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Showing papers on "Nanobiotechnology published in 2004"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review describes recent advances in the synthesis of biomolecule-nanoparticle/nanorod hybrid systems and the application of such assemblies in the generation of 2D and 3D ordered structures in solutions and on surfaces.
Abstract: Nanomaterials, such as metal or semiconductor nanoparticles and nanorods, exhibit similar dimensions to those of biomolecules, such as proteins (enzymes, antigens, antibodies) or DNA. The integration of nanoparticles, which exhibit unique electronic, photonic, and catalytic properties, with biomaterials, which display unique recognition, catalytic, and inhibition properties, yields novel hybrid nanobiomaterials of synergetic properties and functions. This review describes recent advances in the synthesis of biomolecule-nanoparticle/nanorod hybrid systems and the application of such assemblies in the generation of 2D and 3D ordered structures in solutions and on surfaces. Particular emphasis is directed to the use of biomolecule-nanoparticle (metallic or semiconductive) assemblies for bioanalytical applications and for the fabrication of bioelectronic devices.

2,334 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The rapid progress in this interdisciplinary field of CNT-based nanobioelectronics and nanobiotechnology is reviewed by summarizing the present scientific accomplishments, and addressing the future goals and perspectives of the area.
Abstract: Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) revealing metallic or semiconductive properties depending on the folding modes of the nanotube walls represent a novel class of nanowires. Different methods to separate semiconductive CNTs from conductive CNTs have been developed, and synthetic strategies to chemically modify the side walls or tube ends by molecular or biomolecular components have been reported. Tailoring hybrid systems consisting of CNTs and biomolecules (proteins and DNA) has rapidly expanded and attracted substantial research effort. The integration of biomaterials with CNTs enables the use of the hybrid systems as active field-effect transistors or biosensor devices (enzyme electrodes, immunosensors, or DNA sensors). Also, the integration of CNTs with biomolecules has allowed the generation of complex nanostructures and nanocircuitry of controlled properties and functions. The rapid progress in this interdisciplinary field of CNT-based nanobioelectronics and nanobiotechnology is reviewed by summarizing the present scientific accomplishments, and addressing the future goals and perspectives of the area.

674 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Uniform core/shell nanoparticles, consisting of a silica layer coating and pigments or magnetite core, using a water‐in‐oil microemulsion method, are developed, highly luminescent and photostable with the size ranging from 5 nm to 400 nm.
Abstract: We have developed uniform core/shell nanoparticles, consisting of a silica layer coating and pigments or magnetite core, using a water-in-oil microemulsion method. The nanoparticles are highly luminescent and photostable with the size ranging from 5 nm to 400 nm. Bioconjugation of these silica nanoparticles adds unique biofunctions with various molecules such as enzymes, antibodies, and DNA molecules. Significant advantages have been shown in using bioconjugated nanoparticles for biosensing and bioimaging, such as cell staining, DNA detection and separation, rapid single bacterium detection, and biotechnological application in DNA protection.

