Showing papers on "Nanobiotechnology published in 2015"

Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles via Biological Entities

Abstract: Nanotechnology is the creation, manipulation and use of materials at the nanometre size scale (1 to 100 nm). At this size scale there are significant differences in many material properties that are normally not seen in the same materials at larger scales. Although nanoscale materials can be produced using a variety of traditional physical and chemical processes, it is now possible to biologically synthesize materials via environment-friendly green chemistry based techniques. In recent years, the convergence between nanotechnology and biology has created the new field of nanobiotechnology that incorporates the use of biological entities such as actinomycetes algae, bacteria, fungi, viruses, yeasts, and plants in a number of biochemical and biophysical processes. The biological synthesis via nanobiotechnology processes have a significant potential to boost nanoparticles production without the use of harsh, toxic, and expensive chemicals commonly used in conventional physical and chemical processes. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of recent trends in synthesizing nanoparticles via biological entities and their potential applications.

Strategic role of selected noble metal nanoparticles in medicine

Abstract: Noble metals and their compounds have been used as therapeutic agents from the ancient time in medicine for the treatment of various infections. Recently, much progress has been made in the field of nanobiotechnology towards the development of different kinds of nanomaterials with a wide range of applications. Among the metal nanoparticles, noble metal nanoparticles have demonstrated potential biomedical applications. Due to the small size, nanoparticles can easily interact with biomolecules both at surface and inside cells, yielding better signals and target specificity for diagnostics and therapeutics. Noble metal nanoparticles inspired the researchers due to their remarkable role in detection and treatment of dreadful diseases. In this review, we have attempted to focus on the biomedical applications of noble metal nanoparticles particularly, silver, gold, and platinum in diagnosis and treatment of dreaded diseases such as cancer, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis (TB), and Parkinson disease. In addition, the role of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) such as novel antimicrobials, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) such as efficient drug carrier, uses of platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) in bone allograft, dentistry, etc. have been critically reviewed. Moreover, the toxicity due to the use of metal nanoparticles and some unsolved challenges in the field have been discussed with their possible solutions.

Nanobiotechnology and its applications in drug delivery system: a review

Abstract: Nanobiotechnology holds great potential in various regimes of life sciences. In this review, the potential applications of nanobiotechnology in various sectors of nanotechnologies, including nanomedicine and nanobiopharmaceuticals, are highlighted. To overcome the problems associated with drug delivery, nanotechnology has gained increasing interest in recent years. Nanosystems with different biological properties and compositions have been extensively investigated for drug delivery applications. Nanoparticles fabricated through various techniques have elevated therapeutic efficacy, provided stability to the drugs and proved capable of targeting the cells and controlled release inside the cell. Polymeric nanoparticles have shown increased development and usage in drug delivery as well as in diagnostics in recent decades.

Fabricating high performance lithium-ion batteries using bionanotechnology

Abstract: Designing, fabricating, and integrating nanomaterials are key to transferring nanoscale science into applicable nanotechnology. Many nanomaterials including amorphous and crystal structures are synthesized via biomineralization in biological systems. Amongst various techniques, bionanotechnology is an effective strategy to manufacture a variety of sophisticated inorganic nanomaterials with precise control over their chemical composition, crystal structure, and shape by means of genetic engineering and natural bioassemblies. This provides opportunities to use renewable natural resources to develop high performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). For LIBs, reducing the sizes and dimensions of electrode materials can boost Li+ ion and electron transfer in nanostructured electrodes. Recently, bionanotechnology has attracted great interest as a novel tool and approach, and a number of renewable biotemplate-based nanomaterials have been fabricated and used in LIBs. In this article, recent advances and mechanism studies in using bionanotechnology for high performance LIBs studies are thoroughly reviewed, covering two technical routes: (1) Designing and synthesizing composite cathodes, e.g. LiFePO4/C, Li3V2(PO4)3/C and LiMn2O4/C; and (2) designing and synthesizing composite anodes, e.g. NiO/C, Co3O4/C, MnO/C, α-Fe2O3 and nano-Si. This review will hopefully stimulate more extensive and insightful studies on using bionanotechnology for developing high-performance LIBs.

