Showing papers on "Negative relationship published in 2017"
TL;DR: This paper showed that countries experiencing more rapid aging have grown more in recent decades and suggested that this counterintuitive finding might reflect the more rapid adoption of automation technologies in countries undergoing more pronounced demographic changes, and provide evidence and theoretical underpinnings for this argument.
Abstract: Several recent theories emphasize the negative effects of an aging population on economic growth, either because of the lower labor force participation and productivity of older workers or because aging will create an excess of savings over desired investment, leading to secular stagnation. We show that there is no such negative relationship in the data. If anything, countries experiencing more rapid aging have grown more in recent decades. We suggest that this counterintuitive finding might reflect the more rapid adoption of automation technologies in countries undergoing more pronounced demographic changes, and provide evidence and theoretical underpinnings for this argument.
262 citations
TL;DR: This paper investigated the relationship between human capital and energy consumption using Chinese provincial data over the period 1990-2010 and found that a 1% increase in human capital reduces energy consumption by a range between 0.18% and 0.45%.
159 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the panel data of 210 countries over the period 1960-2014 to analyze the empirical relationship between economic growth, electricity consumption, oil price, gross fixed capital formation and population.
Abstract: The study uses the panel data of 210 countries over the period 1960–2014 to analyze the empirical relationship between economic growth, electricity consumption, oil price, gross fixed capital formation and population. While the current literature on the topic focus largely on relationship between oil consumption and economic growth while only a few presented the research studying relationship between electricity and economic growth, we used oil price and electricity consumption, jointly, to study the highly predictive observer for economic growth. Furthermore, the data is categorized into income, OECD, regional level, renewable energy consumption level and oil export/import countries. Pedroni panel cointegration, fully modified OLS and panel vector error correction test apply to analyze the cointegration, short run and the long run relationship between the variables. The results of full panel confirm a bidirectional relationship between electricity consumption and GDP, oil price and GDP, fixed capital formation, population and GDP. Moreover, the results confirm that countries using non-renewable sources for electricity generating, such as through coal and oil, the electricity consumption of these countries exhibit a negative relationship with the economic growth. Furthermore, the finding varies across income, OECD and regional, renewable energy consumption level.
128 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the possible relationship between integrated information disclosure and the degree of information asymmetry and found that companies with lower quality of financial information have a more important reduction effect on asymmetric information than firms with higher quality annual accounts.
Abstract: The aim of this study is to analyse the possible relationship between integrated information disclosure and the degree of information asymmetry. Additionally, we analyse this relationship in firms characterised by higher/lower financial reporting quality and those located in environments defined by strong/weak investor protection. The initial results obtained after applying the panel data methodology confirm that there is a negative relationship between information asymmetry and the disclosure of an integrated report, which indicates that using this tool to inform can help to mitigate agency problems, facilitate corporate decision-making and improve the information among investors. Further, our first complementary analysis shows that the integrated report effect is more statistically significant relative to information asymmetry in countries with strong investor protection. We can also observe in the second complementary analysis that companies that report a lower quality of financial information have a more important reduction effect on asymmetric information than firms with higher-quality annual accounts. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
121 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a multilevel empirical analysis of 1200 firms in 24 emerging markets indicates that controlling ownership is positively related to earnings management, but the level of minority shareholder protection in a country weakens this positive relationship.
95 citations
TL;DR: It is found that the relationship of SNS-use and GPA was more strongly negative in females and college students, while a positive one for SNS -use and language test was found.
87 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigate the link between water conservation behavior and general environmental concerns, using a large dataset from the Multipurpose Household Survey conducted annually by the Italian Central Statistics Office and controlling for socioeconomic characteristics and regional variables.
78 citations
TL;DR: It is found that social media is complementary to press freedom in regards to its association with corruption, and the relationship between Facebook penetration and corruption is strongest for the set of countries with low press freedom.