442 citations


Book
01 Jan 2004
TL;DR: The raw materials: Biomolecular Structure and Stability, which may be Composed of Atoms Linked by Covalent Bonds, and Electrostatic Interactions are formed between Charged Atoms.
Abstract: 1. The Quest for Nanotechnology. Biotechnology and the Two-Week Revolution. From Biotechnology to Bionanotechnology. What is Bionanotechnology? 2. Bionanomachines in Action. The Unfamiliar World of Bionanomachines. Gravity and Inertia are Negligible at the Nanoscale. Nanomachines Show Atomic Granularity. Thermal Motion is a Significant Force at the Nanoscale. Bionanomachines Require a Water Environment. Modern Biomaterials. Most Natural Bionanomachines are Composed of Protein. Nucleic Acids Carry Information. Lipids are Used for Infrastructure. Polysaccharides are Used in Specialized Structural Roles. The Legacy of Evolution. Evolution has Placed Significant Limitations on the Properties of Natural Biomolecules. Guided Tours of Natural Bionanomachinery. 3. Biomolecular Design and Biotechnology. Recombinant DNA Technology. DNA may be Engineered with Commercially Available Enzymes. Site-Directed Mutagenesis makes Specific Changes in the Genome. Fusion Proteins Combine Two Functions. Monoclonal Antibodies. Biomolecular Structure Determination. X-ray Crystallography Provides Atomic Structures. NMR Spectroscopy may be Used to Derive Atomic Structures. Electron Microscopy Reveals Molecular Morphology. Atomic Force Microscopy Probes the Surface of Biomolecules. Molecular Modeling. Bionanomachines are Visualized with Computer Graphics. Computer Modeling is Used to Predict Biomolecular Structure and Function. The Protein Folding Problem. Docking Simulations Predict the Modes of Biomolecular Interaction. New Functionalities are Developed with Computer-Assisted Molecular Design. 4. Structural Principles of Bionanotechnology. Natural Bionanomachinery is Designed for a Specific Environment. A Hierarchical Strategy Allows Construction of Nanomachines. The Raw Materials: Biomolecular Structure and Stability. Molecules are Composed of Atoms Linked by Covalent Bonds. Dispersion and Repulsion Forces Act at Close Range. Hydrogen Bonds Provide Stability and Specificity. Electrostatic Interactions are Formed Between Charged Atoms. The Hydrophobic Effect Stabilizes Biomolecules in Water. Protein Folding. Not All Protein Sequences Adopt Stable Structures. Globular Proteins have a Hierarchical Structure. Stable Globular Structure Requires a Combination of Design Strategies. Chaperones Provide the Optimal Environment for Folding. Rigidity Can Make Proteins More Stable at High Temperatures. Many Proteins Make Use of Disorder. Self-Assembly. Symmetry Allows Self-Assembly of Stable Complexes with Defined Size. Quasisymmetry is Used to Build Assemblies too Large for Perfect Symmetry. Crowded Conditions Promote Self-Assembly. Self-Organization. Lipids Self-Organize into Bilayers. Lipid Bilayers are Fluid. Proteins May be Designed to Self-Organize with Lipid Bilayers. Molecular Recognition. Crane Principles for Molecular Recognition. Atomicity Limits the Tolerance of Combining Sites. Flexibility. Biomolecules Show Flexibility at All Levels. Flexibility Poses Great Challenges for the Design of Bionanomachines. 