Thermostability and reversibility of silver nanoparticle–protein binding

Abstract: The interactions between nanoparticles (NPs) and proteins in living systems are a precursor to the formation of a NP-protein "corona" that underlies cellular and organism responses to nanomaterials. However, the thermodynamic properties and reversibility of NP-protein interactions have rarely been examined. Using an automated, high-throughput and temperature-controlled dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique we observed a distinct hysteresis in the hydrodynamic radius of branched polyethyleneimine (BPEI) coated-silver nanoparticles (bAgNPs) exposed to like-charged lysozyme during the processes of heating and cooling, in contrast to the irreversible interactions between bAgNPs and oppositely charged alpha lactalbumin (ALact). Our discrete molecular dynamics (DMD) simulations offered a new molecular insight into the differential structure, dynamics and thermodynamics of bAgNPs binding with the two protein homologs and further revealed the different roles of the capping agents of citrate and BPEI in NP-protein interactions. This study facilitates our understanding of the transformation of nanomaterials in living systems, whose implications range from the field study of nanotoxicology to nanomaterials synthesis, nanobiotechnology and nanomedicine.

Progress in Self-assembling Peptide-based Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications.

Abstract: Self-assembled peptide nanomaterials display the advantageous properties of injectability, biodegradability and biocompatibility. These peptide nanomaterials, by self-assembling, can be widely applied in such fields as drug delivery (small molecules and large molecules), regenerative medicine and nanobiotechnology. In this review, we mainly discuss the properties of these peptide nanomaterials in their physical, chemical and biological aspects. Also discussed are recent advances in their potential applications as drug delivery systems and for uses in regenerative medicine. These current advances show a bright future for the development and clinical applications of self-assembled peptide-based nanotechnology and nanomedicine. However, there are still some big challenges for us to face before these peptide nanomaterials eventually can be used for the treatment of human diseases.

Computational Strategies for Protein-Surface and Protein-Nanoparticle Interactions

Abstract: Protein-nanoparticle associations have important applications in nanoscience and nanotechnology but the recognition mechanisms and the determinants of specificity are still poorly understood at the microscopic level. Crucial questions remain open, related to the association mechanisms, control of bindingevents,andpreservationoffunctionality.Goldisapromisingmaterial in nanoparticles for nanobiotechnology applications because of the ease of its functionalization and its tunable optical properties. We present a concise overview of recent computational modeling advances which were pursued in the quest for a theoretical framework elucidating the association mechanisms and the ability to design and control the recognition events of a specific class of systems, namely, interfaces between polypeptides/proteins and a gold surface in the presence of water. We select two different methodological advances, the first related to the effect of surfactants covering the surface of nanoparticles and altering their interactions with proteins and the second related to the immobilization of proteins on inorganic surfaces and conserving their functionality. Both cases, demonstrate how the understanding of the polypeptide-surface coupling mechanisms is essential to the control of the processandexploitationforbiotechnologicalandnanotechnologicalpurposes.

Chitosan in the Light of Nanobiotechnology: A Mini Review

Abstract: The field of biotechnology emerged in the fast pace of biology with the interface of science, engineering and technology and mostly known for its multidisciplinary nature. As we progress successively in this domain, the refinement of the field is quite obvious. Looking into an era of nanoscience and technology, now a days , we are using the broader term "nanobiotechnology" which includes all basic scientific research currently studying the fundamental, biologically related physicochemical properties of nanomaterials and cellular nanoscale phenomena like biopolymer-protein assemblies, molecular motors, cellular electrochemical behavior and so on. Such fantastic nature based research understanding has guided us to utilize the natural polymer obtained from crustacean shells, fungi etc.: chitin the second most naturally occurring polysaccharide just after cellulose. Chitosan, the principle derivative of chitin is much more versatile and finds curiosity- driven research in nanobiotechnology. This mini review focuses on various formulation based on chitosan utilized in clinical as well as biomedical field with special emphasis on quantum dots, nanoparticles, carbon dots and also about some of the application such biosensors and biomarkers detection in the light of biopolymer, chitosan.