77 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that the formation of actual entrepreneurial intentions is less likely the greater the available financial support, and they confirm this by studying a sample of 23,304 respondents from 19 countries and find the negative relationship to be dependent on family cohesion and on individual entrepreneurial selfefficacy.
Abstract: We argue that greater availability of financial support by the family for creating a new venture entails stronger financial and non-financial obligations. Cognizant of these obligations, potential founders anticipate negative performance implications for the planned firm and threats to the family system in the case of their non-fulfillment. We thus postulate that the formation of actual entrepreneurial intentions is less likely the greater the available financial support. We confirm this by studying a sample of 23,304 respondents from 19 countries and find the negative relationship to be dependent on family cohesion and on individual entrepreneurial self-efficacy.
76 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of government spending on income inequality are explored, with a particular focus on low-and middle-income countries, and the results show that there is a moderate negative relationship between government spending and income inequality.
Abstract: In this paper findings of a meta-regression analysis are presented exploring the effects of government spending on income inequality, with a particular focus on low- and middle-income countries. We identify a total of 84 separate studies containing over 900 estimates of the effect of one or more measures of spending on one or more measures of income inequality. The results show some evidence of a moderate negative relationship between government spending and income inequality, which is strongest for social welfare and other social spending, and when using the Gini coefficient or the top income share as the measure of inequality. However, both the size and direction of the estimated relationship between government spending and income inequality is affected by a range of other factors, including the control variables and estimation method used. We also find evidence of publication bias, in that negative estimates of the relationship appear to be under-reported in the literature.
70 citations
TL;DR: The authors empirically examined the relationship between financial development and income inequality and found that financial development contributes to lower inequality up to a point, but as financial development proceeds further, it contributes to higher inequality.
Abstract: The central objective of our article is to empirically examine the relationship between financial development and income inequality. Theoretically, there are grounds for both a positive and negative relationship between the two variables. Our main finding is that financial development contributes to lower inequality up to a point, but as financial development proceeds further, it contributes to higher inequality. We also find that when the ratio of primary schooling to total schooling increases and law and order improves, financial development becomes more effective in reducing inequality. Finally, we find that financial inclusion is particularly effective in lowering income inequality.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored variety in knowledge sourcing and its impact on the degree of novelty in KIBS innovation and found that R&D is negatively associated with innovation, whereas other internal information sources are positively associated.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed that activated negative mood and group voice climate can synergistically facilitate high-power distance orientation (PDO) employees' voice behaviors and provided practical suggestions for facilitating opinion expression in organisations.
Abstract: Employees inherently have concerns about the consequences of speaking up, and this is particularly notable for employees with high power distance orientation (PDO). Drawing on ideas from the dual-pathway model of mood and social information processing theory, we propose that activated negative mood and group voice climate can synergistically facilitate high-PDO employees' voice behaviors. Using a sample from 305 real-estate sales agents in 66 work groups in Taiwan, we examined the joint moderating effects of activated negative mood and group voice climate on employees' two forms of voice behavior. Our results show that PDO had a negative relationship with promotive voice but did not have a significant relationship with prohibitive voice. Nevertheless, our results show that in the situation where both activated negative mood and group voice climate were high, PDO no longer had a negative relationship with promotive voice, and even had a positive relationship with prohibitive voice. The findings of this study provide theoretical insights for the voice literature and offer practical suggestions for facilitating opinion expression in organisations.
TL;DR: Li et al. as mentioned in this paper analyzed the relationship among corporate environmental performance, environmental information disclosure, and financial performance in China, which witnessed rapid growth at the price of environmental degradation. But they did not find a U-shaped nonlinear relationship between environmental performance and environmental disclosure.
