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Showing papers on "Negative relationship published in 2009"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors demonstrate a negative relationship between entrepreneurs' optimism and the performance (revenue and employment growth) of their new ventures and illustrate the benefits of applying a social cognitive perspective toward efforts to understand key aspects of the new venture creation and development process.
Abstract: Previous research indicates that entrepreneurs are generally high in dispositional optimism—the tendency to expect positive outcomes even when such expectations are not rationally justified. Findings of the current study demonstrate a negative relationship between entrepreneurs' optimism and the performance (revenue and employment growth) of their new ventures. Past experience creating ventures and industry dynamism moderated these effects, strengthening the negative relationship between entrepreneurs' optimism and venture performance. These findings illustrate the benefits of applying a social cognitive perspective toward efforts to understand key aspects of the new venture creation and development process.

788 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a comprehensive archival examination of FTSE 100 companies in the period 2001-2005, focusing on the relationship between the presence of women on company boards and both accountancy-based and stock-based measures of company performance.
Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive archival examination of FTSE 100 companies in the period 2001–2005, focusing on the relationship between the presence of women on company boards and both accountancy-based and stock-based measures of company performance. Consistent with work by Adams, Gupta and Leeth this analysis reveals that there was no relationship between women’s presence on boards and ‘objective’ accountancy-based measures of performance (return on assets, return on equity). However, consistent with ‘glass cliff’ research there was a negative relationship between women’s presence on boards and ‘subjective’ stock-based measures of performance. Companies with male-only boards enjoyed a valuation premium of 37% relative to firms with a woman on their board. Results support claims that women are found on the boards of companies that are perceived to be performing poorly and that their presence on boards can lead to the devaluation of companies by investors. Yet the findings also indicate that perceptions and investment are not aligned with the underlying realities of company performance.

251 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined two aspects of within firm governance, ownership concentration and board independence, and found that ownership concentration had a positive effect on firm performance, while board independence had a negative effect on the firm performance.
Abstract: Manuscript Type: Empirical Research Question/Issue: This study seeks to understand how business group affiliation, within firm governance and external governance environment affect firm performance in emerging economies. We examine two aspects of within firm governance – ownership concentration and board independence. Research Findings/Insights: Using archival data on the top 500 Indian and Chinese firms from multiple data sources for 2007, we found that group affiliated firms performed worse than unaffiliated firms, and the negative relationship was stronger in the case of Indian firms than for Chinese firms. We also found that ownership concentration had a positive effect on firm performance, while board independence had a negative effect on firm performance. Further, we found that group affiliation – firm performance relationship in a given country context was moderated by ownership concentration. Theoretical/Academic Implications: This study utilizes an integration of agency theory with an institutional perspective, providing a more comprehensive framework to analyze the CG problems, particularly in the emerging economy firms. Empirically, our findings support, as well as contradict, some of the conventional wisdom, and suggest useful avenues for future research. Practitioner/Policy Implications: This study shows that reforms in general and CG reforms in particular are effective in emerging economies, which is an encouraging sign for policy makers. However, our research also suggests that it may be time for India and China to stop the encouragement for the empire building through group formation in the corporate world. For practioners, our findings suggest that firms need to balance the need for oversight with the need for advice, while selecting independent directors.

247 citations


Posted Content
TL;DR: This paper study the relationship between decentralization and economic growth for 23 OECD countries from 1975 to 2001 by using new panel data on sub-federal tax autonomy and conclude that decentralization is unrelated to economic growth.
Abstract: We study the relationship between fiscal decentralization and economic growth for 23 OECD countries from 1975 to 2001 by using new panel data on sub-federal tax autonomy. While initial estimations suggest that fiscal decentralization causes lower growth rates, we find that this result is not robust to alternative specifications. We also fail to obtain evidence for a negative relationship in a number of additional robustness checks. We thus conclude that fiscal decentralization is unrelated to economic growth.

223 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed evidence pointing to a negative relationship between intelligence and religious belief in the United States and Europe and found that intelligence measured as psychometric g is negatively related to religious belief.

