures such as aerial hyphae and mushrooms. In the basidiomycete species Schizophyllum commune, we previously identified a family of homologous genes that code for small cysteine-rich hydrophobic proteins. We now report that the encoded hydrophobins are excreted in abundance into the culture medium by submerged feeding hyphae but form highly insoluble complexes in the walls of emerging hyphae. The Sc3 gene encodes a hydrophobin present in walls of aerial hyphae. The homologous Sc1 and Sc4 genes, which are regulated by the mating-type genes, encode hydrophobins present in walls of fruit body hyphae. The hydrophobins are probably instrumental in the emergence of these aerial structures.
301 citations
TL;DR: In several biochemical tests with culture filtrates of P. stutzeri YPL-1 and in mutational analyses of antifungal activities of reinforced or defective mutants, it is found that the anti-F.
Abstract: An actively antagonistic bacterium that could be used as a biocontrol agent against Fusarium solani, which causes root rots with considerable losses in many important crops, was isolated from a ginseng rhizosphere and identified as a strain of Pseudomonas stutzeri. In several biochemical tests with culture filtrates of P. stutzeri YPL-1 and in mutational analyses of antifungal activities of reinforced or defective mutants, we found that the anti-F. solani mechanism of the bacterium may involve a lytic enzyme rather than a toxic substance or antibiotic. P. stutzeri YPL-1 produced extracellular chitinase and laminarinase when grown on different polymers such as chitin, laminarin, or F. solani mycelium. These lytic extracellular enzymes markedly inhibited mycelial growth rather than spore germination and also caused lysis of F. solani mycelia and germ tubes. Scanning electron microscopy revealed degradation of the F. solani mycelium. Abnormal hyphal swelling and retreating were caused by the lysing agents from P. stutzeri YPL-1, and a penetration hole was formed on the hyphae in the region of interaction with the bacterium; the walls of this region were rapidly lysed, causing leakage of protoplasm. Genetically bred P. stutzeri YPL-1 was obtained by transformation of the bacterium with a broad-host-range vector, pKT230. Also, the best conditions for the transformation were investigated.
267 citations
TL;DR: The mycelium of higher fungi is portrayed as a developmentally versatile collective in which an initially dendritic pattern of branching is converted, by hyphal anastomosis, into a communication network as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The mycelium of higher fungi is portrayed as a developmentally versatile collective in which an initially dendritic pattern of branching is converted, by hyphal anastomosis, into a communication network. Spatial and functional patterns in the mycelium depend on the establishment of gradients allowing flow of protoplasmic resources and organelles via radial or tangential routes between source and sink regions. (...)
252 citations
TL;DR: A chitinolytic isolate of Aeromonas caviae was isolated from roots of healthy bean plants grown in soil artificially infested with Sclerotium rolfsii and was shown to act in an exo-splitting manner.
Abstract: A chitinolytic isolate of Aeromonas caviae was isolated from roots of healthy bean plants grown in soil artificially infested with Sclerotium rolfsii. Under greenhouse conditions, the bacterium controlled Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum in cotton (78 and 57% disease reduction, respectively) and S. rolfsii in beans (60% disease reduction). Seed coating was the most effective application method for controlling R. solani in cotton. There was no evidence of inhibition of the fungal pathogens by A. caviae. A caviae partially lysed live mycelium of R. solani, S. rolfsii and F. oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum when their mycelium served as a sole carbon source in liquid medium. A high chitinolytic activity was found when colloidal chitin was used as a sole carbon source, with an optimum pH between 6.0–7.0. No β-3-glucanase was produced by the bacterium. After partial purification of the enzyme by affinity adsorption to colloidal chitin, three bands appear in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE). One strong band with a molecular weight of ca. 80 kDa, and two weak bands with molecular weights of 48 and 59 kDa. Using the chromogenic substrate pNp-chitobiose, the partially purified chitinase from A. caviae was shown to act in an exo-splitting manner.
160 citations
TL;DR: The production of chitinase by Trichoderma species is of interest in relation to their use in biocontrol and as a source of mycolytic enzymes, and the mode of ch itinase synthesis in this fungus is discussed.