Abstract: As pollution emitters and energy users, firms are important causes of environmental problems, making it increasingly vital for them to strengthen their environmental management and information disclosure policies. However, firms doubt whether it pays to be green and whether it is worthwhile to disclose their environmental information, and there are hot debates on these questions in the literature. This paper analyzes the relationships among corporate environmental performance, environmental information disclosure, and financial performance in China, which witnessed rapid growth at the price of environmental degradation. With 950 observations from 475 Chinese listed companies between 2013 and 2014, we find a U-shaped nonlinear relationship between corporate environmental performance and environmental disclosure, an insignificant relationship between environmental performance and financial performance, and a negative relationship between environmental disclosure and financial performance, which is d...
TL;DR: The feedback relationship between energy consumption and CO2 emissions suggests that there is an ominous need to refurbish the energy-related policy reforms to ensure the installations of some energy-efficient modern technologies.
Abstract: The current study investigates the dynamic relationship between structural changes, real GDP per capita, energy consumption, trade openness, population density, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions within the EKC framework over a period 1971–2013. The study used the autoregressive distributed lagged (ARDL) approach to investigate the long-run relationship between the selected variables. The study also employed the dynamic ordinary least squared (DOLS) technique to obtain the robust long-run estimates. Moreover, the causal relationship between the variables is explored using the VECM Granger causality test. Empirical results reveal a negative relationship between structural change and CO2 emissions in the long run. The results indicate a positive relationship between energy consumption, trade openness, and CO2 emissions. The study applied the turning point formula of Itkonen (2012) rather than the conventional formula of the turning point. The empirical estimates of the study do not support the presence of the EKC relationship between income and CO2 emissions. The Granger causality test indicates the presence of long-run bidirectional causality between energy consumption, structural change, and CO2 emissions in the long run. Economic growth, openness to trade, and population density unidirectionally cause CO2 emissions. These results suggest that the government should focus more on information-based services rather than energy-intensive manufacturing activities. The feedback relationship between energy consumption and CO2 emissions suggests that there is an ominous need to refurbish the energy-related policy reforms to ensure the installations of some energy-efficient modern technologies.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined how the implementation of cutbacks is related to employees' organizational commitment and work engagement in the Dutch public sector, and to what extent the use of change management practices may mitigate a negative relationship between cutbacks and these factors.
Abstract: Public management research has paid little attention to the implementation processes through which public organizations implement cutbacks. In this study, we examine how the implementation of cutbacks is related to employees’ organizational commitment and work engagement in the Dutch public sector, and to what extent the use of change management practices may mitigate a negative relationship between cutbacks and these factors. The analysis of 6,066 employees indicates that cutbacks are negatively related to employee attitudes regarding their membership in their organization (organizational commitment), but not to attitudes regarding their work (work engagement). Moreover, although change management practices are only moderately applied in the implementation of cutbacks, the analysis indicates that these may partly alleviate the negative relationship between cutbacks and organizational commitment. The evidence presented in this study thus indicates that more attention should be given to the processes through which budget cutbacks are implemented in public organizations.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the effect of international tourist arrivals on the subjective well-being of residents in European countries and found that tourist arrivals have a greater negative relationship with the evaluative component of subjective wellbeing (life satisfaction) than its affective component (happiness).
Abstract: While there has been a growing interest in the relationship between perceived tourism impacts and residents’ quality of life, little is known about how residents’ well-being is affected by actual tourist arrivals. This paper studies the effect of international tourist arrivals on the subjective well-being – happiness and life satisfaction – of residents in European countries. Data come from the six waves of the European Social Survey, conducted in 32 countries in 2002-2013. The results of the OLS fixed-effects and instrumental-variable estimations suggest that tourist arrivals reduce residents’ life satisfaction. This negative relationship tends to be more pronounced in countries where tourism intensity is relatively high, as well as among people living in rural areas. In addition, tourist arrivals have a greater negative relationship with the evaluative component of subjective well-being (life satisfaction) than its affective component (happiness).
31 Jan 2017
TL;DR: The authors showed that youths have become much less responsive to cigarette taxes since 2005 and found little evidence of a negative relationship between cigarette taxes and youth smoking when they restrict their attention to the period 2007-13.
