Showing papers on "Negative relationship published in 2012"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationship between the incentives of the tax director and GAAP and cash effective tax rates, the book-tax gap, and measures of tax aggressiveness.
458 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that a 10% increase in tree canopy was associated with a roughly 12% decrease in crime in Baltimore City and County, MD, an area that includes a significant urban-rural gradient.
253 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the relationship between maize yields and scale using alternative data and find that the inverse productivity hypothesis holds up well across a broad platform of data, despite obvious shortcomings with some components.
181 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the relationship between financial leverage and firm performance measured by the return on equity (ROE) is negative but insignificant but negative and significant relationship exists with Tobin's Q. The results show that financial leverage measured by short term debt to total assets (STDTA) and total debt-to-total assets (TDTA) has a significantly negative relationship with the firm performance.
Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this study is to find the relationship of capital structure decision with the performance of the firms in the developing market economies like Pakistan. Methodology: Pooled Ordinary Least Square regression was applied to 36 engineering sector firms in Pakistani market listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) during the period 2003-2009. Findings: The results show that financial leverage measured by short term debt to total assets (STDTA) and total debt to total assets (TDTA) has a significantly negative relationship with the firm performance measured by Return on Assets (ROA), Gross Profit Margin (GM) and Tobin’s Q. The relationship between financial leverage and firm performance measured by the return on equity (ROE) is negative but insignificant. Asset size has an insignificant relationship with the firm performance measured by ROA and GM but negative and significant relationship exists with Tobin’s Q. Firms in the engineering sector of Pakistan are largely dependent on short term debt but debts are attached with strong covenants which affect the performance of the firm. Originality/Value: This is first paper to study an individual sector like engineering industry in Pakistan on the mentioned topic.
167 citations
TL;DR: The authors investigated the mediating effect of focus on opportunities on the negative relationship between business owners' age and venture growth and found that mental health helps maintain a high level of attention on opportunities with increasing age.
158 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrate a negative relationship between pro-market reforms and the sustainability of superior profits in an emerging economy, and show that investment in research and development and greater investments in marketing and advertising are firm-level resources that provide a measure of protection against the erosion in sustainable profits associated with Pro-Market reforms.
Abstract: We demonstrate a negative relationship between pro-market reforms and the sustainability of superior profits in an emerging economy. The decline in sustainability of superior profits shows that pro-market reforms bring significant threats in addition to the various opportunities such as greater availability of production factors and greater freedom to enter and operate businesses highlighted in the extant literature. Our study thus contributes to a more complete conceptual understanding of the performance consequences of pro-market reforms in emerging economies. We also show that investment in research and development and greater investments in marketing and advertising are firm-level resources that provide a measure of protection against the erosion in sustainability of superior profits associated with pro-market reforms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
137 citations
TL;DR: This article used Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) to test the hypothesis that uncertainty avoidance is not related to propensity to support sustainability initiatives, while performance orientation and assertiveness have a desired negative relationship with a dependent variable while collectivism, future orientation, and human orientation have the desired positive relationship.
Abstract: Businesses and the social sciences are increasingly facing calls to further scholarship dedicated to understand sustainability. Furthermore, multinationals are also facing similar calls given their high profile and their role in environmental degradation. However, a literature review shows that there is very limited understanding of sustainability at a cross-national level. Given the above gaps, we contribute to the literature by examining how selected GLOBE [House et al., Culture, leadership and organizations: The GOBE study of 62 societies. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, 2004] cultural dimensions are related to individuals’ propensity to support sustainability initiatives in 33 countries. We use data from the World Values Survey [World Values Study Group, World Values Surveys and European Value Surveys, 1999–2001. Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research, Ann Arbor, 2004] and test our hypotheses using Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM). Results support all but one hypothesis. Specifically, uncertainty avoidance is not related to propensity to support sustainability initiatives. In contrast, performance orientation and assertiveness have the desired negative relationship with our dependent variable while collectivism, future orientation, and human orientation have the desired positive relationship. We discuss the conceptual and practical implications of this study.
121 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the role of the retailer's competitive positioning and specifically its price positioning, and the product category was analyzed to investigate the relationship between store brand purchase and store loyalty.
119 citations
TL;DR: The authors analyzed the social performance of a sample of publicly traded family and non-family firms and found no evidence that corporate governance is related to firm social performance, however, they did find evidence that Corporate governance moderates the relationship between extent of family control and social performance.
