Topic
Negative relationship
About: Negative relationship is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 4727 publications have been published within this topic receiving 123732 citations.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the role and influence of self-employment across the OECD and found that the self-employed have higher levels of job satisfaction than employees and are less willing to move from their neighborhoods, towns and regions than are employees, presumably because of the pull of their customers.
950 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of the relationship between values and environmental attitudes in six countries: Brazil, Czech Republic, Germany, India, New Zealand, and Russia, was conducted.
Abstract: Recent research has examined the relationship between values and attitudes about environmental issues. Findings from these studies have found values of self-transcendence (positively) and self-enhancement (negatively) to predict general concern for environmental problems. Other recent findings have differentiated between environmental attitudes based on concern for self (egoistic), concern for other people (socialaltruistic), and concern for plants and animals (biospheric). This article reports the results from a study of the relationship between values and environmental attitudes in six countries: Brazil, Czech Republic, Germany, India, New Zealand, and Russia. Results show strong support for the cross-cultural generalizability of the relationship between values and attitudes and on the structure of environmental concern. In addition, analyses of the relationship between values and environmental behavior show evidence for norm activation only for self-transcendence; results for self-enhancement show a consistently negative relationship.
930 citations
01 Jan 2007
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of different variables of working capital management including the average collection period, inventory turnover in days, average payment period, Cash conversion cycle and current ratio on the net operating profitability of Pakistani firms was studied.
Abstract: Working Capital Management has its effect on liquidity as well on profitability of the firm. In this research, we have selected a sample of 94 Pakistani firms listed on Karachi Stock Exchange for a period of 6 years from 1999 – 2004, we have studied the effect of different variables of working capital management including the Average collection period, Inventory turnover in days, Average payment period, Cash conversion cycle and Current ratio on the Net operating profitability of Pakistani firms. Debt ratio, size of the firm (measured in terms of natural logarithm of sales) and financial assets to total assets ratio have been used as control variables. Pearson’s correlation, and regression analysis (Pooled least square and general least square with cross section weight models) are used for analysis. The results show that there is a strong negative relationship between variables of the working capital management and profitability of the firm. It means that as the cash conversion cycle increases it will lead to decreasing profitability of the firm, and managers can create a positive value for the shareholders by reducing the cash conversion cycle to a possible minimum level. We find that there is a significant negative relationship between liquidity and profitability. We also find that there is a positive relationship between size of the firm and its profitability. There is also a significant negative relationship between debt used by the firm and its profitability.
886 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a panel data set of 46 countries over the 1970-1989 period to investigate the relationship between decentralization and economic growth in developing countries, but none in developed countries.
856 citations
TL;DR: Acharya et al. as mentioned in this paper showed that a higher CAR is associated with a lower after-tax return on equity (ROE), and that the relationship between CAR and ROE holds both cross-sectionally and over time, holds when lags are included, and becomes even stronger when an extensive set of control variables is added to the regressions.
Abstract: ACCORDING TO CONVENTIONAL WISDOM in banking, a higher capital-asset ratio (CAR) is associated with a lower after-tax return on equity (ROE). The arguments in favor of this hypothesized negative relationship between capital and earnings have intuitive appeal and are consistent with standard oneperiod models of perfect capital markets with symmetric inforrnation between a bank and its investors. A higher capital ratio tends to reduce the risk on equity and therefore lowers the equilibrium expected return on equity required by investors. In addition, a higher CAR lowers after-tax earnings by reducing the tax shield provided by the deductibility of interest payments. Moreover, the reduced risk from a higher capital ratio may depress earnings by lowering the value of access to federal deposit insurance that at best imperfectly prices risk. Despite these arguments, the data on U.S. banks in the mid-to-late 1980s tell a very different story. Book values of CAR and ROE are positively related, and this relationship is both statistically and economically significant. As shown below, the positive relationship between CAR and ROE holds both cross-sectionally and over time, holds when lags are included, and becomes even stronger when an extensive set of control variables is added to the regressions. There are a number of potential explanations for the positive capital-earnings reThe opinions expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the Board of Governors or its staff. The author thanks Alan Greenspan for suggesting the original idea for this research, and the anonymous referees for making numerous suggestions that improved the paper. The author also thanks Sankar Acharya, Mark Carey, Sally Davies, Ed Ettin, Gary Gorton, David Jones, Pat McAllister, Myron Kwast, Jim O'Brien, Rich Rosen, and Greg Udell for helpful comments and thanks John Leusner, Jalal Akhavein, and Joe Scalise for outstanding research assistance.
805 citations