Abstract: Using data from the state and national Youth Risk Behavior Surveys for the period 1991–2005, Carpenter and Cook (2008) find a strong, negative relationship between cigarette taxes and youth smoking. We revisit this relationship using four extra waves of YRBS data (from 2007, 2009, 2011, and 2013). Our results suggest that youths have become much less responsive to cigarette taxes since 2005. In fact, we find little evidence of a negative relationship between cigarette taxes and youth smoking when we restrict our attention to the period 2007–13. We conclude that policy makers interested in reducing youth smoking may have to adopt alternative strategies.
TL;DR: This paper found a large, positive, statistically significant, and stable relationship between inequality of schooling and income inequality, especially in emerging and developing economies and among older age cohorts, consistent with constant or increasing returns to additional years of schooling.
Abstract: This paper presents new results on the relationship between income inequality and education expansion—that is, increasing average years of schooling and reducing inequality of schooling. When dynamic panel estimation techniques are used to address issues of persistence and endogeneity, we find a large, positive, statistically significant and stable relationship between inequality of schooling and income inequality, especially in emerging and developing economies and among older age cohorts. The relationship between income inequality and average years of schooling is positive, consistent with constant or increasing returns to additional years of schooling. While this positive relationship is small and not always statistically significant, we find a statistically significant negative relationship with years of schooling of younger cohorts. Statistical tests indicate that our dynamic estimators are consistent and that our identifying instruments are valid. Policy simulations suggest that education expansion will continue to be inequality reducing. This role will diminish as countries develop, but it could be enhanced through a stronger focus on reducing inequality in the quality of education.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the relationship between corruption and shadow economy among the European Union countries, over the period 2005-2014, and found that a high level of corruption involves a higher level of shadow economy.
Abstract: This study was carried out to empirically investigate the relationships between corruption and shadow economy among the European Union countries, over the period 2005-2014. Moreover, since one would expect corruption and shadow economy to be more common in poorer countries, this study was therefore carried out to determine how corruption and shadow economy affect economic development. The empirical findings of this study confirm a high and positive relationship between corruption and shadow economy, therefore a higher level of corruption involves a higher level of shadow economy. Regarding the influence of corruption and shadow economy on economic growth, a high and negative relationship was found. This means that increasing corruption and shadow economy negatively affects economic growth.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the historical link between land access inequality and education and found that there is a negative relationship between the fraction of farm labourers and male literacy rates.
25 Sep 2017
TL;DR: This paper argued that trust is central to all positive relationships and used a relationship-based commitment perspective to understand how trust can be rebuilt, beyond the observation that trust occurs over a series of exchanges.
Abstract: This chapter argues that trust is central to all positive relationships. It suggests that reader views of trust—those based on a social exchange perspective—are insufficient for understanding trust in these relationships. A social exchange perspective provides limited theoretical leverage for understanding how trust can be rebuilt, beyond the observation that trust occurs—and by extrapolation, might possibly be rebuilt—over a series of exchanges. However, an exchange perspective might even suggest that once trust is broken, the exchange relationship would likely terminate. The chapter discusses the implications of using a relationship-based commitment perspective for restoring trust. Relationship-based commitment and trust appear to have much in common. Relationship-based commitment, trust involves the simultaneous existence of both positive and negative elements. In a commitment-based view, by contrast, these positive and negative elements associated with trust do not "cancel out" to reveal either a positive or a negative relationship; rather both positive and negative elements are simultaneously present in all trust relationships.
TL;DR: The authors found that improvements in service provision predict decreases in support for dominant party incumbents, and that the negative relationship persists even in those areas where local government is run by the nationally dominant party.
