Showing papers on "Negative relationship published in 1998"
TL;DR: This article examined the relationship among work-family conflict, policies, and job and life satisfaction and found that regardless of the type of measure used, a consistent negative relationship exists among all forms of w-f conflict and job-life satisfaction.
Abstract: This review examines the relationship among work-family (w-f) conflict, policies, and job and life satisfaction. The meta-analytic results show that regardless of the type of measure used (bidirectional w-f conflict, work to family, family to work), a consistent negative relationship exists among all forms of w-f conflict and job-life satisfaction. This relationship was slightly less strong for family to work conflict. Although confidence intervals overlap, the relationship between job-life satisfaction and w-f conflict may be stronger for women than men. Future research should strive for greater consistency and construct development of measures, examination of how sample composition influences findings, and increased integration of human resources policy and role conflict perspectives, including whether a positive relationship between w-f policies and satisfaction is mediated by w-f conflict.
1,799 citations
TL;DR: This article showed that there is a strong negative relationship between initial inequality in the asset distribution and long-term growth, and that policies that increase aggregate investment and facilitate acquisition of assets by the poor might be doubly beneficial for growth and poverty reduction.
1,739 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a panel data set of 46 countries over the 1970-1989 period to investigate the relationship between decentralization and economic growth in developing countries, but none in developed countries.
856 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a range of different employee participation schemes is examined, including two types of financial participation, and the results indicate that financial participation has important interaction effects with particular types of employee involvement scheme.
Abstract: In recent years, considerable attention has been given to the impact of various forms of financial participation on financial performance. However, financial participation is only one of a number of different schemes attempting to elicit better performance and is itself heterogeneous. Moreover, financial participation schemes are typically introduced in conjunction with employee involvement schemes and their combined effect can be very different from their individual contributions. Indeed, concentrating on only one type of participation can seriously distort its relationship with financial performance. In this paper, a range of different employee participation schemes is examined, including two types of financial participation. The results indicate that financial participation has important interaction effects with particular types of employee involvement scheme and that the two main types of financial participation scheme have negative interactions. Furthermore, some employee involvement schemes are found to have a lower or even negative relationship with financial performance when introduced in isolation.
117 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the relationship between the flow of foreign direct investment and the exchange rate is weak and that the significant negative relationship between direct investment inflows and the value of the dollar disappears for important subperiods of the 1973-88 period and for the sample period extended through 1991.
109 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the political economy of inequality and growth by combining the economic approach with an imperfect capital market assumption, and showed that inequality affects private investment not only through the political effect, but also through what they call the threshold effect, which associates inequality to private investment positively.
Abstract: This article studies the political economy of inequality and growth by combining the political economy approach with an imperfect capital market assumption. In the present model, there emerges a class of individuals whose members do not invest privately beyond the state-financed schooling, due to their initial wealth constraint. We show that inequality affects private investment not only through the political effect, which relates inequality to private investment negatively, but also through what we call the threshold effect, which associates inequality to private investment positively. In general, private investment and inequality do not show a monotone negative relationship.
96 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reveal a significantly negative relationship between the equity stake owned by a senior executive and the likelihood that this executive will be removed from office, and they also establish the existence of a strong positive relationship between poor company performance and likelihood that the top managers responsible will be forced out of their firms; this forced departure only tends to occur when the managers’ stake in the firm is less than 1%.
Abstract: The results of this paper reveal a significantly negative relationship between the equity stake owned by a senior executive and the likelihood that this executive will be removed from office. We also establish the existence of a strong positive relationship between poor company performance and the likelihood that the top managers responsible will be forced out of their firms; this forced departure only tends to occur when the managers’ stake in the firm is less than 1%; as the level of ownership rises, managers become increasingly entrenched in their posts. The stock market reaction to management change is greatest (a) when the departure is unexpected and (b) when the dismissed executive owns more than 5% of the equity of his company. This study also examines the influence of other aspects of ownership structure and board composition upon the likelihood of a top executive dismissal.
89 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated how the changes in defense burden will affect economic growth by testing the economic effects of defense spending on growth in 80 countries using a nonlinear defense-growth model that includes technological progress.
Abstract: One of the most important questions stemming from the end of the cold war is how reductions in defense spending will affect economic performance. This question has significant policy implications for countries facing public demands for defense cutbacks and countries still maintaining high levels of military spending for security. However, previous studies on the defense-growth relationship have reported mixed findings. Thus, this study investigates how the changes in defense burden will affect economic growth by testing the economic effects of defense spending on growth in 80 countries using a nonlinear defense-growth model that includes technological progress. The results reveal that two thirds of the countries under investigation may expect a “peace dividend” due to the negative relationship between defense spending and economic growth.
