Showing papers on "Negative relationship published in 1977"

Wife’s employment and cumulative family size in the United States, 1970 and 1960

Abstract: Using a multiple classification analysis of the data from the I percent public-use samples of the 1960 and 1970 censuses of population, it is found that the negative relationship between wives’ employment and their cumulative family size is stronger among whites than nonwhites and is strongest among women married less than 10 years, with 12 or more years of schooling, and who have no relatives living with them. Moreover, although there are many similarities in the pattern of the employment status/fertility relationship between the 1960 and 1970 data, the relationship is weaker in 1970 than in 1960.

Life Cycle Changes and Criminal Propensity

Abstract: The relationship between age and self-reported propensity toward criminal behavior is investigated among a large survey sample, and an attempt is made to explain the observed variations. Results indicate a clear negative relationship between age and criminal propensity which is in part attributed to generational differences and partly to life cycle changes. Efforts to account for the association show this relationship to be exceptionally stable and resistant to explanation. Nevertheless analysis suggests complex interactions among several variables as the appropriate explanation. Language: en

Income Inequality and City Size

Abstract: The distribution of income in the urban context has received relatively little attention from economists. Limited information has been employed to assert an inverse relationship between city size and income inequality (Duncan and Reiss, 1956; Richardson, 1973). This relationship can be rationalized by the fact that both city size and inequality are related to the level of income. Kuznets (1955) hypothesized a negative relationship between income and inequality, and he is supported by the findings of Aigner and Heins (1967), Conlisk (1967), and Al-Samarrie and Miller (1967) using state data and by Frech and Burns (1971) using SMSA data. Sveikauskas (1975) has documented that incomes are higher in larger cities. In this paper we analyze the relationship between city size and income inequality. After controlling for other factors that influence income inequality by using regression analysis on cross section data for 79 U.S. metropolitan areas, we find that income inequality appears to increase with city size.

Changing Labor Markets and Criminal Behavior in Japan

Abstract: In recent years the glitter of modern economic growth has been dulled, as more attention has been focused upon the attendant dislocations and negative aspects that have accompanied it. One area that has received little attention, especially from economists, is crime. Many writings of criminologists suggest that crime is a negative attribute that accompanies economic growth, for levels of affluence and crime seem to move upward together. A pattern similar to that observed in other modern countries was reported for Japan in 1966 by Professors DeVos and Mizushima.What relationship should be expected between growth and crime? The usual economic theories of criminal behavior, with crime a declining function of an individual's ability to obtain legal income, would seem to argue for a negative relationship. However, crime is also related to the potential for ill-gotten gains; thus, it might be expected to at least keep pace with levels of income, or perhaps surpass them. This paper represents an attempt to provide some answers to these issues by explaining some of the complex interplay between factors involved in labor market improvement and the degree of criminal activity in Japan.

Domestic Saving and Capital Inflow in Some Asian Countries: A Time-Series Study

Abstract: EVEN IN THE earlier development literature, while many economists formulated their theories mainly in terms of a closed economy, some gave primary emphasis to external factors. The latter made foreign trade and capital inflow the principal determinants in the development process, though none of these economists presented any formal models linking the foreign trade sector to the growth of income. The role of foreign capital in the development process was generally regarded as supplementing domestic investment, thus making possible an increase in domestic investment over domestic saving. Gradually, researchers recognized that capital inflow is associated with the problems of debt servicing and loss of independence to the capital-export countries. However, for a long time economists did not focus their attention on the relationship between capital inflow and domestic saving but rather concentrated on the role of capital inflow in supplementing domestic investment. It was Haavelmo who first raised the question of the possible adverse effect of capital inflow on the level of domestic saving.' The gain from capital inflow may be small or even negative, and hence it is necessary to reconsider the asserted favorable effect of capital inflow on the growth of income. In view of the practical importance of the Haavelmo hypothesis, numerous empirical studies have been conducted to test its validity. Rahman obtained a statistically significant negative relationship between the saving ratio and the capital inflow ratio (capital inflow di-

Age of marriage and fertility: a policy review.

Abstract: The average age at which women marry and the number of children they produce tend to be negatively correlated. This negative relationship has received a good deal of attention from social scientists over the past several decades, and it has on occasion been suggested that if governments could find a way to raise the average age of marriage, the result would be a significant reduction in completed fertility.1 Since reduction of population growth rates is an explicit policy of many developing nations, particularly Pakistan, it seems worth taking a closer look at age of marriage as a policy tool.

A comparison of the validity of two explanatory models relating female income to fertility

Abstract: The demonstrated negative relationship between women's income and fertility has typically been treated as primarily a consequence of economic loss associated with maternity. A plausible alternative interpretation attributes a causal role to the psychic benefits which may be associated with women's employment. These two interpretations lead to somewhat different predictions regarding the shape of the fertility-female income relationship, the effect on this relationship of male income, and the female income-marriage rate relationship. These predictions are spelled out and tested on data from 338 New York City areas. The findings are interpreted as suggesting that the economic or monetary impact of women's income opportunity may be less important in reducing fertility than is the psychological return from high status employment.