Abstract: Summary: The production of chitinase by Trichoderma species is of interest in relation to their use in biocontrol and as a source of mycolytic enzymes. Fourteen isolates of the genus were screened to identify the most effective producer of chitinase. The best strain for chitinase was Trichoderma harzianum 39.1, and this was selected for study of the regulation of enzyme synthesis. Washed mycelium of T. harzianum 39.1 was incubated with a range of carbon sources. Chitinase synthesis was induced on chitin-containing medium, but repressed by glucose and N-acetylglucosamine. Production of the enzyme was optimal at a chitin concentration of 0·5%, at 28 °C, pH 6·0 and was independent of the age of the mycelium. The synthesis of chitinase was blocked by both 8-hydroxyquinoline and cycloheximide, inhibitors of RNA and protein synthesis, respectively. The mode of chitinase synthesis in this fungus is discussed.
131 citations
TL;DR: The patterns of N and P distribution, as well as those of the other essential elements, indicated that association with the N-fertilized soybean plants was more advantageous to maize than was association withThe N2-fixing ones.
Abstract: The objective of the study was to determine whether nutrient fluxes mediated by hyphae of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi between the root zones of grass and legume plants differ with the legume's mode of N nutrition. The plants, nodulating or nonnodulating isolines of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], were grown in association with a dwarf maize (Zea mays L.) cultivar in containers which interposed a 6-cm-wide root-free soil bridge between legume and grass container compartments. The bridge was delimited by screens (44 μm) which permitted the passage of hyphae, but not of roots and minimized non VAM interactions between the plants. All plants were colonized by the VAM fungus Glomus mosseae (Nicol. & Gerd.) Gerd. and Trappe. The effects of N input to N-sufficient soybean plants through N2-fixation or N-fertilization on associated maize-plant growth and nutrition were compared to those of an N-deficient (nonnodulating, unfertilized) soybean control. Maize, when associated with the N-fertilized soybean, increased 19% in biomass, 67% in N content and 77% in leaf N concentration relative to the maize plants of the N-deficient association. When maize was grown with nodulated soybean, maize N content increased by 22%, biomass did not change, but P content declined by 16%. Spore production by the VAM fungus was greatest in the soils of both plants of the N-fertilized treatment. The patterns of N and P distribution, as well as those of the other essential elements, indicated that association with the N-fertilized soybean plants was more advantageous to maize than was association with the N2-fixing ones.
121 citations
TL;DR: Hyphal morphology and extracellular enzyme production of the fungus Mortierella isabellina were studied during grazing by a soil Collembola to find one explanation for compensatory growth of grazed fungi.
Abstract: Hyphal morphology and extracellular enzyme production of the fungus Mortierella isabellina were studied during grazing by a soil Collembola, Onychiurus armatus . Grazing induced switching from a “normal” hyphal mode, with appressed growth and sporulating hyphae, to fan shaped sectors of fast growing and nonsporulating mycelium which developed extensive aerial mycelium. Specific protease and α-amylase activities were several times higher in grazed cultures where switching occurred compared with plates without switching. Increased protease activity was localized to switched sectors within the mycelium. On the basis of inhibitor studies, the protease of “normal” mycelium was classified as a metalloprotease. Switching induced activity of an additional serine protease. Anion-exchange chromatography showed that the two proteases had similar charges and, according to SDS-gclatine-PAGE. the molecular weight of the serine protease was 80.000. Switching to a fast growing hyphal mode could be one explanation for compensatory growth of grazed fungi.
116 citations
TL;DR: It is discussed that many mycorrhizal fungi in the forest may partly control their soil environment via aeration created by their hydrophobia.
Abstract: Ectomycorrhizal short roots, mycelia, rhizomorphs and mats from conifer soil were examined in relation to their hydrophobic properties. In some cases connected fruit bodies were included in the study. Mycorrhizal soils gathered from the forest and/or colonized in a laboratory rhizoscope were studied, as were mycelia in pure culture. Most forest-derived species were hydrophobic. The drought-resistant Cenococcum geophilum and the more ruderal and moisture-dependent Thelephora terrestris were both strongly hydrophilic. The hydrophobic mycelium seemed solely responsible for the water repellence properties, and adjacent soil and plant debris remained unaffected and hydrophilic. In hydrophobic fungi, mat formation was induced in the rhizoscope by hyphal contact with alder litter leaves. This stimulating effect was not found when the leaves were covered by water or when fresh, green alder leaves were used. Thelephora terrestris did not form such mats in vitro and spread sparsely in air pockets as well as in the adjacent water film. The possibility is discussed that many mycorrhizal fungi in the forest may partly control their soil environment via aeration created by their hydrophobia.