Nanomaterials in Nanomedicine

Abstract: Nanomedicine refers to the applications of nanotechnology to the field of medicine. Nanomaterials have led to the development of novel devices for the early detection of malignant tumors, as well as significant enhancements in efficient drug, gene and protein delivery mechanisms to targeted sites in the human body. As nanoparticles become increasingly smaller in size, they also present the potential for harming certain organs of the body. Safety issues involving nanoparticles need to be solved using in vivo techniques. Research in nanomedicine has improved biological therapies, such as vaccination, cell therapy and gene therapy. A particular kind of colloidal nanoparticle, called the liposome, which has properties similar to a red blood cell, has viscoelastic properties that make it extremely useful for a variety of applications in the pharmaceutical and consumer product sectors of the global market. Liposomes have been clinically established as efficient nanosystems for targeted drug delivery. Their efficacy has been demonstrated in reducing systemic effects and toxicity, as well as in attenuating drug clearance. The Maxwell Spring-Dashpot model has been reviewed for liposomes and the viscoelastic exponential equation shown to fit the liposome data. The relevance of this study is to the increasing use of viscoelastic characteristics of liposomes for efficient drug delivery and targeted destruction of malignant tumors. Nanobiotechnology has the potential to facilitate the integration of diagnostics with therapeutics, and in turn lead to personalized medicine tailored for a specific individual.

Management of phytopathogens by application of green nanobiotechnology: Emerging trends and challenges

Abstract: Nanotechnology is highly interdisciplinary and important research area in modern science. The use of nanomaterials offer major advantages due to their unique size, shape and significantly improved physical, chemical, biological and antimicrobial properties. Physicochemical and antimicrobial properties of metal nanoparticles have received much attention of researchers. There are different methods i.e. chemical, physical and biological for synthesis of nanoparticles. Chemical and physical methods have some limitations, and therefore, biological methods are needed to develop environment-friendly synthesis of nanoparticles. Moreover, biological method for the production of nanoparticles is simpler than chemical method as biological agents secrete large amount of enzymes, which reduce metals and can be responsible for the synthesis and capping on nanoparticles. Biological systems for nanoparticle synthesis include plants, fungi, bacteria, yeasts, and actinomycetes. Many plant species including Opuntia ficus-indica, Azardirachta indica, Lawsonia inermis, Triticum aestivum, Hydrilla verticillata, Citrus medica, Catharanthus roseus, Avena sativa, etc., bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis, Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Lactobacillus sp., Klebsiella aerogenes, Torulopsis sp., and fungi, like Fusarium spp. Aspergillus spp., Verticillium spp., Saccharomyces cerevisae MKY3, Phoma spp. etc. have been exploited for the synthesis of different nanoparticles. Among all biological systems, fungi have been found to be more efficient system for synthesis of metal nanoparticles as they are easy to grow, produce more biomass and secret many enzymes. We proposed the term myconanotechnology (myco = fungi, nanotechnology = the creation and exploitation of materials in the size range of 1–100 nm). Myconanotechnology is the interface between mycology and nanotechnology, and is an exciting new applied interdisciplinary science that may have considerable potential, partly due to the wide range and diversity of fungi. Nanotechnology is the promising tool to improve agricultural productivity though delivery of genes and drug molecules to target sites at cellular levels, genetic improvement, and nano-array based gene-technologies for gene expressions in plants and also use of nanoparticlesbased gene transfer for breeding of varieties resistant to different pathogens and pests. The nanoparticles like copper (Cu), silver (Ag), titanium (Ti) and chitosan have shown their potential as novel antimicrobials for the management of pathogenic microorganisms affecting agricultural crops. Different experiments confirmed that fungal hyphae and conidial germination of pathogenic fungi are significantly inhibited by copper nanoparticles. The nanotechnologies can be used for the disease detection and also for its management. The progress in development of nano-herbicides, nano-fungicides and nano-pesticides will open up new avenues in the field of management of plant pathogens. The use of different nanoparticles in agriculture will increase productivity of crop. It is the necessity of time to use nanotechnology in agriculture with extensive experimental trials. However, there are challenges particularly the toxicity, which is not a big issue as compared to fungicides and pesticides.