5. Functional Principles of Bionanotechnology. Information-Driven Nanoassembly. Nucleic Acids Carry Genetic Information. Ribosomes Construct Proteins. Information is Stored in Very Compact Form. Energetics. Chemical Energy is Transferred by Carrier Molecules. Light is Captured with Specialized Small Molecules. Protein Pathways Transfer Single Electrons. Electrical Conduction and Change Transfer have Been Observed in DNA. Electrochemical Gradients are Created across Membranes. Chemical Transformation. Enzymes Reduce the Entropy of a Chemical Reaction. Enzymes Create Environments that Stabilize Transition States. Enzymes Use Chemical Tools to Perform a Reaction. Regulation. Protein Activity May be Regulated through Allosteric Motions. Protein Action May be Regulated by Covalent Modification. Biomaterials. Helical Assembly of Subunits Forms Filaments and Fibrils. Microscale Infractures is Built from Fibrous Components. Minerals are Combined with Biomaterials for Special Applications. Elastic Proteins Use Disordered Chains. Cells Make Specific and General Adhesives. Biomolecular Motors. ATP Powers Linear Motors. ATP Synthase and Flagellar Motors are Rotary Motors. Brownian Ratchets Rectify Random Thermal Motions. Traffic Across Membranes. Potassium Channels Use a Selectivity Filter. ABC Transporters Use a Flip-Flop Mechanism. Bacteriorhodopsin Uses Light to Pump Protons. Biomolecular Sensing. Smell and Taste Detect Specific Molecules. Light is Sensed by Monitoring Light-Sensitive Motions in Retinal. Mechanosensory Receptors Sense Motion Across a Membrane. Bacteria Sense Chemical Gradients by Rectification of Random Motion. Self-Replication. Cells are Autonomous Self-Replicators. The Basic Design of Cells is Shaped by the Processes of Evolution. Machine-Phase Bionanotechnology. Muscle Sarcomeres. Nerves. 6. Bionanotechnology Today. Basic Capabilities. Natural Proteins May be Simplified. Proteins are Being Designed from Scratch. Proteins May be Constructed with Nonnatural Amino Acids. Peptide Nucleic Acids Provide a Stable Alternative to DNA and RNA. Nanomedicine Today. Computer-Aided Drug has Produced Effective Anti-AIDS Drugs. Immunotoxins are Targeted Cell Killers. Drugs May be Delivered with Liposomes. Artificial Blood Saves Lives. Gene Therapy will Correct Genetic Defects. General Medicine is Changing into Personalized Medicine. Self-Assembly at Many Scales. Self-Assembling DNA Scaffolds have Been Constructed. Cyclic Peptides Form Nanotubes. Fusion Proteins Self-Assemble into Extended Structures. Small Organic Molecules Self-Assemble into Large Structures. Larger Objects May be Self-Assembled. Harnessing Molecular Motors. ATP Synthase is Used as a Rotary Motor. Molecular Machines have Been Built of DNA. DNA Computers. The First DNA Computer Solved a Traveling Salesman Problem. Satisfiability Problems are Solved by DNA Computing. A Turning Machine has Been Built with DNA. Molecular Design Using Biological Selection. Antibodies May be Turned into Enzymes. Peptides May be Screened with Bacteriophage Display Libraries. Nucleic Acids with Novel Functions May be Selected. Functional Bionanomachines are Surprisingly Common. Artificial Life. Artificial Protocells Reproduce by Budding. Self-Replicating Molecules are in Elusive Goal. ATP is Made with an Artificial Photosynthetic Liposome. Poliovirus has Been Created with Only a Genetic Blueprint. Hybrid Materials. Nanoscale Conductive Metal Wires May be Constructed with DNA. Patterned Aggregates of Gold Nanoparticles are Formed with DNA. DNA Flexes a Sensitive Mechanical Lever. Researchers are Harnessing Biomineralization. Biosensors. Antibodies are Widely Used as Biosensors. Biosensors Detect Glucose Levels for Management of Diabetes. Engineered Nanopores Detect Specific DNA Sequences. 7. The Future of Bionanotechnology. A Timetable for Bionanotechnology. Lessons for Molecular Nanotechnology. Three Case Studies. Case Study: Nanotube Synthase. Case Study: A General Nanoscale Assembler. Case Study: Nanosurveillance. Ethical Considerations. Respect for Life. Potential Dangers. Final Thoughts. Literature. Sources. Index.