167 citations


Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, a tractable principal-agent model of coercion is proposed, based on the idea that coercive activities by employers or "guns" affect the participation constraint of workers.
Abstract: The majority of labor transactions throughout much of history and a significant fraction of such transactions in many developing countries today are "coercive", in the sense that force or the threat of force plays a central role in convincing workers to accept employment or its terms. We propose a tractable principal-agent model of coercion, based on the idea that coercive activities by employers, or "guns", affect the participation constraint of workers. We show that coercion and effort are complements, so that coercion increases effort. Nevertheless, coercion is always "inefficient", in the sense of reducing utilitarian social welfare. Better outside options for workers reduce coercion, because of the complementarity between coercion and effort: workers with better outside option exert lower effort in equilibrium and thus are coerced less. Greater demand for labor increases coercion because it increases equilibrium effort. We investigate the interaction between outside options, market prices, and other economic variables by embedding the (coercive) principal-agent relationship in a general equilibrium setup, and study when and how labor scarcity encourages coercion. We show that general (market) equilibrium interactions working through prices lead to a positive relationship between labor scarcity and coercion along the lines of ideas suggested by Domar, while those working through outside options lead to a negative relationship similar to ideas advanced in neo-Malthusian historical analyses of the decline of feudalism. A third effect, which is present when investment in guns must be made before the realization of contracting opportunities, also leads to a negative relationship between labor scarcity and coercion. Our model also predicts that coercion is more viable in industries that do not require relationship-specific investment by workers.

163 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the performance of 37 Bangladeshi commercial banks between 1997 and 2004 and found that bank specific characteristics, in particular loans intensity, credit risk, and cost have positive and significant impacts on bank performance, while non-interest income exhibits negative relationship with bank profitability.
Abstract: This study seeks to examine the performance of 37 Bangladeshi commercial banks between 1997 and 2004. The empirical findings of this study suggest that bank specific characteristics, in particular loans intensity, credit risk, and cost have positive and significant impacts on bank performance, while non‐interest income exhibits negative relationship with bank profitability. During the period under study the results suggest that the impact of size is not uniform across the various measures employed. The empirical findings suggest that size has a negative impact on return on average equity (ROAE), while the opposite is true for return on average assets (ROAA) and net interest margins (NIM). As for the impact of macroeconomic indicators, we conclude that the variables have no significant impact on bank profitability, except for inflation which has a negative relationship with Bangladeshi banks profitability.

162 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the extent to which uncertainty delays investment, and the effect of competition on this relationship, using a sample of 1214 condominium developments in Vancouver, Canada built from 1979-1998.

162 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the level of integration and the dynamic relationship between the BRIC countries, their respective regions and the world, and found that India showed the highest level of regional and global integration among these countries, followed by Brazil and Russia and lastly by China.

153 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relationship between the level of decentralization and economic growth rates across 16 Central and Eastern European countries over the 1990-2004 period, using a panel data approach with dynamic effects.
Abstract: The majority of the literature on fiscal decentralization has tended to stress that the greater capacity of decentralized governments to tailor policies to local preferences and to be innovative in the provision of policies and public services, the greater the potential for economic efficiency and growth. There is, however, little empirical evidence to substantiate this claim. In this paper we examine, using a panel data approach with dynamic effects, the relationship between the level of fiscal decentralization and economic growth rates across 16 Central and Eastern European countries over the 1990–2004 period. Our findings suggest that, contrary to the majority view, there is a significant negative relationship between two out of three fiscal decentralization indicators included in the analysis and economic growth. However, the use of different time lags allows us to nuance this negative view and show that long-term effects vary depending on the type of decentralization undertaken in each of the countries considered. While expenditure at and transfers to sub-national tiers of government are negatively correlated with economic growth, taxes assigned at the sub-national level evolve from having a significantly negative to a significantly positive correlation with the national growth rate. This supports the view that sub-national governments with their own revenue source respond better to local demands and promote greater economic efficiency.