111 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors conducted a study on the academic staff in a community college in Malaysia and found that transformational and transformational leadership styles are found to have negative relationship to employee turnover intention but the correlation of these two variables are not significant.
Abstract: Employees' turnover intention has always been a key concern faced by organizations regardless of their location, size or nature of business. Base on a review of the literature, majority of the studies had identified a negative relationship between leadership style and employees' turnover intention in various fields of industries. This study was conducted on the academic staff in a community college in Malaysia. The results of this study did not support the outcome of previous research. Although, transformational and transformational leadership styles are found to have negative relationship to employee turnover intention but the correlation of these two variables are not significant.
105 citations
TL;DR: This paper used a 3-panel, cross-lagged regression model to empirically investigate the reactive hypothesis and found no empirical support for the hypothesis, concluding that any negative correlation or relationship between parent involvement and academic achievement stems from a reactive parent involvement strategy whereby a student having academic or behavioral difficulties at school leads to greater levels of parent involvement.
Abstract: There are many conflicting findings regarding the relationship between parent involvement and student performance. Some findings support a positive relationship between involvement and achievement, whereas others support a negative relationship. The most common explanation for the negative findings, in which parent involvement is associated with lower levels of academic achievement, has been termed the reactive hypothesis (e.g., Catsambis, 1998; Epstein, 1988). The reactive hypothesis claims that any negative correlation or relationship between parent involvement and academic achievement stems from a reactive parent involvement strategy whereby a student having academic or behavioral difficulties at school leads to greater levels of parent involvement (i.e., checking in). Using the National Longitudinal Education Study, the author used a 3-panel, cross-lagged regression model to empirically investigate this claim. The analysis reveals little to no empirical support for the reactive hypothesis. In...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors determine whether environmental taxes affect levels of pollution and energy consumption in European Union (EU) members and Norway, and find that there is a significant negative relationship between environmental taxes and pollution, but no relationship between pollution and consumption.
Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine whether environmental taxes affect levels of pollution and energy consumption. Using a panel of European Union (EU) members and Norway, there is a significant negative relationship between environmental taxes and pollution, but no relationship between environmental taxes and energy consumption.
TL;DR: The authors analyzed two years of data from 496 retail bank branches to investigate racial asymmetries in the dynamics of team learning and their impact on the link between diversity and bottom-line performance.
Abstract: This paper argues that learning in cross-race interactions is critical for work teams to realize performance benefits from racial diversity but that diversity is a liability when society’s negative stereotypes about racial minorities’ competence inhibit such interactions. We analyze two years of data from 496 retail bank branches to investigate racial asymmetries in the dynamics of team learning and their impact on the link between diversity and bottom-line performance. As expected, minorities’ negative assessments of their team’s learning environment precipitate a negative relationship between diversity and performance, irrespective of White teammates’ assessments; only when both groups view the team’s learning environment as supportive—implying that the team has successfully countered the negative effects of societal stereotypes on cross-race learning—is the relationship positive. We conclude that acknowledging the impact of societal asymmetries between racial groups, especially in regard to learning, c...
TL;DR: Wang et al. as discussed by the authors investigated the regional hospital efficiency in China during the 2002-2008 period, especially for how the health insurance reform of New Rural Cooperative Medical System (NRCMS) impacts on efficiency.
TL;DR: The authors re-examine the inverted-U relationship between competition and innovation by using data from publicly traded manufacturing firms in the US and show that the modified model can explain both negative and inverted U relationships.
Abstract: I re-examine the inverted-U relationship between competition and innovation (originally modeled and tested by Aghion et al. (2005) by using data from publicly traded manufacturing firms in the US. I control for the possible endogeneity of competition by using a trade-weighted average of industry exchange rates as the instrument. I find a mildly negative relationship between competition (as measured by the inverse of markups) and innovation (as measured by citation-weighted patents). The relationship is robust to many alternative assumptions and specifications. To reconcile the mildly negative relationship in the US data with the inverted-U relationship that Aghion et al. (2005) find in the UK data, I modify their theoretical model and show that the modified model can explain both negative and inverted-U relationships. The key theoretical assumption is that the UK manufacturing industries are technologically more neck-and-neck than their counterparts in the US. I find support for this assumption in the data.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine whether a firm's relationship with its principal customers/suppliers affects its payout policies and find that high financial distress costs associated with relationship-specific investments are the key channel through which a firm’s customer-supplier relationship affects its dividend payments.
