Nanomedicine

About: Nanomedicine is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 4287 publications have been published within this topic receiving 200647 citations.

Degradability and Clearance of Inorganic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications.

Abstract: Inorganic nanoparticles with tunable and diverse properties hold tremendous potential in the field of nanomedicine, while having non-negligible toxicity concerns in healthy tissues/organs that have resulted in their restricted clinical translation to date. In the past decade, the emergence of biodegradable or clearable inorganic nanoparticles has made it possible to completely solve this long-standing conundrum. A comprehensive understanding of the design of these inorganic nanoparticles with their metabolic performance in the body is of crucial importance to advance clinical trials and expand their biological applications in disease diagnosis. Here, a diverse variety of biodegradable or clearable inorganic nanoparticles regarding considerations of the size, morphology, surface chemistry, and doping strategy are highlighted. Their pharmacokinetics, pathways of metabolism in the body, and time required for excretion are discussed. Some inorganic materials intrinsically responsive to various conditions in the tumor microenvironment are also introduced. Finally, an overview of the encountered challenges is provided along with an outlook for applying these inorganic nanoparticles toward future clinical translations.

Molecular imaging with nanoparticles: giant roles for dwarf actors

Abstract: Molecular imaging, first developed to localise antigens in light microscopy, now encompasses all imaging modalities including those used in clinical care: optical imaging, nuclear medical imaging, ultrasound imaging, CT, MRI, and photoacoustic imaging. Molecular imaging always requires accumulation of contrast agent in the target site, often achieved most efficiently by steering nanoparticles containing contrast agent into the target. This entails accessing target molecules hidden behind tissue barriers, necessitating the use of targeting groups. For imaging modalities with low sensitivity, nanoparticles bearing multiple contrast groups provide signal amplification. The same nanoparticles can in principle deliver both contrast medium and drug, allowing monitoring of biodistribution and therapeutic activity simultaneously (theranostics). Nanoparticles with multiple bioadhesive sites for target recognition and binding will be larger than 20 nm diameter. They share functionalities with many subcellular organelles (ribosomes, proteasomes, ion channels, and transport vesicles) and are of similar sizes. The materials used to synthesise nanoparticles include natural proteins and polymers, artificial polymers, dendrimers, fullerenes and other carbon-based structures, lipid-water micelles, viral capsids, metals, metal oxides, and ceramics. Signal generators incorporated into nanoparticles include iron oxide, gadolinium, fluorine, iodine, bismuth, radionuclides, quantum dots, and metal nanoclusters. Diagnostic imaging applications, now appearing, include sentinal node localisation and stem cell tracking.

Theranostic Nanoparticles Engineered for Clinic and Pharmaceutics

Abstract: Nanomedicine is the manipulation of human biological systems at the molecular level using nanoscale or nanostructured materials Because nanoscale materials interact effectively with biological systems, the use of nanodiagnostics and nanotherapeutics may overcome many intractable health challenges A variety of nanoparticles have been designed with modifiable functional surfaces and bioactive cores The engineering of nanoparticles can result in several advantageous therapeutic and diagnostic properties including enhanced permeation and retention in the circulatory system, specific delivery of drugs to target sites, highly-efficient gene transfection, and enhanced medical imagingThese nanoscale materials offer the opportunity to detect chronic diseases early and to monitor the therapeutic effects of nanoformulated drugs used in the clinic Many of these novel nanoparticles contain both drug(s) and imaging agent(s) within an individual nanoparticle for simultaneous disease diagnosis and therapy Further i