152 citations


Posted Content
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relationship between the level of decentralization and economic growth rates across 16 Central and Eastern European countries over the 1990-2004 period and found that there is a significant negative relationship between two out of three fiscal decentralization indicators included in the analysis, including expenditure at and transfers to subnational tiers of government are negatively correlated with economic growth.
Abstract: The majority of the literature on fiscal decentralization has tended to stress that the greater capacity of decentralized governments to tailor policies to local preferences and to be innovative in the provision of policies and public services, the greater the potential for economic efficiency and growth. There is, however, little empirical evidence to substantiate this claim. In this paper we examine, using a panel data approach with dynamic effects, the relationship between the level of fiscal decentralization and economic growth rates across 16 Central and Eastern European countries over the 1990-2004 period. Our findings suggest that, contrary to the majority view, there is a significant negative relationship between two out of three fiscal decentralization indicators included in the analysis and economic growth. However, the use of different time lags allows us to nuance this negative view and show that long term effects vary depending on the type of decentralization undertaken in each of the countries considered. While expenditure at and transfers to subnational tiers of government are negatively correlated with economic growth, taxes assigned at the subnational level evolve from having a significantly negative to a significantly positive correlation with the national growth rate. This supports the view that subnational governments with their own revenue source respond better to local demands and promote greater economic efficiency.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the relationship between dividends and corporate governance in five East Asian countries over the period 1994-2003, comparing the outcome and substitute models, and found that a strong positive relationship between governance and dividends emerges post-crisis, consistent with substantial improvements in governance empowering shareholders.
Abstract: The relationship between dividends and corporate governance in five East Asian countries over the period 1994–2003, comparing the outcome and substitute models, is investigated. Evidence of a pre-crisis negative relationship between dividends and governance indicates that dividends act as a substitute for other corporate governance mechanisms during this exuberant period. A strong positive relationship between governance and dividends emerges post-crisis, consistent with substantial improvements in governance empowering shareholders. The relationship is incremental to the effect of the legal regime, confirming that shareholder protection at the firm level is important to forcing firms to disgorge cash in an outcome model of dividends.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the relationship between energy consumption and the Nigerian economy from the period of 1970 to 2005 and found that increased energy consumption is a strong determinant of economic growth having an implicit effect in lagged periods and both implicit and explicit effect on the present period in Nigeria.
Abstract: This article investigates the relationship between energy consumption and the Nigerian economy from the period of 1970 to 2005. The energy sources used to test for this relationship were crude oil, electricity and coal. By applying the co-integration technique, the results derived infer that there exists a positive relationship between current period energy consumption and economic growth. With the exception of coal which was positive, a negative relationship was noted for lagged values of energy consumption and economic growth. The implication of the study is that increased energy consumption is a strong determinant of economic growth having an implicit effect in lagged periods and both an implicit and explicit effect on the present period in Nigeria. Thus, it is pertinent that this sector should be given more relevance even by exploiting the opportunities laden in the sector to increase economic growth. Key words: Energy consumption, economic performance, Nigeria.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the moderating effect of social capital on the conflict-innovation relationship and pose the argument that social interaction amplifies the beneficial effect of task conflict and the harmful effect of relationship conflict, whereas trust suppresses these effects.
Abstract: This research investigates the moderating effect of social capital on the conflict-innovation relationship and poses the argument that social interaction amplifies the beneficial effect of task conflict and the harmful effect of relationship conflict, whereas trust suppresses these effects. Analyses of a sample of 232 Canadian-based firms demonstrate that at higher levels of social interaction, the positive relationship between task conflict and innovation is stronger, and so is the negative relationship between relationship conflict and innovation. Furthermore, at higher levels of trust, the positive relationship between task conflict and innovation weakens. This study adds to the emerging contingency perspective pertaining to the study of conflict and provides a more nuanced view of the beneficial role of intra-organizational social capital for innovation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relationship between CEO turnover and the performance of listed Chinese firms and obtained two results: negative relationship between the level of pre-turnover profitability and CEO turnover when firms are incurring financial losses, but no such relationship when they are making profits.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The empirical relationship between household income and body mass index (BMI) in nine European Union countries is explored and suggests that, in general, the association is negative for women and nonexistent for men.
Abstract: The problem of obesity is alarming public health authorities around the world. Therefore, it is important to study its determinants. In this paper, we explore the empirical relationship between household income and body mass index (BMI) in nine European Union countries. Our findings suggest that, in general, the association is negative for women and nonexistent for men. Moreover, once we decompose household income into "own labor earnings" and "other household income", we find that the different relationship for men and women appears to be driven by the negative relationship between BMI and "own labor earnings" for women.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper found a negative relationship between religious participation and subjective well-being in a rich multivariate logistic framework that controls for demographics, health and disabilities, living arrangements, wealth and income, lifestyle and social networks, and location.
Abstract: Evidence from developed and developing countries alike demonstrates a strongly positive relationship between religiosity and happiness, particularly for women and particularly among the elderly. Using survey data from the oldest old in China, we find a strong negative relationship between religious participation and subjective well-being in a rich multivariate logistic framework that controls for demographics, health and disabilities, living arrangements, wealth and income, lifestyle and social networks, and location. In contrast to other studies, we also find that religion has a larger effect on subjective well-being on men than women.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors empirically consider the hypothesis of a non-linear effect of military expenditure on economic growth and empirically test the relationship between military expenditure and economic growth by including the impact of the share of military and civilian components of government expenditure in an economic growth model with endogenous technology.
Abstract: This paper tests the relationship between military expenditure and economic growth by including the impact of the share of military and civilian components of government expenditure in an economic growth model with endogenous technology. In this framework, we empirically consider the hypothesis of a non‐linear effect of military expenditure on economic growth. Differences between the costs and benefits of the defence sector has traditionally explained the non‐linear relationship suggesting that shocks to insecurity may also be a source of non‐linearity as they determine a re‐allocative effect within government expenditure. While parametric partial correlations are in line with empirical findings, the robustness of estimations is tested by using a non‐parametric approach. The negative relationship between military expenditure and growth in countries with high levels of military burden predicted by theory becomes significant only after including a proxy for re‐allocative effects in the growth equation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined how sudden shrinkage of domestic demand affects firm-level export performance and found that the positive relationship between a firm's domestic market position and export intensity becomes stronger in the postcrisis than the pre-crisis period.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined whether the disposition effect exists in the Korean stock index futures market and found that individual investors are much more susceptible to the DE than institutional and foreign investors, while sophistication and trading experience tend to reduce the DE.
Abstract: This study examines whether the disposition effect (DE), i.e., the tendency of investors to ride losses and realize gains, exists in the Korean stock index futures market. Using a unique database, we find strong evidence for the DE and explain this in terms of investor characteristics. We also investigate the effect that the disposition bias has on investment performance. There are four main findings. First, individual investors are much more susceptible to the DE than institutional and foreign investors. Second, sophistication and trading experience tend to reduce the DE. Third, the DE is stronger in long positions than in short positions. Finally, there is a negative relationship between the DE and investment performance. This result is consistent with Odean (1998, Journal of Finance, 53, 1775–1798), but contrasts with Locke and Mann (2005, Journal of Financial Economics, 76, 401–444) who find no evidence of any contemporaneous measurable costs associated with the DE. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 29:496–522, 2009