Abstract: In this paper, we examine whether a firm’s relationship with its principal customers/suppliers affects its payout policies. A firm has customer-supplier relationships when its business depends on a small number of major customers/suppliers. The extant literature indicates two channels through which customer-supplier relationships might negatively affect a firm’s dividend payments: 1) the high financial distress costs associated with relationship-specific investments and 2) the information certification effect of the principle customer. Consistent with expectations, our study reveals a negative relationship between a firm’s dependence on customer-supplier relationships and its dividend payments. This result is robust to various model specifications and consistent with evidence regarding the time-series properties of dividends. Moreover, we find that high financial distress costs associated with relationship-specific investments are the key channel through which a firm’s customer-supplier relationship affects its dividend payments. Overall, our results suggest that a firm’s relationship with its non-financial stakeholders, such as principal customers/suppliers, is an important determinant of its shareholders’ income.
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of direct democratic institutions on the size and development of the shadow economy was analyzed and a negative relationship between the degree of direct democracy and the size of shadow economies was developed.
Abstract: In this paper we analyze the influence of direct democratic institutions on the size and development of the shadow economies. The framework developed predicts a negative relationship between the degree of direct democracy and the size of the shadow economy. Countries where direct democratic institutions support democratic life are expected to be characterized by a lower informal sector, ceteris paribus. The empirical / econometric investigation of a sample of 56 democracies confirms our core hypothesis and demonstrates that the effect of direct democratic institutions on the shadow economy is negative and quantitatively important; the results are robust and also depend on the interaction of direct democracy with other political institutions, such as district magnitude.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The Contingency Theory developed by Fiedler (1964) was used to support this research as mentioned in this paper, which showed that the use of marketing information can influence the performance of SMEs at the highest.
Abstract: In Malaysia, despite SMEs’ have a significant contribution to the economy, they have not been given adequate attention as the various researchers have been biased towards larger and listed enterprises in Malaysia. So, this study aims to investigate the factors affecting the performance of SMEs in the manufacturing sector in Malaysia. The Contingency Theory developed by Fiedler (1964) was used to support this research. Based on the data collected from 300 SMEs in the Malaysian manufacturing sector, the results showed that there is a significant negative relationship between ineffective entrepreneurship as well as inappropriate human resource management (HRM) and the performance of SMEs. On the other hand, the results also proved that there is a significant positive relationship between the use of marketing information as well as the application of information technology and the performance of SMEs. In short, this study found out that the use of marketing information can influence the performance of SMEs at the highest.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relationship between corporate governance structures and firm performance of listed firms on Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE) in Sri Lanka and found that board size and proportion of non-executive directors in the board shows a marginal negative relationship with firm value.
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: In this article, the determinants of the corporate dividend policy in the context of agency relation were investigated based on the random sample of seventy firms from Karachi Stock Exchange KSE-100 index for the period of eight years ranging from 2003 to 2010.
Abstract: This study focus on one of important corporate decision that can have a great impact on the sentiments of the investor’s i.e. corporate dividend policy. This study investigates the determinants of the corporate dividend policy in the context of agency relation. The analysis of the study has based on the random sample of seventy firms from Karachi Stock Exchange KSE-100 index for the period of eight years ranging from 2003 to 2010. Stepwise multiple regression has used to investigate for the relationship of ownership variables with the dividend payouts. The empirical results suggested that there has a negative relationship between the dividend payouts and managerial share ownership and thus these are alternative tools that can be used to minimize the agency problem. Where there has positive relationship between the institutional and foreign share ownership suggested that the higher has their shareholdings the higher will be the firm dividend payouts that will leads to less availability of the cash flows with the opportunities managers to expropriate the shareholders wealth. Further more managerial share ownership has explanatory power of 18%. While the institutional ownership has explanatory power of 23.3% there for it can be concluded that the incremental effect of the institutional ownership in the model has about to 5% while that of the foreign ownership contribute about 1.9% with the total model explanatory power of 25.2%.
01 Jan 2012
TL;DR: In this article, the authors employed incidence of poverty as a function of unemployment, agricultural, manufacturing and services contributions to real GDP, population and inflation rate in which the growth rate of the variables were modeled.
