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Mycelium

About: Mycelium is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 8923 publications have been published within this topic receiving 170993 citations.


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TL;DR: The B genes control fruiting body maturation at the stage of karyogamy, and A-induced fruiting occurs more efficiently and earlier when the B mating type pathway is also active (Bon), however, activation of the B pathway alone is not sufficient to induce fruiting.
Abstract: The A and B mating type pathways in Coprinus cinereus monokaryons can be activated by transformation with cloned genes from strains of compatible mating types. The presence of heterologous A mating-type genes (Aon) induces production of submerged chlamydospores, hyphal knots and sclerotia in cultures kept in the dark. Upon illumination of transformants of certain strains (218), fruiting body primordia may develop that arrest before karyogamy. Furthermore, formation of aerial spores (oidia) is repressed by the action of A mating type genes in the dark, but light overrides this repression. Heterologous B mating type genes enhance the effects of the A genes on developmental processes, and partially repress the negative action of light on A-mediated regulation of development. Most notably, A-induced fruiting occurs more efficiently and earlier when the B mating type pathway is also active (Bon). However, activation of the B pathway alone is not sufficient to induce fruiting. Unlike A-activated transformants, A+B-activated transformants of monokaryon 218 form mature fruiting bodies. Therefore, the B genes control fruiting body maturation at the stage of karyogamy. Basidia within the fruiting bodies that were analysed contained four spores in a typical post-meiotic arrangement. In the absence of an activated A mating type pathway, B mating type genes cause deformation and hyperbranching of vegetative hyphae, a reduction in aerial mycelium, and invasion of the agar substrate – a phenotype resembling the "flat" phenotype known from B-activated Schizophyllum commune strains. B-activated transformants usually show enhanced production of chlamydospores and hyphal knots, but maturation of sclerotia is variably efficient. Activation of the B mating type pathway in monokaryons blocked acceptance of nuclei, but not activation of the A mating type pathway.

52 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The data suggest that soil collembolans do not use mycorrhizal fungi as the main food source, and support an emerging view that extramatrical mycorRHizal mycelium can be retained in the soil to serve as a progenitor of stabilized soil organic matter.
Abstract: Ectomycorrhizal fungi constitute a large proportion of the belowground microbial biomass and contribute significantly to nutrient cycling, but their role in soil food webs remains poorly known. In this study, we compared the δ 13 C and δ 15 N values of collembolans and mycoheterotrophic plants. Stable isotope composition of collembolans was very similar to those of mycotrophic plants associated with saprotrophic fungi. In contrast, mycotrophic plants associated with mycorrhizal fungi were enriched in 15 N relative to collembolans by at least 5‰. Our data suggest that soil collembolans do not use mycorrhizal fungi as the main food source, and support an emerging view that extramatrical mycorrhizal mycelium can be retained in the soil to serve as a progenitor of stabilized soil organic matter.

52 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
16 Oct 2019
TL;DR: Fengycin induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in S. sclerotiorum mycelium and downregulated the expression of ROS-scavenging genes viz., superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, and catalase compared to the untreated control.
Abstract: Lipopeptides from Bacillus species exhibit promising biological control activity against plant pathogens. This study aimed to explore the potential of purified fengycin to induce systemic resistance in tomato against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FZB42, its mutant AK1S, and their corresponding metabolites showed in vitro inhibition of S. sclerotiorum mycelium. Fengycin derived from an AK1S mutant was purified and identified through HPLC and MALDI-TOF-MS, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed structural deformities in the fungal mycelium. Moreover, fengycin induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in S. sclerotiorum mycelium and downregulated the expression of ROS-scavenging genes viz., superoxide dismutase (SsSOD1), peroxidase (SsPO), and catalase (SsCAT1) compared to the untreated control. Furthermore, the lesion size was dramatically reduced in fengycin-treated tomato plants compared to plants infected with S. sclerotiorum only in a greenhouse experiment. Additionally, the transcriptional regulation of defense-related genes GST, SOD, PAL, HMGR, and MPK3 showed the highest upsurge in expression at 48 h post-inoculation (hpi). However, their expression was subsequently decreased at 96 hpi in fengycin + S. sclerotiorum treatment compared to the plants treated with fengycin only. Conversely, the expression of PPO increased in a linear manner up to 96 hpi.

52 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Differences in the architecture of the external mycelium are responsible for variation in the colonization strategy of AMF, and rapid colonization rate was found to be due to the presence of more infection hyphae and root contact points.

52 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Data indicate that in some of the fungi examined cleavage of the aromatic ring occurs without prior removal of the methoxyl group, and data indicate the enzyme NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase was demonstrated to exist in all the studied groups of fungi.
Abstract: Metabolism of vanillic acid, a product of lignin degradation, has been studied in selected representatives of soft-rot, brown-rot and white-rot fungi. All of the brown-and white-rot species examined decarboxylated vanillate to methoxyhydroquinone oxidatively. Mycelium extracts of all these fungi, except Pleurotus ostreatus contained high levels of an NAD(P)H-dependent vanillate hydroxylase. P. ostreatus also released 14CO2 from 14COOH-vanillate but by a different mechanism possibly involving phenoloxidases. Most of these fungi also contained a dioxygenase which catalysed the intra-diol cleavage of hydroxyquinol (1,2,4-trihydroxybenzene) to form maleylacetate. No 3-O-demethylase activity was detected, and data indicate that in some of the fungi examined cleavage of the aromatic ring occurs without prior removal of the methoxyl group. None of the soft-rot fungi tested contained vanillate hydroxylase or hydroxyquinol 1,2-dioxygenase, but very low levels of protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase were detected in mycelium extracts. Vanillate catabolism among members of this group occurs via a different route which may involve ring demethylation although no 3-O-demethylase activity was detected in this study. The enzyme NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase was demonstrated to exist in all the studied groups of fungi.

52 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
20242
2023951
20221,628
2021187
2020287
2019295