87 citations
TL;DR: An hypothesis is presented for the function of the complex chitinolytic system of the fungal hypha in branching and, possibly, also in apical growth.
Abstract: SUMMARY: Enzymological evidence has been sought for the purported involvement of chitinolysis in vegetative growth of filamentous fungi. A procedure has been developed for the production of fast growing and morphologically homogeneous exponential phase mycelium of the non-septate dimorphic zygomycete Mucor rouxii. A partially purified extract of this material has been subjected to gel-permeation chromatography and the chitinolytic activity of eluate fractions has been assessed using colloidal and nascent chitin and 3,4-dinitrophenyl tetra-N-acetylchitotetraoside [3,4-DNP-(GlcNAc)4] as substrates. Exponentially growing (td = 1·1 h) mycelium consisting of single short-branched hyphae contains at least seven chitinases. The two particulate ones have not been studied in detail. The soluble chitinases hydrolyse (pseudo)chito-oligomers by random cleavage of internal β-1,4-bonds (and not by processing) and have a minimum chain-length requirement of n = 4. They are clearly distinct from β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (β-GlcNAc'ase) with respect to their chromatographic behaviour, substrate chain-length specificity, inhibition by chitobionolactone oxime (K
1 = 175 μM), and non-inhibition by the specific β-GlcNAc'ase inhibitor N-acetylglucosaminono-1,5-lactone oxime. Their pH optima are similar (6·5-7·0), and all can hydrolyse 3,4-DNP-(GlcNAc)4 as well as nascent chitin. With respect to their charge, response to protease treatment, behaviour upon gel-permeation chromatography and ability to use colloidal chitin as a substrate, the soluble chitinases do, however, represent two distinct groups. Type A chitinases are acidic, display partial latency, show an unusual affinity to dextran gel and act weakly on colloidal chitin. Type B chitinases are basic (or neutral) and non-zymogenic, do not behave anomalously upon gel filtration and can degrade preformed chitin. An hypothesis is presented for the function of the complex chitinolytic system of the fungal hypha in branching and, possibly, also in apical growth.
85 citations
TL;DR: The resolution of intraradical mycelium, vesicles and arbuscules of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, stained with acid fuchsin, is enhanced by epifluorescence illumination.
81 citations
TL;DR: Ninety percent of the leaves and more than 80% of the twigs were colonized by endophytic fungi; 40 different fungi were isolated and identified and abundance of each fungus species and the species composition depended on the plant organ sampled and collection site.
Abstract: A study was designed to isolate potentially pathogenic, endophytic fungi of red alder (Alnus rubra). Apparently healthy leaves and 2- to 3-year-old twigs were collected at three and eight sites, respectively, surface sterilized, cut into small pieces, and incubated on 2% malt extract agar. Ninety percent of the leaves and more than 80% of the twigs were colonized by endophytic fungi; 40 different fungi were isolated and identified. Fungi previously recorded as plant pathogens dominated the endophyte community of leaves (Gnomonia setacea, Gnomoniella tubaeformis, and Septoria alni) but were only minor components of the fungal population of twigs (Melanconis alni and a Nectria species). Abundance of each fungus species and the species composition depended on the plant organ sampled and collection site. In twigs, three main types of endophyte associations occurred among sites: the first was dominated by the unidentified "Black Mycelium 2," the second by Phomopsis sp. 2, and the third by Ophiovalsa suffusa, P...
TL;DR: Cornstarch and cornstarch-oil formulations were best at preserving fungi at room temperature (22°C), whereas all formulations provided similar preservation at 4°C, and alginate formulations prevented degradation of fungi by artificial solar radiation, whereas cornst starch-oil was less effective than pure mycelium preparations.
