Showing papers on "Negative relationship published in 1979"

Factors associated with labour turnover among ancillary staff in two London hospitals

Abstract: Three interrelated groups of factors influence labour turnover: economic, organizational and personal. This paper explores the generality of certain previous findings; it examines the relevance of selected variables affecting labour turnover rates of ancillary staff in two hospitals and the complex relationship between turnover and absenteeism. The reported studies are based on data derived from personnel records and an attitude survey. In general the findings corroborate relationships found in other organizational settings; possible methodological weaknesses are identified to account for certain discrepancies. The negative relationship between turnover and absenteeism reinforces conclusions reached in some recent reviews. The need is emphasized for more carefully designed research to examine the interrelationships between labour turnover, absenteeism and job satisfaction.

Cultural modification of effect of family size on intelligence.

Abstract: Previous studies of the relationship between family size and intellectual level suggest a negative relationship between these two variables. This study presents data to show that in at least one culture the relationship between family size and ability is neither linear nor negative. In a culture where large families are the norm, children from families close to mean size have higher ability than those from families at either extreme.

Share Price Levels and Beta

Abstract: In their classic guide for security analysis, Graham and Dodd warn that stocks with a very low price per share are more risky than stocks that sell at higher prices [6, p. 649]. The earliest empirical finding on the relationship of risk and share price was consistent with their warning [5]. Subsequent work has suggested that the warning and the early empirical work may be misleading and that there is no relationship between risk and share price. Strangely enough, both those who warn of a relationship and those who claim there is none may be correct. If a company experiences an unexpected change in its circumstances that substantially increases the systematic risk of its common stock, then, accepting the Capital Asset Pricing Model, the price of its shares will fall. If the change substantially reduces systematic risk, then share price will rise. The observed result for a group of different companies with different changes could be just what Graham and Dodd suspected: lower share price associated with higher risk. If, in contrast, some managements searching for the optimal price range lower share price by splits, then risk should not differ between stocks with low and with high share prices. In this study we have considered combined timeseries and cross-sectional data for two groups of stocks: a non-split group and a split group. Our hypothesis is that only the non-split group will show a negative relationship between share price and risk when risk is properly defined as systematic. The findings are consistent with our hypothesis.

Implications of Reimbursement Policies for the Location of Physicians

Abstract: A simple model of physician migration predicts a positive relationship between physician fees and the number of physicians in an area and a negative relationship between physician fees and area population-physician ratios. The strong empirical support for this model suggests that Government health insurance programs could be used to encourage physicians to locate in scarcity areas.

Women population and development.

Abstract: Although there is a growing awareness of the relationship between the status of women fertility patterns and economic development many programs and research endeavors in the population field are still based on mistaken assumptions and culturally biased views about the role of women and its significance. Women must be able to exert control over their own lives if family population programs are to meet with success. In economically and politically male dominated societies women cannot obtain this control. In most developing countries women are employed in low status agricultural and domestic service work or are engaged in small trading operations. Programs which seek to reduce family size by simply increasing wormens work force participation in these employment areas will not be effective. These work roles are not incompatible with child rearing and the increased income may actually increase fertility. To expect the negative relationship between increased labor force participation and lower fertility which characterizes the industrial countries to hold under these conditions is ethnocentrically naive. It should also be recognized that the status and role of women varies from society to society depending on the level of economic development and the religious political and cultural traditions of the society. For example it should not automatically be assumed that the decision to have a child is made mutually by a husband and wife when the couple resides in an extended family. The attitude of relatives as well as the availability of child raising assistance will enter into the decision making process. Many hypothesized relationships in the population field fail to take into consideration differences such as these. Some of these biases can be ameliorated by permitting women to play a more active role in formulating programs aimed at serving them. Tables based on information from many countries show crude birth rates education levels and political positions of women according to the % of service workers in the population and according to the type of society. Other tables show the work status of women according to the % of construction and industry workers and the % of service workers in the population and according to the type of society.