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Mycelium
About: Mycelium is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 8923 publications have been published within this topic receiving 170993 citations.
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TL;DR: Attempts to assay fungal biovolume in field samples indicated that the sterile mycelium observed after incubation represented the outgrowth of formerly dormant propagules or weakly established microcolonies, and it was calculated that fungal biomass could not account for more than 0.5% of leaf mass.
Abstract: Samples of green and brown leaves of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) were incubated in seawater without an additional carbon source. Parallel leaf samples were used for acridine orange bacterial counting and water-soluble aniline blue estimation of fungal biovolume. The incubations produced no evidence that there is an eelgrass counterpart for the chytridialean symbiont which is very common in turtlegrass (Thalassia testudinum Konig). Sterile mycelium (i.e., living mycelium without identifiable propagules) was the most prevalent fungal form on incubated samples from submerged sites, whereas Dendryphiella salina and Sigmoidea sp. (marina?) were prevalent on brown leaves from the wrack line. Attempts to assay fungal biovolume in field samples indicated that the sterile mycelium observed after incubation represented the outgrowth of formerly dormant propagules or weakly established microcolonies. It was calculated that fungal biomass could not account for more than 0.5% of leaf mass, and it was probably much smaller than this, for no fungal structures were observed even in concentrated leaf homogenates. Bacterial densities fell within the range reported for other particulate substrates. A speculative estimate of bacterial productivity was 1.4× the standing stock per day.
65 citations
TL;DR: Rhizopus oryzae, a zygomycete, was found to decolorize, dechlorinate, and detoxify bleach plant effluent at lower cosubstrate concentrations than the basidiomycetes previously investigated.
Abstract: Rhizopus oryzae, a zygomycete, was found to decolorize, dechlorinate, and detoxify bleach plant effluent at lower cosubstrate concentrations than the basidiomycetes previously investigated. With glucose at 1 g/liter, this fungus removed 92 to 95% of the color, 50% of the chemical oxygen demand, 72% of the adsorbable organic halide, and 37% of the extractable organic halide in 24 h at temperatures of 25 to 45°C and a pH of 3 to 5. Even without added cosubstrate the fungus removed up to 78% of the color. Monomeric chlorinated aromatic compounds were removed almost completely, and toxicity to zebra fish was eliminated. The fungal mycelium could be immobilized in polyurethane foam and used repeatedly to treat batches of effluent. The residue after treatment was not further improved by exposure to fresh R. oryzae mycelium.
65 citations
TL;DR: Exudates from the roots of the pea cultivars, Onward, Alaska and Delwiche Commando, which differentiate between three physiologic races of Fusarium oxysporum f.
Abstract: Exudates from the roots of the pea cultivars, Onward, Alaska and Delwiche Commando, which differentiate between three physiologic races of Fusarium oxysporum f. pisi, affected spore germination in the three races differentially, depressing the germination of races they resisted more than of those to which they were susceptible. Exudates from young seedlings depressed germination more than did those from roots of older plants, and the activity of exudates increased temporarily when side roots were first formed. When concentrated root exudates were contained in porcelain cylinders on agar sown with spores, zones of differential growth formed around the cylinders; when the exudate was from a cultivar resistant to the race whose spores were plated, the zone was one of growth inhibition, and when from a susceptible cultivar, it was one of growth stimulation. Notwithstanding this effect on spore germination, exudates from the different cultivars had no differential effect on the rate at which germ tubes or mycelium of the individual races grew. Sections through roots of cultivars inoculated with a race they resist showed that the mycelium invaded only the outer cortex. Plants susceptible to F. oxysporum wilt less when simultaneously infected with F. solani; xtracts of the bases of pea plants infected with F. solani inhibited the germination of spores of F. oxysporum, whereas extracts from normal stem bases did not.
65 citations
TL;DR: Metarhizium album, a name widely regarded as a synonym of M. anisopliae, is restored for a fungus collected on plant- and leafhoppers (Homoptera : Auchenorrhyncha) from rice, and a synoptic key to the taxa is provided.
Abstract: Metarhizium album, a name widely regarded as a synonym of M. anisopliae, is restored for a fungus collected on plant- and leafhoppers (Homoptera : Auchenorrhyncha) from rice. In the Philippines and Indonesia it caused epizootics in populations of Nephotettix virescens and/or Cofana spectra, respectively. A single collection on an unidentified leaf hopper from mango is reported. Comparison of types revealed that M. brunneum is a synonym of M. album; the species is characterized by the pale brown colour of its conidial masses, clavate phialides (10–12.5 × 2–3.5μm), ovoid to ellipsoidal conidia ((3–4)4–6 × 1.5–2.5 μm) and growth of bulging masses of hyphal bodies rather than mycelium prior to sporulation. The primary taxonomic criteria for delimiting species of Metarhizium are the shapes of conidia and conidiogenous cells, presence or absence of a subhymenial zone of swollen hyphal bodies, and whether conidial chains adhere laterally to form prismatic columns. The occurrence of many natural and artificial colour variants of Metarhizium species suggests that colours of conidial masses and mycelium have only secondary taxonomic value. Conidial size is useful in delimiting varieties. A synoptic key to the taxa of Metarhizium is provided.
65 citations
TL;DR: A study of the surface microflora of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhIZal roots of yellow birch seedlings has revealed distinct quantitative and qualitative differences in bacterial counts and the percentage incidence of bacteria growing optimally in a simple mineral–glucose medium was greater on normal roots.
Abstract: A study of the surface microflora of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots of yellow birch seedlings has revealed distinct quantitative and qualitative differences. Higher bacterial counts and distinctly greater numbers of actinomycetes and of methylene-blue-reducing, sugar-fermenting, ammonifying, and fluorescent-pigment-producing bacteria were found on the former. The percentage incidence of bacteria growing optimally in a simple mineral–glucose medium was greater on normal roots whereas bacteria requiring complex nutritional factors appeared to be relatively more numerous on the mycorrhizal surface. Species of Pythium, Fusarium, and Cylindrocarpon predominated on, and Mycelium radicis (?) was absent from, normal roots, whereas, on mycorrhizal roots, Penicillium and other rapidly growing fungi as well as Mycelium radicis (?) were numerous and Pythium and Fusarium species absent. These results are discussed in relation to the nutrition of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal roots.
65 citations