89 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: For example, this article found that race and ethnicity are strongly associated with a lack of environmental quality, with both nonwhite and Hispanic populations experiencing disproportionately high pollution levels, and there is a strong positive relationship between population density, manufacturing activity and pollution.
Abstract: Objective. The relations among the distribution of environmental quality and the racial, political, and socioeconomic characteristics of affected communities are increasingly a topic of scholarly and political interest. This study seeks to clarify the independent relations among environmental quality and a variety of demographic characteristics (including race, income, political mobilization, and other factors) at the county level throughout the United States. Methods. Using a model of pollution distribution that includes a variety of demographic characteristics as well as twentynine measures of environmental quality, the first part of the study consists of a multivariate analysis of the relations among these variables. The second part of the study consists of a multivariate analysis of the demographic characteristics of counties that are exposed to multiple pollutants at relatively high levels. Results. In both the first and the second part of the study, the model as a whole is strongly significant and several of the independent variables show a strong correlation with the presence or absence of pollution. Race and ethnicity are strongly associated with a lack of environmental quality, with both nonwhite and Hispanic populations experiencing disproportionately high pollution levels, and there is a strong positive relationship between population density, manufacturing activity, and pollution. Somewhat surprisingly, higher levels of income are often associated with lower levels of environmental quality, although the relationship is often unclear. A strong negative relationship is also found between political mobilization and pollution levels. Conclusions. The results suggest that a variety of political and socioeconomic factors explains the distribution of environmental quality. While the results tend to support the claim that race is significantly correlated with pollution distribution throughout the nation across a wide range of measures of environmental quality, they also show the importance of a variety of other demographic variables including political mobilization, population density, manufacturing activity, and income in explaining that distribution throughout the United States.
79 citations
TL;DR: This article argued that the relationship stems from imperfect commitment in monetary policy and that the less open the economy, the greater the benefits of surprise inflation, and thus the higher the level of inflation in the absence of complete commitment.
Abstract: Terra [1998] argues that my finding [Romer 1993] of a negative relationship across countries between openness and inflation is "actually caused by the severely indebted countries, over the debt crisis period." She proposes an explanation of the openness-inflation relationship based on indebted countries' need to raise revenue to repay their debts. The smaller a country's trade share, the more depreciated the real value of the currency must be in order to generate a given trade surplus as a share of GDP. And the more depreciated the currency, the greater the pressure on the government's budget-and thus the greater pressure to inflate. In contrast, in my paper I argue that the relationship stems from imperfect commitment in monetary policy. The less open the economy, the greater the benefits of surprise inflation, and thus the higher the level of inflation in the absence of complete commitment. Terra has uncovered interesting variation in the opennessinflation relationship across countries and over time. Nonetheless, I want to make three brief points that suggest that the channel she proposes accounts for only a modest part of the overall relationship. First, Terra's results do not justify her claim that the relationship is a product only of the severely indebted countries (SICs) during the debt crisis. This can be seen from her Table I. For the SICs, the openness-inflation link in the precrisis period, though weaker than during the crisis, is large and statistically significant. The estimates for the moderately indebted countries, although imprecise, suggest a relationship that is very similar to that for the SICs in both periods. And for the less indebted countries, the point estimates again suggest a negative relationship; indeed, for the full sample period the coefficient on openness is significantly different from zero. Only for the high-income countries (Terra's "all other countries") is there no evidence of a negative association between openness and inflation.'
70 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors combine the hedonic wage model and the wages-employment collective bargaining model, and show the relevance of a further factor: a union power effect, and test the validity of this effect with French cross-section data.
Abstract: The theory of compensating differentials predicts a negative relationship between wages and good working conditions, while the theory of segmentation predicts a positive one. Combining the hedonic wage model and the wages‐employment collective bargaining model, we show the relevance of a further factor: a union power effect. Then we test the validity of this effect with French cross‐section data. Empirical results confirm the predictions of the model, that is, the coexistence of a negative relationship between wages and good working conditions for the whole sample (market effect) and a positive relationship in highly unionized sectors (union power effect).
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the popular view that domestic and foreign saving are positively related in Asia and negatively related in Latin America does not discriminate between trends in domestic saving (which are very different in the two regions) and the cyclical component of saving, which is linked to capital flows.
