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Nanofluid
About: Nanofluid is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 23986 publications have been published within this topic receiving 677384 citations.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed review on theoretical models/correlations of conventional models related to nanofluid viscosity is presented, and the existing experimental results about the Nanofluids viscoities show clearly that viscoity augmented accordingly with an increase of volume concentration and decreased with the temperature rise.
527 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review summarizes recent research on theoretical and numerical investigations of various thermal properties and applications of nanofluids, as such suspensions are often called, indicate that the suspended nanoparticles markedly change the transport properties and heat transfer characteristics of the suspension.
Abstract: Research in convective heat transfer using suspensions of nanometer-sized solid particles in base liquids started only over the past decade. Recent investigations on nanofluids, as such suspensions are often called, indicate that the suspended nanoparticles markedly change the transport properties and heat transfer characteristics of the suspension. This first part of the review summarizes recent research on theoretical and numerical investigations of various thermal properties and applications of nanofluids.
527 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an experimental investigation of rheological properties of copper oxide nanoparticles suspended in 60:40 (by weight) ethylene glycol and water mixture was presented.
526 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of uncertainties in the effective dynamic viscosity and thermal conductivity of nanofluid on laminar natural convection heat transfer in a square enclosure was identified.
523 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the experimental results show that the EG-based nanofluids are Newtonian under the conditions of this work with the shear viscosity as a strong function of temperature and particle concentration.
Abstract: This work aims at a more fundamental understanding of the rheological behaviour of nanofluids and the interpretation of the discrepancy in the recent literature. Both experiments and theoretical analyses are carried out with the experimental work on ethylene glycol (EG)-based nanofluids containing 0.5–8.0 wt% spherical TiO2 nanoparticles at 20–60 °C and the theoretical analyses on the high shear viscosity, shear thinning behaviour and temperature dependence. The experimental results show that the EG-based nanofluids are Newtonian under the conditions of this work with the shear viscosity as a strong function of temperature and particle concentration. The relative viscosity of the nanofluids is, however, independent of temperature. The theoretical analyses show that the high shear viscosity of nanofluids can be predicted by the Krieger–Dougherty equation if the effective nanoparticle concentration is used. For spherical nanoparticles, an aggregate size of approximately 3 times the primary nanoparticle size gives the best prediction of experimental data of both this work and those from the literature. The shear thinning behaviour of nanofluids depends on the effective particle concentration, the range of shear rate and viscosity of the base liquid. Such non-Newtonian behaviour can be characterized by a characteristic shear rate, which decreases with increasing volume fraction, increasing base liquid viscosity, or increasing aggregate size. These findings explain the reported controversy of the rheological behaviour of nanofluids in the literature. At temperatures not very far from the ambient temperature, the relative high shear viscosity is independent of temperature due to negligible Brownian diffusion in comparison to convection in high shear flows, in agreement with the experimental results. However, the characteristic shear rate can have strong temperature dependence, thus affecting the shear thinning behaviour. The theoretical analyses also lead to a classification of nanofluids into dilute, semi-dilute, semi-concentrated and concentrated nanofluids depending on particle concentration and particle structuring.
519 citations