Nanobiotechnology: a potential tool for biomedics

Abstract: Nanobiotechnology is an emerging branch which deals with synthesis of nanomaterials and its application in science and technology. Nano particles have vast applications in magnetic devices, microelectronics, bio medicals, electro catalysis, photo catalysis, anticorrosive coatings and powder metallurgy, out of which clinical applications are in high demand due to their biocompatibility, antibacterial activity, antiinflammatory activity, effective drug delivery, tumour targeting, bioactivity, bioavailability and bio absorption. These properties could be exploited in developing better treatment aspects. The goal of the review is to develop better understanding of different aspects of Nano particle in biomedical applications.

Modulation of surface bio-functionality by using gold nanostructures on protein repellent surfaces

Abstract: The integration of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) or nanostructures on solid surfaces for developing nanostructured biointerfaces has become a major research topic in the field of nanobiotechnology in particular for the development of a new generation of multifunctional bioanalytical platforms. This has led to considerable research efforts for developing quick and direct nanofabrication methods capable of producing well-ordered 2D nanostructured arrays with tunable morphological, chemical and optical properties. In this paper, we propose a simple and fast nanofabrication method enabling the creation of Au NP patterns on a non-adhesive and cell repellent plasma-deposited poly(ethyleneoxide) (PEO-like) coating. The immobilization of Au NPs on PEO-like coatings does not require any prior chemical modifications. By varying the size and the concentration of the Au NPs it is possible to control the Au NP number and density, and the average inter-particle distance on the PEO-like coated surface with direct effects on the bio-functionality of the surface. These nanostructured surfaces have been tested for protein bio-recognition analysis and as a cell culture platform. The developed nanostructured platform has many potential applications in the field of protein-nanoparticle and cell-nanoparticle interaction studies, nanotoxicology and bioengineering.

Application of by-products and waste in the synthesis of nanosilver particles

Abstract: Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed that elements that typically stabilize nanoparticles were present. The well diffusion method (nutrient agar medium) indicated that AgNP synthesized with raspberry leaf extract exerted strong bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity against Gram-negative bacteria and weaker activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Although further analysis is needed to determine the mechanism of their synthesis, the results of this study show that plant-extract based synthesis can produce nanoparticles with controlled size and morphology. Application of by-products and waste in the synthesis of

The fabrication of DNA nanostructures and their applications in bionanotechnology

Abstract: D acid (DNA), as you may very well know, is the carrier of generic information in living cells, which can replicate itself through Watson-Crick base paring. However, over the past three decades, researchers in the emerging field of DNA nanotechnology have been using the DNA as structural nanomaterials, based on its unique molecular recognition properties and structural features, to build addressable artificial nanostructures in one, two and three dimensions. These selfassembled nanostructures have been used to precisely organize functional components into deliberately designed patterns which have a wide application potential in material science, biomedical, electronic and environmental fields. The development of DNA nanotechnology and its potential application will be covered. Then this talk will discuss the design and construction of several DNA nanostructures, including self-assembly of DNA six-helix nanotubes from two half-tube components; Using DNA origami template to organize semiconducting quantum dots (QDs) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and discussing the methods to integrate “top-down” nanofabrication technique with “bottom-up” self-assembly.