Abstract: Both theory and the empirical evidence for a broad range of countries have identified a negative relationship between domestic and foreign saving. Still, based on the experience of the 1990s, a popular view has emerged that domestic and foreign saving are positively related in Asia and negatively related in Latin America. We argue that this popular discussion does not discriminate between trends in domestic saving (which are very different in the two regions) and the cyclical component of saving, which is linked to capital flows. We show that, when trend and cyclical components of domestic saving and capital flows are properly taken into account, the two regions do not differ in the short-run response of domestic saving to capital inflows. We conclude that the main differences pertain to the long-run behavior of saving rates, which are driven by trends in demographic factors, per capita GDP, and other factors that have little to do with fluctuations in capital flows.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationship between tourism demand for Turkey and national income of the tourist generating country at constant prices, and relative prices, using a double-logarithmic functional form of the regression model.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the popular view that domestic and foreign saving are positively related in Asia and negatively related in Latin America does not discriminate between trends in domestic saving (which are very different in the two regions) and the cyclical component of saving, which is linked to capital flows.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the effects of unexpected inflation on stock prices, using Israeli data which provided a direct market-based measure of expected inflation: the price reaction of CPI-linked bonds following the CPI announcement.
Abstract: This paper examines the effects of unexpected inflation on stock prices, using Israeli data which provide a direct market-based measure of unexpected inflation: the price reaction of CPI-linked bonds following the CPI announcement. The results show that stock prices have a strong negative relationship with unexpected inflation. The Israeli setting rules out a number of hypotheses advanced in the United States to explain this relationship, such as nominal contracting, inflationary taxation, wealth transfer, and money illusion. This suggests that the negative effect of unexpected inflation is due to its negative association with real activity and its real economic cost.
TL;DR: There is strong evidence that problematic drug use (as indicated by either a diagnosis of pathological use or dependence or by daily use) is negatively related to income, and a negative relationship between problematic use and employment among prime-age men.
Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between illicit drug use and labour market success, and in doing so addresses two shortcomings of the previous literature. First, unlike many previous analyses, ours accounts for differences in intensity of use using clinically based diagnostic measures. Second, while recent studies focus only on young adults, we analyze a prime-age (30-45-year-olds) sample as well. Our results indicate that these differences are important. Similar to previous studies, we find evidence of a positive relationship between drug use and income for young workers. However, we also find some evidence of lower incomes for young workers reporting daily use of illicit drugs. For prime-age men, we find strong evidence that problematic drug use (as indicated by either a diagnosis of pathological use or dependence or by daily use) is negatively related to income. We also find a negative relationship between problematic use and employment among prime-age, but not younger, men.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationship between age and job performance evaluations for newcomers recently hired into entry-level positions in public accounting firms and found a negative relationship between the two variables.
Abstract: This study examined the relationship between age and job performance evaluations for newcomers recently hired into entry-level positions in public accounting firms. We predicted and found a negative relationship between age and job performance evaluations. This relationship was eliminated after controlling for undergraduate grade average and prior work experience, operationalized as the number of jobs that a newcomer had previously held. Results are discussed in terms of the possibility of negative age effects in entry-level positions and the potential reasons for such findings. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the independent relations among environmental quality and a variety of demographic characteristics (including race, income, political mobilization, and other factors) at the county level throughout the United States.
Abstract: The relations among the distribution of environmental quality and the racial, political, and socioeconomic characteristics of affected communities are increasingly a topic of scholarly and political interest. This study seeks to clarify the independent relations among environmental quality and a variety of demographic characteristics (including race, income, political mobilization, and other factors) at the county level throughout the United States. Using a model of pollution distribution that includes a variety of demographic characteristics as well as 29 measures of environmental quality, the first part of the study consists of a multivariate analysis of the relations among these variables. The second part of the study consists of a multivariate analysis of the demographic characteristics of counties that are exposed to multiple pollutants at relatively high levels. In both the first and the second part of the study, the model as a whole is strongly significant and several of the independent variables show a strong correlation with the presence or absence of pollution. Race and ethnicity are strongly associated with a lack of environmental quality, with both nonwhite and Hispanic populations experiencing disproportionately high pollution levels, and there is a strong positive relationship between population density, manufacturing activity, and pollution. Somewhat surprisingly, higher levels of income are often associated with lower levels of environmental quality, although the relationship is often unclear. A strong negative relationship is also found between political mobilization and pollution levels. The results suggest that a variety of political and socioeconomic factors explains the distribution of environmental quality. While the results tend to support the claim that race is significantly correlated with pollution distribution throughout the nation across a wide range of measures of environmental quality, they also show the importance of a variety of othe
TL;DR: In this article, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration showed that there is no Granger-casual relationship between changes in enforcement and changes in cocaine and heroin prices except when enforcement is measured in terms of numbers of seizures.