Abstract: Dry mycelium of the entomopathogenic fungi Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana in alginate and cornstarch formulations was evaluated for survival of the formulated mycelium, conidial production on mycelium after exposure to artificial solar radiation, and infectivity to southern corn root worm adults, Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi Barber. Alginate formulations were prepared with 1% sodium alginate and calcium chloride. Cornstarch formulations were prepared with gelatinized cornstarch and moist mycelium from liquid culture medium. Oil was added to some starch preparations. Results showed that cornstarch and cornstarch-oil formulations produced more conidia per gram of incorporated mycelium than other preparations. In general, alginate formulations were less productive than pure mycelium. Cornstarch and cornstarch-oil formulations were best at preserving fungi at room temperature (22°C) , whereas all formulations provided similar preservation at 4°C. Alginate formulations prevented degradation of fungi by artificial solar radiation, whereas cornstarch-oil was less effective than pure mycelium preparations. Mortality to D. undecimpunctata caused by mycelium formulated into alginate and cornstarchoil preparations were comparable to that caused by pure mycelium preparations. A lag time of 3-4 d preceded disease development on test insects, because of the need for dry mycelium to produce conidia before initiating infection.
TL;DR: Examining the capture of nematodes by traps of A. oligospora in which the layer of surface polymers was modified, or removed by chemical or enzymic treatments, showed that both proteins and carbohydrate surface Polymers were involved in the adhesion process.
Abstract: Summary: The nematophagous fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora captures nematodes using adhesive polymers present on special hyphae (traps) which form a three-dimensional network. To understand further the adhesion mechanisms, A. oligospora surface polymers were visualized by transmisson electron microscopy and characterized by chemical methods. Both traps and hyphae were surrounded by a fibrillar layer of extracellular polymers which stained with ruthenium red. The polymer layer was resistant to most of the chemicals and enzymes tested. However, part of the layer was removed by sonication in a Tris-buffer or by extraction in a chaotropic salt solution (LiCl), and the structure of the polymers was modified by treatment with Pronase E. Chemical analysis showed that the crude extracts of surface polymers removed by sonication or LiCl solution contained neutral sugars, uronic acids and proteins. Gel chromatography of the extracts revealed that the major carbohydrate-containing polymer(s) had a molecular mass of at least 100 kDa, containing neutral sugars (75% by weight, including glucose, mannose and galactose), uronic acids (6%) and proteins (19%). There was more polymer in mycelium containing trap-bearing cells than in vegetative hyphae. SDS-PAGE of the extracted polymers showed that the trap-forming cells contained at least one protein, with a molecular mass of approx. 32 kDa, not present on vegetative hyphae. Examining the capture of nematodes by traps of A. oligospora in which the layer of surface polymers was modified, or removed by chemical or enzymic treatments, showed that both proteins and carbohydrate surface polymers were involved in the adhesion process.
TL;DR: Two highly virulent isolates of Rhizoctonia solani, 61D-3 and 65L-2, from diseased soybean plants grown in Illinois were identified as members of anastomosis group (AG) 2-2.
Abstract: Two highly virulent isolates of Rhizoctonia solani, 61D-3 and 65L-2 (ATCC 66489), from diseased soybean (Glycine max) plants grown in Illinois were identified as members of anastomosis group (AG) 2-2. They caused crown and root rot on inoculated plant species in the Chenopodiaceae, Fabaceae, and Poaceae at an inoculum level of 100 μg of fresh mycelium per gram of soil in the greenhouse. Both isolates produced few loose, thick-walled sclerotia and maintained their pathogenicity to soybean after 2 yr in storage (...)
TL;DR: Three of new allosamidins were isolated as yeast chitinase inhibitors from the mycelium of Streptomyces sp.
Abstract: Three of new allosamidins, termed glucoallosamidins A (5), B (6) and methyl-N-demethyl-allosamidin (4), were isolated as yeast chitinase inhibitors from the mycelium of Streptomyces sp. SA-684.
TL;DR: The effect of a basidiome stimulatory Pseudomonas putida isolate on hyphal growth of the cultivated mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, and the effect of P. putida on dry weight of fungal material was investigated.
TL;DR: The enzyme was highly specific for xylan and degraded this substrate to produce xylo-oligosaccharides, suggesting that it is a β-1,4-endoxylanase (EC 3.2.1.8).
Abstract: Humicola grisea var. thermoidea mycelium grown on xylan as the sole source of carbon produced at least two extracellular xylanases. The main xylanolytic component (form 2; 90% of recovered activity...
TL;DR: The conidial stage of Botryosphaeria ribis was isolated from diseased mango trees and found to be pathogenic in mango by wound inoculation and produced stromatic pycnidia, which yielded hyaline, one-celled pycnidiospores.