Abstract: The study “entitled Poverty and Unemployment in Nigeria” is crucial to the development of the Nigerian economy. The relevance of the present study well from the fact that, that Nigeria is ranked 158th on the human development index is unacceptable. The study employed incidence of poverty as a function of unemployment, agricultural, manufacturing and services contributions to real GDP, population and inflation rate in which the growth rate of the variables were modeled. The results of the study revealed that unemployment, agricultural and services contributions to real GDP as well as population have positive determining influence on poverty level in Nigeria with only agricultural sector statistically insignificant. On the other hand, manufacturing sector contribution to real GDP and inflation rate exhibited negative relationship on poverty level in Nigeria with only manufacturing sector appearing significant. The study recommended among other things, that holistic effort should be made by governments at all levels to create jobs and arrest unemployment.
TL;DR: The authors found that societies with long histories of agriculture have less equality in gender roles as a consequence of more patriarchal values and beliefs regarding the proper role of women in society, and they tested this hypothesis in a world sample of countries, in regions of Europe, and among immigrants and children of immigrants living in the US.
Abstract: This research proposes the hypothesis that societies with long histories of agriculture have less equality in gender roles as a consequence of more patriarchal values and beliefs regarding the proper role of women in society. We test this hypothesis in a world sample of countries, in regions of Europe, and among immigrants and children of immigrants living in the US. This evidence reveals a significant negative relationship between years of agriculture history and female labor force participation rates, as well as other measures of equality in contemporary gender roles. This finding is robust to the inclusion of an extensive set of possible confounders, including historical plough-use and the length of the growing season. We argue that two mechanisms can explain the result: (1) societies with longer agricultural histories had a higher level of technological advancement which in the Malthusian Epoch translated into higher fertility and a diminished role for women outside the home; (2) transition to cereal agriculture requires time consuming processing, and this would tend to be an activity carried out by women.
TL;DR: In this article, an empirical investigation of the relationship between firms' corporate financial performance and the level of corporate social responsibility disclosures among selected firms in Nigeria has been conducted, where the authors used multiple regression analysis to analyze the data collected.
Abstract: This study is an empirical investigation of the relationship between firms’ corporate financial performance and the level of corporate social responsibility disclosures among selected firms in Nigeria. It also looked at the relationship between firms’ financial leverage and the level of corporate social responsibility disclosures among selected firms. While the annual reports for the period 2008 was utilized as the main source of data collection for the sampled 41 listed firms, the multiple regression analysis was employed as a statistical technique for analysing the data collected. The paper revealed that firms’ corporate financial performance and the size of audit firm have a significant positive relationship with the level of corporate social responsibility disclosures among selected firms. Also, the paper as part of its findings- observed that a significant negative relationship existed between firms’ financial leverage and the level of corporate social responsibility disclosures. The paper therefore recommends that government, as part of their responsibility, should put in place policies that will create a good business environment for firms operating in the country.
TL;DR: In this paper, the negative consequences of being involved in deep supplier relationships in Eastern Europe were explored, and the negative relationship consequences identified in the study were assigned to six categories: supplier-specific forces.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the relationship between macroeconomic variables on NSE All share index (NASI) and went further to determine whether changes in macro economic variables can be used to predict the future NASI.
Abstract: This study investigates the relationship between ma croeconomic variables on NSE All share index (NASI) and goes further to determine whether changes in macroeconomic variables can be used to predict the future NASI. T hree key macroeconomic variables are examined and they include lending interest rate , inflation rate and 91 day Treasury bill (T bill) rate. Secondary data for the periods March 2008 to March 2012 is collected as follows; data for NASI was obtained from the Nairobi Securities Exchange (NSE), data for inflation was obtained from Kenya National Bureau of Statistics and finally data for lending rates and 91-day T Bill was obtain ed from Central Bank of Kenya (CBK). The data is analysed using regression method. The lending rate is dropped from the regression model since it is correlated with th e 91-Day T bill rate. The findings in the study indicate that 91 ‐ day T bill rate has a negative relationship with the NASI while inflation has a weak positive relationship wi th the NASI. Based on these findings, the study recommends monitoring of the macroeconomic environment since the changes in the macroeconomic variables has an effect on the stock market performance, which also influences the foreign investor’s decisi ons in the local investments.
TL;DR: In this article, a Tobit model with endogenous regressors is used to investigate the impact of female board members on agency cost, using growth opportunities as a measure of agency cost.