Abstract: A primary goal of high-level domestic drug enforcement is to raise retail prices in the hope that this will, in turn, reduce consumption. Analyzing data from the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration shows that there is no Granger-casual relationship between changes in enforcement and changes in cocaine and heroin prices except when enforcement is measured in terms of numbers of seizures. Even in the case, enforcement is not found to increase retail prices. Instead, evidence is found of a negative relationship. Why there might be such a negative relationship deserves further exploration.
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of macro-institutional environments, and alterations in such environments, on organizational level behavior and performance was examined for a large sample of Indian firms, and a negative relationship was established between the age variable and growth for firms incorporated between 1956 and 1980.
Abstract: This study considers the impact of macro-institutional environments, and alterations in such environments, on organizational level behavior and performance. Specifically, it examines the relationship between firm age and growth for a large sample of Indian firms. Firms are classified as falling into three specific categories: those incorporated, or born, prior to 1956; those incorporated between 1956 and 1980; and those incorporated after 1980. Each of these selected periods define and denote specific policy regimes affecting Indian industry. No significant relationship is established between the age variable and growth for firms incorporated prior to 1956, while a negative relationship is established between the age variable and growth for firms incorporated between 1956 and 1980. These were the years when the command and control industrial policy regime, popularly known as the "license raj," was in operation. Conversely, for firms incorporated after 1980 when market forces began to be encouraged, and the "hidden hand" started becoming visible in India, the age and growth relationship is positive. The evidence suggests that entrepreneurial behavior is an important feature of contemporary Indian industry. Recent anecdotes about Indian firms, particularly in the information technology sector, suggest that there has been a resurgence of industrial activity in the country. These beliefs are borne out by the analysis. The "hidden hand" is alive and well in India! Additionally, the relationship between size and the growth of Indian firms is negative. This suggests that a process of industrial fragmentation may be taking place in Indian industry, with small firms growing faster than larger firms and reducing the importance of large firms in Indian industry. This has important implications for the future competitiveness of Indian industry.
TL;DR: This article examined the mechanisms adopted by RD firms with high levels of development-related resources and found a negative relationship between information asymmetry conditions and reliance on market exchange, while firms with low levels of such resources demonstrate a positive relationship.
Abstract: This paper examines the mechanisms adopted by RD firms with high levels of development-related resources demonstrate a negative relationship between information asymmetry conditions and reliance on market exchange, while firms with low levels of such resources demonstrate a positive relationship.
TL;DR: The most important change during this period was that from the late 1970s to the mid-1980s, the return to education fell by about one-fourth in Costa Rica.
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TL;DR: The authors examined the relationship between childhood factors and subsequent economic and social success or failure as an adult and found a strong negative relationship between measures of childhood disadvantage (child-specific and family-based) and economic success at ages 16, 23 and 33.
Abstract: In this paper we examine the relationship between childhood factors and subsequent economic and social success or failure as an adult. Unlike many studies which typically have little data on pre-labour market factors (other than schooling or in fewer cases, test scores) we are able to draw upon a whole host of childhood variables from the National Child Development Study, a survey of all people born in a week of March 1958. The results show a strong negative relationship between measures of childhood disadvantage (child-specific and family-based) and economic and social success at ages 16, 23 and 33. An important part (but not all) of this is accounted for by the massively worse educational attainment of those we characterise as experiencing childhood disadvantage. Finally, we uncover an important cross-generational effect as the indicators of childhood disadvantage we consider are negatively and significantly correlated with the cognitive achievement (as measured by test scores) of the children of NCDS cohort members in 1991.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors apply the state space econometric method to investigate Japanese data concerning the existence and direction of Granger causation among stock returns, inflation, real activity, and interest rates.
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TL;DR: In this article, a negative relationship between regional unemployment rates and regional sectoral reallocation, but no correlation between these two variables was found, suggesting the presence of a wage curve in Romania.
Abstract: Regional labor markets disparities have remained stable in Romania, as is the case in Poland. In spite of a huge output decline in the first years of transition, the process of adjustment to sectoral shifts has been slow. We find a negative relationship between regional unemployment rates and regional sectoral reallocation, but no correlation between these two variables. The most intense labor reallocation--both job creations and job destructions--have taken place in regions with an industrial profile. Job destruction is predominant in agricultural regions. The estimated local unemployment elasticity of wages is negative, suggesting the presence of a wage curve in Romania. Inter-regional migration flows are not correlated with regional unemployment rates while the availability of housing plays an important role in the decision to move across regions. While the agricultural regions are net senders, the industrial and diversified regions are net receivers. The absorption capabilities have declined in both industrial and diversified regions, faster in the industrial regions. It seems that the outflows of migrants from agricultural regions respond to the absorption capability of industrial rather than diversified regions.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors empirically test for a causal and negative long-run relationship between political instability and economic growth, but find no such relationship and conclude that in the long run, the group of African countries is the driving force.