Abstract: Various theories of democratic governance posit that citizens should vote for incumbent politicians when they provide good service, and vote for the opposition when service delivery is poor. But does electoral accountability work as theorized, especially in developing country contexts? Studying Southern African democracies, where infrastructural investment in basic services has expanded widely but not universally, we contribute a new empirical answer to this question. Analyzing the relationship between service provision and voting, we find a surprising negative relationship: improvements in service provision predict decreases in support for dominant party incumbents. Though stronger in areas where opposition parties control local government, the negative relationship persists even in those areas where local government is run by the nationally dominant party. Survey data provide suggestive evidence that citizen concerns about corruption and ratcheting preferences for service delivery may be driving citizen attitudes and behaviors. Voters may thus be responsive to service delivery, but perhaps in ways that are more nuanced than extant theories previously recognized.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the relationship between subsidiary HR autonomy and subsidiary performance, the mediating role of absenteeism, and the moderating effect of cultural distance and institutional distance.
TL;DR: The authors survey the existing literature on the relationship between inflation and economic growth in developed and developing countries, highlighting the theoretical and empirical indications, and find that the impact of inflation on economic growth varies from country to country and over time, and that the results from these studies depend on country-specific characteristics, the data set used, and the methodology employed.
Abstract: This paper surveys the existing literature on the relationship between inflation and economic growth in developed and developing countries, highlighting the theoretical and empirical indications. The study finds that the impact of inflation on economic growth varies from country to country and over time. The study also finds that the results from these studies depend on country‑specific characteristics, the data set used, and the methodology employed. On balance, the study finds overwhelming support in favour of a negative relationship between inflation and growth, especially in developed economies. However, there is still much controversy about the specific threshold level of inflation that is appropriate for growth. Most previous studies on this subject just assume a unidirectional causal relationsship between inflation and economic growth. To our knowledge, this may be the first review of its kind to survey, in detail, the existing research on the relationship between inflation and economic growth in developed and developing countries.
TL;DR: The authors found evidence of a negative relationship between income inequality and status-seeking, which supports the hypothesis that with higher levels of economic inequality people have less incentives and less motivation to strive for heightened social status.
Abstract: The objective of this article is to study status-seeking, defined as pursuit for elevated social status, and how it relates to income inequality. Building on sociological, psychological, and economic literature, we formulate two opposing hypotheses suggesting a positive and a negative relationship between income inequality and status-seeking. To test these hypotheses, we use repeated cross-sectional micro-data from the European Social Survey, which was collected biannually from 2002 to 2014, and use it in combination with income inequality data from Eurostat. With this data we complement existing studies by focusing on both between- and within-country over-time variability in income inequality and status-seeking. We find evidence of a negative relationship between income inequality and status-seeking. This supports the hypothesis that with higher levels of economic inequality people have less incentives and less motivation to strive for heightened social status.
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper analyzed a sample of Chinese private firms listed on the Shenzhen or Shanghai stock exchange between 2004 and 2011 and showed that there is a significant and negative relationship between corporate giving and the share held by the largest shareholders, suggesting that controlling shareholders are opportunistic in directing corporate charitable contributions.
Abstract: The principal–principal perspective suggests that controlling shareholders have excessive influence on corporate philanthropy and may direct corporate funds to charitable causes to support their personal interests. Analysis of a sample of Chinese private firms listed on the Shenzhen or Shanghai stock exchange between 2004 and 2011 shows that (1) there is a significant and negative relationship between corporate giving and the share held by the largest shareholders, suggesting that controlling shareholders are opportunistic in directing corporate charitable contributions; (2) there is a significant and positive relationship between corporate giving and the political connections of the largest shareholders and their agents, suggesting compatibility between corporate contributions and the personal interests of the controlling shareholders; (3) there is a stronger negative relationship between corporate giving and the share of the company held by the largest shareholders in politically connected firms, suggesting that political connections contribute to increased opportunistic corporate giving. Overall, our study provides important evidence for the “one dominant controlling shareholder” phenomenon (yigududa) by testing and extending the principal–principal framework and showing that the largest shareholders of Chinese firms appear to donate to charitable causes that ultimately serve their personal interests at the expense of minority shareholders.