294 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Sang Jun Lee1, Sang Yup Lee1
TL;DR: This review aims to describe the present state-of-the-art of microsystems for use in biotechnological research, medicine and diagnostics.
Abstract: Nanobiotechnology raises fascinating possibilities for new analytical assays in various fields such as bioelectronic assembly, biomechanics and sampling techniques, as well as in chips or micromachined devices. Recently, nanotechnology has greatly impacted biotechnological research with its potential applications in smart devices that can operate at the level of molecular manipulation. Micro total analysis system (μ-TAS) offers the potential for highly efficient, simultaneous analysis of a large number of biologically important molecules in genomic, proteomic and metabolic studies. This review aims to describe the present state-of-the-art of microsystems for use in biotechnological research, medicine and diagnostics.

220 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Research discussed in this review is focused on recent advances in the development of CNT technology for the delivery of drugs, antigens and genes.
Abstract: Functionalised carbon nanotubes (f-CNTs) are emerging as new tools in the field of nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine. This is because they can be easily manipulated and modified by encapsulation with biopolymers or by covalent linking of solubilising groups to the external walls and tips. The possibility of incorporating f-CNTs into biological systems has opened the way to the exploration of their potential applications in biology and medicinal chemistry. Within the different fields of applications (i.e., biosensors, composite materials, molecular electronics), one use of CNTs is as new carrier systems for the delivery of therapeutic molecules. Research discussed in this review is focused on recent advances in the development of CNT technology for the delivery of drugs, antigens and genes.

161 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The use of amyloid fibrils as structural templates for constructing nanowires has been demonstrated and could potentially become one of the next trends in protein engineering and nanobiotechnology.

99 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed recent research on nanowires, nano-architectures, computing, aptamers, biocatalysts, devices, and machines using DNA.
Abstract: DNA is recognized as a nanomaterial, not as a biological material, in the research field of nanotechnology. This article reviews recent research on nanowires, nanoarchitectures, computing, aptamers, biocatalysts, devices, and machines using DNA. In these works, the characteristics of DNA including facile synthesis by the solid-phase method, self-assembly, electro-conductivity, information elements, amplification, switching, molecular recognition, and catalytic functions, were appropriately applied. Multiple functions of DNA could be used simultaneously, and activated independently, by molecular switching. Therefore, the combinations of functional sequences of DNA can produce unique materials. It is obvious that the DNA molecule is one of the most promising functional nanomaterials. However, the application of DNA molecules is still under study because of the big gap that exists between theory and practice. We eagerly anticipate a ‘coming out’ of DNA due to breakthroughs in nanobiotechnology.

69 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The developments in nanobiotechnology benefit from and contribute to the scientific advances in the chemical and physical nanotechnologies, in particular with respect to materials, composites, nanostructuring techniques, carbon nanotubes, and nanoelectronics.
Abstract: Nanobiotechnology is a key enabling multidisciplinary field for medical, technological and biological research and development, medicine, pharmaceutical development, and analytical sciences. Its foundation is the selective integration of a multitude of endeavours, such as biotechnology, chemical and physical nanotechnology, materials sciences, chemistry, engineering, electronics and optronics targeting the construction of micro- and nano-arrays for analyzing complex mixtures of DNA, RNA, proteins, metabolites as well as the design of ultra-sequencing devices, microbial fuel cells, implantates, molecular motors, artificial organs, and nanorobots. The developments in nanobiotechnology benefit from and contribute to the scientific advances in the chemical and physical nanotechnologies, in particular with respect to materials, composites, nanostructuring techniques, carbon nanotubes, and nanoelectronics.

68 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Covalent DNA-protein conjugates allow for their selective positioning along single-stranded nucleic acids, and thus for the construction of nanometre-scale assemblies composed of proteins and/or nanoclusters, applicable as diagnostic tools in bioanalytics.
Abstract: This article reports on the syntheses, characterization and applications of semi-synthetic conjugates composed of nucleic acids, proteins and inorganic nanoparticles. For example, self-assembled oligomeric networks consisting of streptavidin and double-stranded DNA are applicable as reagents in immunoassays, model systems for ion-switchable nanoparticle networks as well as nanometer-scaled ‘soft material’ standards for scanning probe microscopy. Covalent conjugates of single-stranded DNA and streptavidin are utilized as biomolecular adapters for the immobilization of biotinylated macromolecules at solid substrates via nucleic acid hybridization. This ‘DNA-directed immobilization’ allows for reversible and site-selective functionalization of solid substrates with metal and semiconductor nanoparticles or, vice versa, for the DNA-directed functionalization of gold nanoparticles with proteins, such as immunoglobulins and enzymes. This approach is applicable for the detection of chip-immobilized antigens. Moreover, covalent DNA–protein conjugates allow for their selective positioning along single-stranded nucleic acids, and thus for the construction of nanometre-scale assemblies composed of proteins and/or nanoclusters. Examples include the fabrication of functional biometallic nanostructures from gold nanoparticles and antibodies, applicable as diagnostic tools in bioanalytics.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review focuses on the structural features and applications of S-layers and their proteins, with special emphasis on their use in nanobiotechnology.
Abstract: Many bacteria and archaea have a crystalline surface layer (S-layer), which overlies the cell envelope S-layers each consist of one protein or glycoprotein species Protein subunits of the S-layer noncovalently interact with each other and with the underlying cell-envelope component On average, the S-layer lattice has pores of 2–6 nm and is 5–10 nm high Isolated S-layer proteins recrystallize to form two-dimensional crystalline structures in solution, on a solid support, and on planar lipid membranes Owing to this unique property, S-layers have a broad range of applications This review focuses on the structural features and applications of S-layers and their proteins, with special emphasis on their use in nanobiotechnology