Abstract: An unstable macroeconomic environment is often regarded as detrimental to economic growth. Among the sources contributing to such instability, much of the blame has been assigned to political issues. This paper empirically tests for a causal and negative long-run relationship between political instability and economic growth but finds no such relationship. Sensitivity analysis, however, indicates that there is indeed a short-run negative relationship and, that in the long-run and ignoring institutional factors, the group of African countries is the driving force. In other words, we suspect that excluding the African countries from their samples, results of a negative relation between SPI and growth would founder.
TL;DR: In this article, a model of voluntary labour supply that separates the decision to volunteer at all from the decision about how many hours to volunteer is presented. But the model is not suitable for the real world, and the observed negative relationship may be spurious if market and non-market labour supply are jointly determined, and failure to control for the endogeneity of observed wages with respect to the volunteering decision results in downward bias in the estimated coefficient on the wage variable.
Abstract: Recent studies have found a negative relationship between voluntary labour market activity and the opportunity cost of time, measured by the individual's net wage. We argue that the observed negative relationship may be spurious if market and non-market labour supply are jointly determined. We estimate a model of voluntary labour supply that separates the decision to volunteer at all from the decision about how many hours to volunteer. We demonstrate that failure to control for the endogeneity of observed wages with respect to the volunteering decision results in downward bias in the estimated coefficient on the wage variable. We also consider an alternative specification that adjusts the ?rice' of volunteering to take account of the value of activities donated as well as the opportunity cost of the individual's time.
TL;DR: The authors examined the relationship between employer size and the provision of fringe benefits in a large sample of rural businesses and found that a clear employer size-benefits relationship exists only in the case of health insurance, while other benefits are not strongly linked to employer size.
Abstract: We examine the relationship between employer size and the provision of fringe benefits in a large sample of rural businesses. A clear employer size-benefits relationship exists only in the case of health insurance, while other benefits are not strongly linked to employer size. The negative relationship between employer size and health insurance is weaker, though still existent, in businesses whose employees have relatively high skill levels. Single, independent establishments and sole proprietorships are less likely to provide fringe benefits than multi-establishment and corporate firms.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the relationship between bank capital and earnings employing a sample of 231 banks in ten Pacific basin countries and the United States and found that a significant negative relationship exists between these two variables for the sample banks in the eleven countries in 1994.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between bank capital and earnings. However, because banks and other financial service firms are increasingly operating in a global marketplace, it is important to examine bank relationships beyond the borders of a single country. This paper, therefore, analyzes the relationship between bank capital and earnings employing a sample of 231 banks in ten Pacific basin countries and the United States. More specifically, following the lead of earlier research, the study examines the relationship between the capital-to-asset ratio and return-on-equity. The empirical results indicate that, contrary to the case of U.S. banks during the 1980s, a significant negative relationship exists between these two variables for the sample banks in the eleven countries in 1994. This relationship generally holds when various control variables, including both firm- and country-specific variables, are included.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed the relationship between budget style and participation in a public service organization and found that the relationship is dependent on the situation of the budget and the budget style.
Abstract: In this study the phenomenon of budgetary participation is analyzed. The theories in budgetary participation are described and elaborated. This is a case study and the case is a public service organization, namely the Post Office in Sweden. Empirically two specific research questions are focused. The first question is the relationships between budget participation and some other budget concepts. These other concepts are the budget style and the budget method. Therefore, the relationships between budget style and participation as well as the choice of budget method and participation were investigated. The results were that the extent of budgetary participation changed from time to time during the four-year research period dependent on the budget style in use. When the extent of participation changed the budget method also changed. The second research question is the effects of budgetary participation. The effects on the performance and motivation of the subordinate managers are analyzed. A certain relationship between a lower extent of participation and a higher level of performance can be established in this case, although it may appear strange. The negative relationship probably depends on the fact that the studied organization was in a crisis situation due to the lack of profitability. The relationship is, therefore, dependent on the situation. Thus, the relationship became different from “conventional wisdom” in budget theory, expressed through certain budget literature, for example Becker & Green (1962). The result, nevertheless, agrees with some later research reports which have shown that the relationship is situation-dependent. In this case, the contingent factor is the profitability situation of the organization. Even a certain relationship between a lower extent of BP and a higher level of motivation existed in this case. Also this result appeared to be situation dependent. The contingent factor was to what degree the budget objectives were experienced as being challenging.