15 Nov 2017
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explored the relationship between insurance and economic growth for six (developed, emerging and developing) countries over the period of 1980 to 2015, and concluded that there exists a positive and significant relationship between life insurance, non-life insurance, trade openness, stock-market development and economic development in the long run as p-value is less than 5 per cent.
Abstract: Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationship between insurance and economic growth for six (developed, emerging and developing) countries over the period of 1980 to 2015.
Design/methodology/approach
The study applies panel auto-regressive distributed lagged (PMG/ARDL) method to examine long-term and short-term relationship between insurance and economic growth for the USA, the UK, China, India, Malaysia and Pakistan.
Findings
The authors concluded that there exists a positive and significant relationship between life insurance, non-life insurance, trade openness, stock-market development and economic growth in the long run as p-value is less than 5 per cent. This study also found a significant relationship between employment rate, banking development and economic growth for the long run but the direction is negative. Foreign direct investment shows an insignificant relationship with economic growth in the long run. The results highlighted a significant and positive relationship between non-life insurance and economic growth in the short-run for the USA, the UK, China, India, Malaysia and Pakistan. Moreover, the relationship between life insurance and economic growth is positive and significant for India, Pakistan and the UK. Results reveal a significant but a negative relationship between life insurance and economic growth for the USA, China and Malaysia.
Research limitations/implications
Analysis is performed for only six countries and results of these six might not represent the whole world.
Practical implications
This research would help policymaker to consider wider aspects of insurance rather than considering it complementary service industry.
Social implications
Every individual, today, spends a huge amount of funds to purchase insurance. He or she should be aware of the wider social impact of their spending apart from risk transferring.
Originality/value
Researchers recently shifted their focus to investigate the relationship between insurance and economic growth but the topic is still lacking sufficient literature and various knowledge gaps. The study is an attempt to contribute in terms of refinement of the already existing body of knowledge and to fill literature gap. In addition, apart from the insurance–economy relationship, very few empirical studies used financial, banking and stock market along with insurance, proxies to measure accurate insurance contribution. Another element of originality lies in the comparative analysis of developed, emerging and developing countries.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the relationship between firm performance and corporate social responsibility (CSR) of firms listed on Borsa Istanbul during the period of 2009-2011.
Abstract: This study focuses on the relationship between firm performance and corporate social responsibility (CSR) of firms listed on Borsa Istanbul during the period of 2009-2011. We use content analysis of annual reports/websites of Turkish firms for any socially responsible activities. We find a negative relationship between CSR and financial performance, meaning that firms which disclose more information about CSR initiatives in their annual reports have a lower return on assets. After controlling for debt and size of the firms, we further find that while highly levered firms are less profitable, larger firms have higher profits. Finally, we do not find any significant relationships between research and development expenditures and financial performance.
01 Dec 2017
TL;DR: The authors found that improvements in service provision predict decreases in support for dominant party incumbents, and that the negative relationship persists even in those areas where local government is run by the nationally dominant party.
Abstract: Various theories of democratic governance posit that citizens should vote for incumbent politicians when they provide good service, and vote for the opposition when service delivery is poor. But does electoral accountability work as theorized, especially in developing country contexts? Studying Southern African democracies, where infrastructural investment in basic services has expanded widely but not universally, we contribute a new empirical answer to this question. Analyzing the relationship between service provision and voting, we find a surprising negative relationship: improvements in service provision predict decreases in support for dominant party incumbents. Though stronger in areas where opposition parties control local government, the negative relationship persists even in those areas where local government is run by the nationally dominant party. Survey data provide suggestive evidence that citizen concerns about corruption and ratcheting preferences for service delivery may be driving citizen attitudes and behaviors. Voters may thus be responsive to service delivery, but perhaps in ways that are more nuanced than extant theories previously recognized.