Abstract: The conidial stage of Botryosphaeria ribis was isolated from diseased mango trees (Mangifera indica) and found to be pathogenic in mango by wound inoculation. The fungus produced dark mycelia and did not sporulate under most conditions but formed chlamydospores and immature conidial initials. In the vicinity of the inoculated stem scars, the fungus produced stromatic pycnidia, which yielded hyaline, one-celled pycnidiospores. On oatmeal agar, the dark mycelium also produced stromatic pycnidia. Hyphae were observed in sections of diseased tissues and abundant tyloses were found inside the xylem vessels (.)
TL;DR: Evidence is presented for the solubilization and utilization of iron phosphates by two soil fungi, isolated from an upland soil, one of which has been identified as Tolypocladium geodes and this is the first report of the observation of this species in Scottish soil.
TL;DR: The introduction of selected strains of thermophilic fungi in compost and the development of a new kind of spawn inoculum of A. bisporus might lead to improvements in commercial practice, which is much higher than a previous estimate of 0·19 d-1.
Abstract: Summary: Growth of Agaricus bisporus was studied on sterile compost and on sterile compost pre-grown with the thermophilic fungus Scytalidium thermophilum. Early growth was characterized by depressed, slowly growing hyphae. The mycelial radius extended exponentially in this stage. Mycelium on sterile compost switched to a fluffy growth type of radially orientated hyphae that extended at a linear rate, K
r, of 5mm d-1. On compost pre-grown with S. thermophilum, early growth continued up to 30 mm, then extension became linear at K
r = 7·2 mm d-1. If cultures were well ventilated, K
r was higher. A new growth function was derived to combine both growth phases. The width of the peripheral growth zone, w, of A. bisporus mycelium was 3 mm. The exponential specific growth rate, μ, was calculated from K
r/w = 2·4 d-1, which is much higher than a previous estimate of 0·19 d-1. In addition to growth-promoting effects, S. thermophilum had inhibitor, effects; the period of early growth was reduced if S. thermophilum was inactivated in pre-grown compost. Under commercial conditions, maximum growth rates are not exploited. The introduction of selected strains of thermophilic fungi in compost and the development of a new kind of spawn inoculum of A. bisporus might lead to improvements in commercial practice.
DSM1
TL;DR: Favourable reaction conditions for the enzymatic production of 1-kestose by sucrose-1F-fructosyltransferase, SFT (EC 2.4.99) from Aspergillus phoenicis CBS 294.80 mycelium were established.
Abstract: Favourable reaction conditions for the enzymatic production of 1-kestose by sucrose-1F-fructosyltransferase, SFT (EC 2.4.1.99) from Aspergillus phoenicis CBS 294.80 mycelium were established. The intracellular enzyme SFT works best at 60°C, exhibits a relatively high thermostability and possesses an alkaline pH optimum. An invertase also present in the mycelium of A. phoenicis possesses an acidic pH optimum. Consequently, around pH 8.0 sucrose is converted mainly to 1-kestose and nystose while fructose is only formed in relatively small amounts. Under optimal conditions (55° C, pH 8.0 and an initial sucrose concentration of 750 g 1-1) a yield of about 300 g 1-kestose per 1.01 reaction mixture could be achieved after 8 h.
TL;DR: In this paper, diffusion has been shown to be responsible for the translocation of label added as [ 14 C]glucose and [ 32 P[orthophosphate to cultures of Rhizopus nigricans grown on opposing gradients of glucose and other nutrients in glass fiber filters.
TL;DR: A component of Alternaria extract, previously identified as the major allergen, Alt a I1563, was purified to homogeneity from Alternaria mycelium by means of acetone precipitation and ion-exchange chromatography and the role of the carbohydrate moiety in theAllergenicity is suggested.
Abstract: A component of Alternaria extract, previously identified as the major allergen, Alt a I1563, was purified to homogeneity from Alternaria mycelium by means of acetone precipitation and ion-exchange chromatography. The homogeneity of Alt a I1563 was assessed by one single band after sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, by one single radiolabeled band after transfer to nitrocellulose, and by one single peak after size-exclusion chromatography by high-performance liquid chromatography. Alt a I1563 was isolated as a heat-stable acidic glycoprotein (carbohydrate content, 20%; pI, 4.0 to 4.5; 31 kd). The role of the carbohydrate moiety in the allergenicity is suggested. This major allergen is located in the cytoplasm of mycelium and spore.