Abstract: This study investigates the link between female board directors and company financial performance and agency costs in Sri Lanka's publicly listed companies. In order to investigate the impact of board gender diversity on firm financial performance a dynamic panel generalised method of moment estimation is applied. Three variables are used as proxies for gender diversity of the board of directors, namely the percentage of women on the board, a dichotomotons dummy, and the Blau index. A Tobit model with endogenous regressors is used to investigate the impact of female board members on agency cost, using growth opportunities as a measure of agency cost. After controlling for size, industry, and other corporate governance measures, this study finds a significant negative relationship between the proportion of women on boards and firm value along with an increase in company agency cost. This evidence provides insights for governments and academic institutions in their efforts to provide resources that will help enhance women's leadership skills.
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of social expenditure on poverty for the period 1985-2005 was investigated, and in contrast to previous research, demographic and macroeconomic differences across countries were controlled for.
Abstract: Poverty alleviation is an important policy objective in developed welfare states. This article reports on a study of the association between social transfer policies and poverty. It has been claimed in several studies that based on a simple bivariate approach, high social effort goes along with low poverty levels. Empirical studies have also found that factors such as demographic and economic conditions may also have an influence on poverty, affecting the relationship between social spending and poverty. In the present study, we empirically analysed the impact of social expenditure on poverty for the period 1985-2005, and in contrast to previous research, demographic and macroeconomic differences across countries were controlled for. Quite a strong negative relationship was still found between the level of social expenditure and poverty. Ageing and unemployment rates were found to have some explanatory power but without affecting the association between social transfers and poverty. Thus, the multivariate approach chosen in this study confirms the results of earlier research.
TL;DR: Overall, this study suggests that there is greater within-family variability than similarities in how family members feel about one another, consistent with the intergenerational stake hypothesis.
Abstract: Objectives. Studies of intergenerational relationship quality often include one or two generations. This study examined within-family differences and similarities or transmission of positive and negative relationship quality across three generations. Method. Participants included 633 middle-aged individuals (G2; 52% women, ages 40 – 60 years), 592 of their offspring (G3; 53% daughters; ages 18 – 41 years), and 337 of their parents (i.e., grandparents; G1; 69% women; ages 59 – 96 years). Results. Multilevel models revealed differences and similarities in relationship quality across generations. The oldest generation (G1) reported greater positive and less negative quality relationships than the middle (G2) and the younger (G3) generations. There was limited evidence of transmission. Middle-aged respondents who reported more positive and less negative ties with their parents (G1) reported more positive and less negative ties with their own children (G3). Grandmother (G1) reports of more positive relationship quality were associated with G3 reports of more positive relationship quality with G2. Discussion. Findings are consistent with the intergenerational stake hypothesis and only partially consistent with the theory of intergenerational transmission. Overall, this study suggests that there is greater within-family variability than similarities in how family members feel about one another.
TL;DR: A negative relationship between the size of the shadow economy and generalized trust in a sample of countries, both developed and developing, was found in this paper, and the tax compliance effect of trust dominates its role as a substitute for the formal legal system.
Abstract: This paper reports a negative relationship between the size of the shadow economy and generalized trust, in a sample of countries, both developed and developing. That relationship is robust to controlling for a large set of economic, policy, and institutional variables, to changing the estimate of the shadow economy and the estimation period, and to controlling for endogeneity. It is independent from trust in institutions and from income inequality, and is mainly present in the sample of developing countries. Those findings suggest that the tax compliance effect of trust dominates its role as a substitute for the formal legal system.
TL;DR: In this paper, the impact of person-organization-fit and person-job-fit on employee turnover intention while considering psychological climate as a mediating variable was explored, and the results indicated that both personsorganizationfit and persons' job-fit have negative relationship with turnover intention.
Abstract: In last few decades, employees’ job related attitudes and behaviors have remained topics of considerable interest in the fields of organizational behavior and human resource management. This study aims to explore the impact of person-organization-fit and person-job-fit on employee turnover intention while considering psychological climate as a mediating variable. Sample for this research is consisted of 260 employees from top five commercial banks of large cities of Pakistan. SPSS 17 is used for analyzing the data. Correlation and regression analysis is used to test the direct and mediating relationship between key variables. Results indicate that both person-organization-fit and person-job-fit have negative relationship with turnover intention. Psychological climate partially mediates the relationship between person-organization-fit and turnover intention while fully mediates the relationship between person-job-fit and turnover intention.