Cholesterol in Nanobiotechnology

Abstract: Cholesterol is an essential and natural component of animal cells. The human body contains approximately 140 g of cholesterol, which is found mainly in cellular membranes. Since its first recognition during the late eighteenth century, cholesterol has evolved from an alcohol-soluble side fraction of human gallstones into a compound with an extraordinary impact on nanobiotechnology. Such remarkable development is based on two key facts: (i) the intrinsic chemical and physical properties of the steroid skeleton; and (ii) the advent of modern polymerization techniques which enable the design of sophisticated polymeric architectures with significant impact on nanomedicine. The contributions made by cholesterol in the fields of liposomal drug delivery, biosensing and cell mimicry will be discussed in this chapter, with emphasis placed on the design and strategic access to cholesterol-containing polymer structures. Keywords: cholesterol; liposomes; nanobiotechnology; polymer; self-assembly; cell mimicry; biosensor

Nano silver particle synthesis using leaf extract of pharmaceutical plant Thymus vulgaris

Abstract: Nanotechnology is significantly influencing science and economy in the 21st century. plant mediated synthesis of nanoparticle is a green chemistry approach that interconnects nanotechnology and plant biotechnology. Silver nano particles are promising agents in bionanotechnology, because of their unique activity against unfavorable processes in bioscience such as undesirable microbial growth. This study presents a safe method of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) preparation by green synthesis approaches that have advantages over contractual methods involving chemical agents associated with environmental toxicity. Green synthesis of nanoparticles will became is very importance field in nanotechnology. In this study leaf extract of Thymus vulgaris were used to synthesize silver nanoparticles.The silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Visible, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FT-IR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques.TEM analysis of silver nanoparticles showed formation of spherical shapes in the size range 9–78 nm. The characterized nanoparticles of Thymus vulgaris potential for various medical and industrial

IT11. Physical and biological aplications using self-asembled DNA nanostructures

Abstract: Nanobiotechnology has evolved into a unique interdisciplinary field involving physics, materials science, chemistry, biology, computer science, and multiple enginering fields. Likewise, DNA nanotechnology is a quickly developing field with esentialy no overwhelming technical dificultiesinhibitngprogres toward designing and fabricating new shapes of DNA nanostructures in al dimensions. In this field, researchers create artificial DNA sequences to self-asemble into target molecular nanostructures. The welunderstod Watson-Crick base-pairing rules are used to encode asembly instructions directly into the DNA molecules which provide basic building blocks for constructing functionalized nanostructures with two major features: self-asembly and self-align. In this talk, we present on self-asembled various DNA nanostructures. 1D and 2D periodicalypaterned nanostructures utilzing several distinct DNA motifs such as cros tiles, double crosover tiles as wel as single-stranded tiles wil be discused with unique design schemes and characteristics. We also discus new development of DNA fabrication methods such as Angle Control Scheme, Surface Asisted Growth and Dry & Wet Method. At he end of the talk, we adresaplications of DNA nanotechnology which wil show feasibilty to construct various physical devices and biological/chemical sensors with DNA nanostructures. [1,2]

Insulin-based Nanowire Structures: Production, Characterization and Catalysis Potential.

Abstract: ....................................................................................................................................... xiv Chapter 1. Insulin aggregation and directed-assembly ................................................................... 1 1.1 Chapter Summary ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Insulin misfolding and aggregation ...................................................................................... 3 1.3.1 Insulin as an amyloid protein ......................................................................................... 3 1.3.2 Mechanisms of misfolding ............................................................................................. 4 1.3.3 Bulk and surface-mediated aggregation......................................................................... 6 1.3.4 Methods of studying amyloid proteins .......................................................................... 9 1.4 Amyloid formation studies ................................................................................................. 10 1.4.1 Aggregation studies ..................................................................................................... 10 1.4.2 Materials applications of amyloid aggregates.............................................................. 11