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Madsen et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated the relationship between openness and economic growth over a long historical period and found no relationship between growth and openness before 1970 and a positive relationship thereafter.
Abstract: [Author Affiliation]Jakob B Madsen, Department of Economics, Monash University, 900 Dandenong Road, Caufield East, Melbourne, Victoria 3145, Australia; E-mail Jakob.Madsen@buseco.monash.edu.au.[Acknowledgment]Support from an Economic Policy Research Unit grant from the Danish government is gratefully acknowledged. Keeli Hennessey and Phillip Oksnes provided excellent research assistance. Helpful comments and suggestions from seminar participants at the University of Copenhagen and Brunel University and particularly three referees and John Pepper, the coeditor of the Southern Economic Journal, are gratefully acknowledged.1. IntroductionA recurring theme in international economics is the relationship between openness and economic growth. Based on postwar data that typically span the period from 1970 to 1990, there has, until recently, been a consensus of a negative relationship between trade barriers and growth and a positive relationship between growth and import penetration. However, these findings have been challenged by Harrison and Hanson (1999), Rodrik (1999), Yanikkaya (2003), and particularly, Rodriguez and Rodrik (2000).1 Rodriguez and Rodrik (2000) seriously question the empirical method underlying the regression analysis in the most important studies that find a positive relationship between openness and growth. Rodriguez and Rodrik (2000) demonstrate that the positive correlation between growth and openness found by Dollar (1992), Ben-David (1993), Sachs and Warner (1995), and Edwards (1998) is not robust to various measures of openness and important control variables.Similarly, studies using pre-World War II data consistently fail to uncover a robust positive relationship between openness and growth (see Bairoch 1972; Capie 1994; Foreman-Peck 1995; O'Rourke 2000; Clements and Williamson 2001; Irwin 2002; Irwin and Tervio 2002; Vamvakidis 2002). The empirical study of Vamvakidis (2002) is one of the few studies that consider the relationship between openness and growth over a long historical period. Using cross-section data over the periods 1870-1910, 1920-1940, 1950-1970, and 1970-1990, Vamvakidis (2002) finds either a negative or no relationship between growth and openness before 1970 and a positive relationship thereafter.A problem associated with most empirical studies is that cross-sectional data, as opposed to panel data, are used. This prevents them from controlling for fixed effects. More importantly, very little attention has been given to growth versus level effects of openness and, particularly, to the channel through which openness influences growth. Endogenous growth theories have highlighted trade as the principal channel through which knowledge is transmitted internationally (Grossman and Helpman 1991). The early endogenous growth models have been developed within the first generation endogenous growth framework, in which the level of research and development (R&D) activity and growth vary proportionally.Since the seminal paper of Jones (1995), however, it has been widely believed that first generation growth models are not consistent with the empirical evidence. In response to Jones's critique, endogenous growth theories have evolved into two distinct second generation growth models, namely, semi-endogenous and Schumpeterian growth models. Policies that seek to promote productivity have only temporary growth effects in the semi-endogenous growth models of Jones (1995) and Kortum (1997). In the Schumpeterian models of Aghion and Howitt (1998) and Howitt (1999), R&D can have permanent growth effects so long as R&D is increased along with income in the economy to counteract the increasing product proliferation. To allow for this possibility, knowledge spillovers have to be modeled following the Schumpeterian framework.The contribution of this article is twofold. First, an annual data set for a panel of 16 relatively homogeneous industrialized countries, which spans 137 years, is used to examine the productivity growth and productivity level effects of trade barriers and import penetration. …