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this work, immobilization of a fullerenes derivative with a mutant subtilisin is demonstrated, and the effect of the fullerene on the protein activity is determined, which had improved catalytic properties in comparison to subtilisi immobilized on nonporous silica.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The growth of nanotechnology, the emergence of 'nanobiotechnology', and the incorporation of living organisms in biomicroelectronic devices are revolutionizing the interdisciplinary opportunities for microbiologists to participate in understanding, developing and exploiting microbial processes in and from the environment.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a uniform core/shell nanoparticles, consisting of a silica layer coating and pigments or magnetite core, using a water-in-oil microemulsion method, were developed.
Abstract: We have developed uniform core/shell nanoparticles, consisting of a silica layer coating and pigments or magnetite core, using a water-in-oil microemulsion method. The nanoparticles are highly luminescent and photostable with the size ranging from 5 nm to 400 nm. Bioconjugation of these silica nanoparticles adds unique biofunctions with various molecules such as enzymes, antibodies, and DNA molecules. Significant advantages have been shown in using bioconjugated nanoparticles for biosensing and bioimaging, such as cell staining, DNA detection and separation, rapid single bacterium detection, and biotechnological application in DNA protection.


Book ChapterDOI
08 Apr 2004

Book ChapterDOI
08 Apr 2004

Proceedings ArticleDOI
16 Aug 2004
TL;DR: This work localizes nucleic acid delivery exploiting carrier materials, on the one hand implantable biomaterials doted with vectors for tissue engineering purposes, and magnetic nanoparticles associated with vectors which can be magnetically directed to a target site.
Abstract: Nucleic acids delivered to cells are powerful research tools and promising therapeutics. Spatial and temporal control of delivery is essential for the efficacy, safety and specificity of the application. The shuttles for nucleic acid delivery, so-called vectors, are nanometric biological or synthetic entities comprising complex biological functionalities. We localize nucleic acid delivery exploiting carrier materials. These are on the one hand implantable biomaterials doted with vectors for tissue engineering purposes, on the other hand magnetic nanoparticles associated with vectors which can be magnetically directed to a target site. We pursue these approaches to provide novel tools for research and therapy.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
16 Aug 2004
TL;DR: It is argued that coated nanoparticles functionalised with target molecules and interacting with eternal devices offer real perspectives for medical applications which come close to the more or less realistic visions connected with nanobots.
Abstract: Nanobiotechnology bridges the technological gaps between physics, chemistry and biology on the nanoscale. This leads to many innovative approaches which result in new methods and products for both, technological and medical-pharmaceutical applications. This paper discusses the following question how can nanobiotechnology contribute to and combined with medical technology. Bioactive, biocompatible and functionalised surfaces are important for the further development of many applied medical systems like bone implants, stents and also membranes for apheresis. Furthermore nanoparticles are good candidates for establishing new therapeutic applications. They are considered and some are already applied as drug delivery systems and contrast agents. It is argued that coated nanoparticles functionalised with target molecules and interacting with eternal devices offer real perspectives for medical applications which come close to the more or less realistic visions connected with nanobots.