TL;DR: Significant differences in attachment of wild-type and phenotypic variant strains were observed and fibrillar structures and amorphous material were frequently associated with attached cells and appeared to anchor bacteria to each other and to the hyphal surface.
Abstract: SUMMARY: The effect of phenotypic variation on attachment of Pseudomonas tolaasii and P. putida to Agaricus bisporus mycelium was investigated. Quantitative studies demonstrated the ability of each isolate to attach rapidly and firmly to A. bisporus mycelium and significant differences in attachment of wild-type and phenotypic variant strains were observed. This was most pronounced in P. tolaasii, where the percentage attachment of the wild-type form was always greater than that of the phenotypic variant. The medium upon which the bacteria were cultured, prior to conducting an attachment assay, had a significant effect on their ability to attach. Attachment of the wild-type form of P. putida was enhanced when the assay was performed in the presence of CaCl2, suggesting the involvement of electrostatic forces. No correlation was observed between bacterial hydrophobicity and ability to attach to A. bisporus mycelium. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the results obtained from the quantitative studies and provided further evidence for marked differences in the ability of the pseudomonads to attach to mycelium. Fibrillar structures and amorphous material were frequently associated with attached cells and appeared to anchor bacteria to each other and to the hyphal surface. A time-course study of attachment using transmission electron microscopy revealed the presence of uneven fibrillar material on the surface of cells. This material stained positive for polysaccharide and may be involved in ensuring rapid, firm attachment of the cells.
TL;DR: The spores and external mycelium of Glomus mosseae possessed a complex of pectolytic enzymes, including pectinesterase, polymethylgalacturonases, polygalacturases, pectin and pectate lyases.
Abstract: The spores and external mycelium of Glomus mosseae possessed a complex of pectolytic enzymes, including pectinesterase, polymethylgalacturonases, polygalacturonases, pectin and pectate lyases. Non-significant differences between spores and external mycelium were found in pectin esterase, endo-polymethylgalacturonase, polymethyllagacturonase and pectin lyase activities. However, greater polygalacturonase and lower endo-polygalacturonase and pectate lyase activities were found in the external mycelium than in the spores.
TL;DR: The early infection of wheat seedlings by W- and R-pathotypes of the cereal eyespot fungus Pseudocerosporella herpotrichoides was studied by light and electron microscopy, showing different patterns of coleoptile infection.
TL;DR: Intraradical forms of Glomus sp.
TL;DR: A sequence of ectomycorrhizal colonization was observed on lateral roots of Afzelia africana seedlings and it was suggested that vegetative propagules could function either as structures for long-term survival of the fungus in the soil or as str...
Abstract: A sequence of ectomycorrhizal colonization was observed on lateral roots of Afzelia africana Sm. seedlings. Four ectomycorrhizal types were obtained by a baiting method. Among the four types, two were recognized as occurring first in the ectomycorrhizal colonization sequence and the others occurred later. This sequence of ectomycorrhizal colonization was interpreted as follows: initial ectomycorrhizal types were related to the presence of vegetative propagules in the soil (mycorrhizal root fragments, fragments of mycelial strands, and sclerotia) and to the ability of the hyphae from these propagules to grow and quickly colonize Afzelia root systems. The time required for mycorrhizal colonization from spores, however, would be much longer. The types of mycorrhizal symbionts that were established first did not affect subsequent mycorrhizal colonization. An ultrastructural study suggested that vegetative propagules could function either as structures for long-term survival of the fungus in the soil or as str...
TL;DR: The mycelium of Basidiomycetes ostreatus was grown in liquid cultures of malt broth enriched with increasing amounts of cadmium also in the presence of copper and glutathione, which inhibited mycelial development but never blocked it completely.
Abstract: The mycelium of BasidiomycetesPleurotus ostreatus was grown in liquid cultures of malt broth enriched with increasing amounts of cadmium also in the presence of copper and glutathione. Cadmium, up to 150 μg/ml gradually inhibited mycelial development but never blocked it completely. Cadmium accumulated to a higher degree (20 mg/g dry wt) when administered alone and was mostly bound (80%) to hyphal cell walls. Interactions with copper may play an important role in cadmium tolerance.