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Evidence of relationship-specific developmental trajectories in relationship quality decreased over time among those who had a different partner but increased among those with the same partner.
Abstract: Some theories suggest that negative relationship quality decreases with age, whereas others suggest that it remains stable. This study examined negative relationship quality over time, by relationship type, and by age. A total of 1,361 adults aged 20-93 years in 1992 and 840 adults in 2005 reported how much their spouse or partner, child, and best friend got on their nerves and made too many demands. Negative child relationship quality decreased over time among younger participants. Negative friend relationship quality decreased over time among people with a different friend but remained stable among people with the same friend. Negative spouse or partner relationship quality decreased over time among those who had a different partner but increased among those with the same partner. This study provides evidence of relationship-specific developmental trajectories in relationship quality.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work applies factor analysis on various national health indicators for a large sample of countries over the period 2000-2005 and uses the outcomes of the factor analysis to construct two new health measures, i.e., the health of individuals and the quality of the health care sector.

Posted Content
TL;DR: The authors used US county data on land inequality over the period 1890-1930 to investigate whether economic inequality affects redistributive policy and found that greater inequality is associated with less redistribution.
Abstract: Does economic inequality affect redistributive policy? This paper turns to US county data on land inequality over the period 1890-1930 to help address this fundamental question in political economy Redistributive policy was primarily decided at the local level during this period, making county level data particularly informative Examining within state variation also reduces the potential impact of latent institutional and political variables The paper also uses a variety of identification strategies, including historic variables as well as county weather and crop characteristics as instruments for land inequality The evidence consistently suggests that greater inequality is significantly associated with less redistribution This negative relationship is especially large in heavily rural counties, where concentrated land ownership implied that landed elites also controlled the majority of economic production

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the determinants of bank risk-taking and its relationship with capital and efficiency in Japanese cooperative banks were investigated and the results confirmed the belief that risk, capital and inefficiency are simultaneously determined.
Abstract: The risk-capital positions of Japanese banks have been under tension throughout the 1990s. However, existing theory on the determinants of bank risk-taking still remains limited and the evidence is conflicting. Most studies concentrate on US and European banks, while empirical evidence has remained scarce for Asian banks. Added to that, to our knowledge, there are almost no papers on this subject for cooperative banks in Japan. Thus, the main contribution of this study is to shed some light on the determinants of bank risk-taking and analyse its relationship with capital and efficiency in Japanese cooperative banking (namely shinkin and credit cooperatives banks). This paper focuses on Japanese cooperative banks as they constitute an important segment of the Japanese banking sector. We employ a simultaneous equation model in which the relationships between, risk, capital and cost inefficiency are modelled. Two stage least squares with fixed effects estimation procedure are applied to a panel data set of 263 Japanese cooperative banks over the period 2003 through 2006. The results confirm the belief that risk, capital and inefficiency are simultaneously determined. The empirical model shows a negative relationship between risk and the level of capital for Japanese cooperative banks. Inefficient Japanese cooperative banks appear to operate with larger capital and take on more risk. These arguments may reflect the moral hazard problem that exists in the banking system through exploitation of the benefits of deposit insurance. We also assess the size effects and find that larger cooperative banks holding less capital take on more risk and are less efficient.

BookDOI
Humberto Lopez1, Luis Servén1
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a direct empirical assessment of the impact of poverty on growth and find that poverty has a negative impact on growth that is significant both statistically and economically.
Abstract: Recent theoretical literature has suggested a variety of mechanisms through which poverty may deter growth and become self-perpetuating. A few papers have searched for empirical regularities consistent with those mechanisms – such as aggregate non-convexities and convergence clubs. However, a seemingly basic implication of the theoretical models, namely that countries suffering from higher levels of poverty should grow less rapidly, has remained untested. This paper attempts to fill that gap and provide a direct empirical assessment of the impact of poverty on growth. The paper’s strategy involves including poverty indicators among the explanatory variables in an otherwise standard empirical growth equation. Using a large panel dataset, the authors find that poverty has a negative impact on growth that is significant both statistically and economically. This result is robust to a variety of specification changes, including (i) different poverty lines; (ii) different poverty measures; (iii) different sets of control variables; (iv) different estimation methods; (v) adding inequality as a control variable; and (vi) allowing for nonlinear effects of inequality on growth. The paper also finds evidence that the adverse effect of poverty on growth works through investment: high poverty deters investment, which in turn lowers growth. Further, the data suggest that this mechanism only operates at low levels of financial development, consistent with the predictions of theoretical models that underscore financial market imperfections as a key ingredient of poverty traps.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors test five hypotheses regarding the emergence and impact of external knowledge exploitation with data from 152 firms across industries and find that the emergence of champions is affected by external determinants in addition to internal determinants.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a cross-national evidence on the relationship between population growth and economic growth is inconsistent because the under- lying parameters and assumptions vary across countries and country-specific studies are more useful for illuminating unique features of a country.
Abstract: There is divergence of opinion regarding the consequences of population growth for economic development. Some view rapid population growth as a real problem while others assert that it is not a matter of grave concern. Cross- national evidence on the relationship between population growth and economic growth is inconsistent because the under- lying parameters and assumptions vary across countries. Country-specific studies are more useful for illuminating unique features of a country. In this article, I examine Pakistan's case of population growth and economic development. Between 1950- 2001, Pakistan's population increased 430 percent. Multivariate analyses of 1981 to 2005 data from the Pakistan Economic Survey and from the International Financial Statistics yearbooks found significant and negative relationship be- tween population growth and measures of economic advancement. These results demonstrate that rapid population growth is a real problem in Pakistan because it contributes to lower investment growth and diminishes the savings rate. Today foreign investment and export promotion have only a small impact on Pakistan's economic growth. Owing to its rapid population growth, Pakistan has among the world's highest dependency ratios. Policy makers can address these serious economic consequences of rapid population growth by investing in family planning services. Development of independent media and liberal education in educational institutions will in time also help by encouraging a smaller family size ideal.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated to what extent a partner's career resources affect labour market par ticipation and job level, and they found that career resources have a negative influence on working hours and a positive influence on job level.
Abstract: This study investigates to what extent a partner’s career resources affect labour market par ticipation and job level. Theories on this topic predict opposing par tner effects: economic theory expects a negative relationship due to financial incentives, whereas a positive relationship can be expected from a social capital point of view. In order to test these opposing mechanisms properly, (a) labour market outcomes are decomposed into labour market participation and job level, and (b) a historical perspective is introduced. Large scale labour force surveys conducted by Statistics Netherlands from 1977 onwards show that a partner’s career resources have a negative influence on working hours and a positive influence on job level. Over birth cohorts, the negative effect on working hours has become stronger for males and weaker for females, whereas the positive effect on job level has decreased for both men and women.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationship between employee sensitivity to terrorism and employee attitudes in supply chain firms located in an environment with ongoing terrorist threat, and found a statistically significant negative relationship between sensitivity and attitudes toward the organization, team, and job.
Abstract: Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between employee sensitivity to terrorism and employee attitudes in supply chain firms located in an environment with ongoing terrorist threat. Implications for human resource management in supply chain firms and future directions for research are discussed.Design/methodology/approach – The paper is based on questionnaire data collected from 898 managers in Sri Lanka. Included in the paper are manufacturing and service firms that constitute integral parts of global supply chains such as garment and textile firms, software solutions firms, and import‐export trading firms. Correlation analysis is used to examine the relationship between variables.Findings – The results generally indicate a statistically significant negative relationship between employee sensitivity to terrorism and employee attitudes toward the organization, team, and job. Results vary by sector and industry, with a comparatively strong negative association between employee ...